Phys of Ex exam 1
In order to convert Joules of work into kcals, we must multiply by:
.00024 Kcal/joules
FECO2
0.025-0.06
relative VO2 male at max
35-90 ml/kg/min
VE at rest
4-15 L/min
What trend in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) would we expect as exercise increased intensity?
RER would increase to 1.0, indicating a greater reliance on carbohydrates.
Which of the following is/are true about VO2max tests?
all of the above
Which of the following is/are NOT true about EPOC?
it can be calculated by taking the average steady state VO2 minus the VO2 values prior to steady state
FEO2
0.15-0.18
RER at rest
0.7-1.0
reasonable resting relative VO2 for a male subject
3.5
relative VO2 female at rest
3.5 ml/kg/min
Which of the following represents the expected trend in Heart Rate during a progressive exercise test?
A ( straight line up)
Which of the following lab measurements is more valuable to an aerobic athelte?
Anaerobic Threshold, as it provides the percentage of VO2max that is sustainable
Which of the following images represent the appropriate trend in respiratory rate (breaths/min)) during progressive exercise from light to heavy intensities?
B
Which of the following graphs represents the expected trend in Tidal volume during a progressive exercise test?
C ( goes up then plateau )
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the Bicarbonate Buffering Reaction to neutralize changes in blood pH during high intensity exercise?
Carbonic Anhydrase
Which of the following statements are true regarding the Oxygen deficit and EPOC collected on a trained individual completing a moderate intensity exercise bout.
EPOC will be larger than Oxygen Deficit
What is the missing factor from the reaction below: H+ + __________ <--> H2CO3 <--> CO2 + H2O
HCO3-
Which of the following is the most appropriate unit for O2 deficit?
L
Which of the following variables is the primary factor that differentiates the VO2max in healthy adults and elite athletes?
Maximal Stroke Volume
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
RER
This question relates to some of the materials covered in the lab manual (and asked about in some of the study questions in the lab data sheet). Which of the following statements are true?
RPE may be a better indicator of intensity than heart rate in a patient who has had a heart transplant hummingbirds would be expected to have a high relative VO2max because their max HR is around 1,000 bpm and their flight muscles have a lot of mitochondria (which would increase max a-vO2difference) anemia would be expected to decrease arterial oxygen carrying capacity, which would decrease maximal a-vO2difference, this would tend to decrease VO2max Aging would tend to decrease VO2max at least partially due to a decrease in maximal heart ratehu Exercise training would be expected to increase maximal stroke volume, which would increase VO2max
What is an advantage of reporting O2 consumption in ml/kg/min rather than L/min?
Relative oxygen consumption scales oxygen consumption to body mass allowing for more accurate assessments of aerobic performance, particularly in mass dependent or gravity oriented sports
Net oxygen consumption requires which of the following factors to be removed from exercising oxygen cost values?
Resting oxygen consumption
Complete the following formula: VO2 = (HR x ______) x AVO2 -DIff
Stroke Volume
The anaerobic threshold serves as a valuable measure in athletes because of its ability to determine:
The maximal sustainable intensity that can be performed for a prolong period without fatigue.
The objective of anaerobic glycolysis is to:
To allow glycolysis to continue forward during periods of high demand by converting excess pyruvate into Lactic Acid, creating NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue.
Which of the following statements describes the trend in ventilation as exercise goes from rest to maximal exercise.
Ventilation increases at a linear slope through moderate exercise, then proceeds to sharply rise at a secondary linear slop from moderate to maximal exercise.
In the beginning of a VO2max test, in the transition from rest to exercise, which of the following occur?
all of these answers
variable for O2 pulse
ml O2/beat
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
tidal volume (in ml/breath) numbers of 2,000-5,000 300-800
absolute VO2 female at rest
0.15-0.4 L/min
resting absolute VO2 in a female subject
0.2
absolute Vo2 men at rest
0.2-0.5 L/min
RER when using exclusively fats
0.7
Nitrogen factor is usually very close to this number
1.0
RER at max
1.0-5.0
absolute VO2 female at max
1.5-5.0 L/min
typical value for BTPS correction factor in our labs
11
For an average, healthy adult, which of the following exercise intensities would represent a moderate cycling workload.
110 watts
You collected a five minute resting bag from a 185 pound male. The subject counted 24 breaths during the last minute of expired gas collection. The volume of air in the bag is 78.5 liters. Expired O2 and Co2 were not analyzed. The STPD correction factor is .88, the BTPS correction factor is 1.1, and the ATPS correction factor is 1.0. What is their alveolar ventilation?
13.68
VE at maximal exercise
130-250 L/min
Which of the following would be considered a high intensity, or power output, for a 20 year old college female weighing 157 lbs, demonstrating sedentary behavior for the previous three months, and normal blood pressure.
175 watts
absolute VO2 men at max
2.0-7.0 L/min
If a subject was 25% mechanically efficient and they accomplished 50 kcals of external work, how much energy did they expend (internal work in kcals)?
