physics chapter 18

Suppose you do 100 J of work in compressing a gas. If 80 J of heat escapes in the process, what is the change in internal energy of the gas?

20 J (subtract)

A volume of air has a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius. An equal volume of air that is twice as hot has a temperature of

273 degrees C.

Consider a piece of metal that is at 10 degrees