200 Kcals
reasonable moderate intensity relative VO2 for a female subject
24
relative VO2 female at max
25-75 ml/kg/min
relative VO2 male at rest
3.5 ml/kg/min
The average VO2max of an average college aged female is __________ ml/kg.min (provide a single number, no decimal places)
35
VO2max for average college age female
35 ml/kg/min
For an untrained adult, ventialtory threshold typically occurs between
40-60% of Maximal Oxygen Consumption
VO2max for average college age male
45 ml/kg/min
What is the average relative maximal oxygen consumption for college aged males?
45 ml/kg/min
reasoable value for resting VE
8
Match the numbers below with the most appropriate variables/conditions. Assume the subject is an averaged sized college aged male who runs 4 days per week and occasionally competes in 5k and 10k road races. resting VE resting RER relative VO2max moderate exercise absolute VO2 moderate intensity HR resting absolute VO2
9 0.77 52 2.2 158 0.30
Which of the following is a reason why a higher mechanical efficiency is related to endurance performance:
A higher mechanical efficiency would allow for a lower energy expenditure to maintain an exercise intensity, therefore preserving fuel stores such as glycogen.
Which of the following criteria for a valid max test is typically the most difficult to achieve?
A plateau in VO2
Which of the following is true regarding human energy systems.
All energy systems are constantly contributing to energy system, however often we are more reliant on one than the others dependent on demand.
Which of the following locations can dispose of or utilize lactate.
All of the Above
Which of the following is NOT a possible factor causing EPOC?
All of the above are factors causing EPOC
Which of the following is a major criteria for validating a VO2max test?
An RER above 1.1
Which of the following images represent the appropriate trend in ventilation during progressive exercise from light to heavy intensities?
B ( slight curve upward)
Which of the following images represent the appropriate trend in carbon dioxide production (L/min) during progressive exercise from light to heavy intensities?
B (upward)
Prior to the start of exercise, it is common to see an elevated resting heart rate. This increase of heart rate is called an "anticipatory rise". How would an elevated resting heart rate impact oxygen deficit?
Decrease the oxygen deficit
Which of the following would not be an applied use of mechanical efficiency calculations?
Determining how much fat or carbohydrate a subject is using during exercise
A primary limitation of calculating mechanical efficiency during treadmill exercise is:
External Work (kcals) is absent on treadmills at 0% gradient.
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
FECO2 .025-.06
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
FECO2 (downward half circle) with numbers 0.025-0.06
Which of the following is true regarding normal expected values associated with oxygen consumption tests?
FECO2 is 2.5-6.0% for most subjects at rest and during low-moderate exercise.
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
FEO2
If your subject began to extract oxygen better while sitting at rest, which of the following would likely occur?
FEO2 would decrease.d. VO2 would increase.
A 70 kg individual rides a cycle ergometer at 75 rpm with 2 kilograms of resistance on the fly wheel. Which of the following masses is needed to calculate the power output applied to the bike?
Fly Wheel Mass of 2kg
Which of the following are reasons why EPOC is not equal to O2 deficit (i.e. why we no longer call it O2 debt)? (select all that apply)
Heart and respiratory muscles working harder than rest elevate tissues oxygen consumption in addition to the working musculature. Elevated catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) are elevated post exercise, increasing metabolic rate. The Q10 effect increases the rate of chemical reactions, thus metabolic rate, in active tissues.
A Vo2 is defined as a "Peak" test and not a max test when:
If a subject fails to meet 3 out of 5 Validity criteria
Compared to low intensity exercise, EPOC during moderate intensity exercise would:
Increase
variable for tidal volume
L/breath BTPS
variable for VE
L/min BTPS
variable for absolute VO2
L/min STPD
Which of the following is true regarding lactate clearance?
Lactate clearance can be inhibited when blood flow is reduced to disposal sites
What is the difference between Lactate Threshold and OBLA?
Lactate threshold is identified by relative changes in lactate (>1mmol) from stage to stage while OBLA is identified by an absolute lactate value (4 mmol).
Would you expect the VO2 slow component to be larger or smaller for a person with a high number of Type IIx muscle fibers compared to a person with a greater percentage of Type I?
Larger
A well trained cyclists and a novice athlete both initiate a bout of cycling by immediately starting at 200 watts. Compared to the well trained cyclists , the novice athlete's Oxygen Deficit would be:
Larger than the cyclists, 200 watts would be a greater relative intensity for the novice than the well trained athlete.
Which of the following is/are true about O2pulse during a VO2max test?
O2 pulse would tend to plateau because SV tends to plateau for most subjects during a VO2max test.
At the start of exercise, when oxygen demand does not meet oxygen availability, we create a/n:
Oxygen Deficit
Which of the following variables would provide an assessment in the trends of stroke volume during exercise?
Oxygen Pulse
During a graded exercise (VO2max) test, stroke volume usually increases and eventually plateaus. What would you expect to happen to O2pulse during a VO2max test?
Plateau
What does the Vo2 slow component suggest about prescribing high intensity exercise as a percentage of VO2max?
Prescribing exercise as a percentage of VO2max may lead individuals to work too hard at high intensities as they may continuously drift towards VO2max. Therefore, exercise should be prescribed as a percentage of the person's Lactate Threshold to ensure steady state workloads can be prescribed
What does the VO2 slow component suggest about prescribing high intensity exercise as a percentage of VO2max?
Prescribing exercise as a percentage of VO2max may lead individuals to work too hard at high intensities as they may continuously drift towards VO2max. Therefore, exercise should be prescribed as a percentage of the person's lactate threshold to ensure steady state workloads can be prescribed.
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the respiratory exchange ratio?
RER = VO2/VCO2
Select the missing variable to complete the Fick Equation below: VO2 (L/min) = (___________ x Heart Rate) x Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference
Stroke Volume (SV)
Which of the following variables are typically reported in BTPS conditions? Select all that apply
TV VE VC
How would the mechanical efficiency of a trained athlete compared to an untrained individual?
The athlete would have a higher mechanical efficiency
Based on the following last data point during a VO2max treadmill test (image), which of the following statement is correct: Subject Sex: Male Subject age: 30 year Final RPE = 17 Blood Lactate = 7.4 mM
The individual would be considered trained, but not elite in status as determined by their relative VO2 value.
Which of the following statements are true regarding the VO2 slow component?
The largest portion of the VO2 slow component is contributed by factors within the active muscle.
Which of the following factors is NOT a characteristic of a VO2max test?
The test should last 3-5 minutes in length
Which of the following statements would be true if an untrained and trained individual performed an O2 deficit and EPOC test at the same intensity (200 Watts)?
The untrained person would have a larger O2 deficit and EPOC because they would reach steady state VO2 more slowly during exercise than the trained individual and would return to resting VO2 slower than the trained individual post exercise.
Which of the following would be expected of a person with a lower amount of mechanical efficiency?
They would accomplish less work, and produce more heat compared to a person with better mechanical efficiency.
You are currently sitting down, but you just finished a 30 minute run. Which of the following is/are NOT related to why you are still breathinng heavily even though you are no longer exercising?
This is because you are still in an oxygen deficit.
If your respiratory control centers needed to increase VE, would it be better to increase Tidal volume or respiratory rate to accomplish the increase in ventilation?
Tidal Volume
Trained individuals often display a lower EPOC relative to their untrained peers. Which of the following does not explain this observation?
Trained individuals have a smaller EPOC because their oxygen deficits at the start of exercise often are larger than untrained individuals.
Which of the following is/are true about the TV, RR, and VE response to exercise? Select all that apply
VE increases roughly linearly across low and early moderate intensities, but beyond the ventilatory threshold, VE increases at a faster rate in order to blow off excess CO2 and buffer the blood in the transition from rest to exercise there is a bigger increase in TV than RR As we make the transition from moderate to high intensities, we would expect a bigger increase in RR than TV When given the choice, gas exchange is more effective if we increase RR than TV because it will result in greater increases in VA
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
VE/VO2 30 at max -12
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
VE/VO2 upward curve numbers 30 and 12
The ventilatory threshold can be identified when:
VE/VO2 breaks upwards from the line of VE/VCO2
Which of the following variables are typically reported in STPD conditions? Select all that apply
VO2 VCO2
When calculating power output (watts) on a treadmill, one most use the following velocity format to obtain the proper power output:
Velocity - Vertical (meters/sec)
Which of the following variables would not be reported in STPD conditions?
Ventilation (VE)
Nitrogen factor (NF) is applied to correct for discrepancies in inspired and expired ventilation volumes due to Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide production differences. Select the factor that is multiplied by NF.
Ventilation Expired (VE)
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
absolute VO2 in females
Which of the following are reasons why EPOC is related to O2 deficit (i.e. why we used to call it O2 debt)? (select all that apply)
additional oxygen is needed to make extra ATP to replenish PCr stores resaturaiton of hemoglobin and myoglobin O2 stores An additional oxygen cost is required post exercise to facilitate the removal of lactate by oxidation.
Which of the following is/are NOT true about VO2max?
all of the above ARE true
In the beginning of a VO2max test, in the transition from rest to exercise, which of the following occur?
all of these
What happens to RER during the course of a VO2max test and why? Select all that apply
beyond the ventilatory threshold we would expect RER to go up at a faster rate because extra CO2 is being blown off to help buffer the blood RER might start a little high right at the beginning because of anticipatory hyperventilation prior to the start of the test (which results in blowing off extra CO2) as the intensity increases we would expect RER to increase due to an increase in reliance on carbohydrates after starting a little high, RER would tend to be low in the early stages because fat use is greater at low intensities
variable for relative VO2
ml/kg min STPD
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
relative VO2 in females
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
relative VO2 in males
The following graph depicts the response of a physiological variable to a VO2max test - starting at rest and finishing at maximal exercise. Typical ranges are also provided on the Y-axis. This graph best depicts what variable's response during a VO2max test?
respiratory rate 12-20 45-60
Which of the following are NOT true about the VO2 slow component?
the VO2 slow component is the continuous gradual increase in VO2 that we would observe during low intensity exercise
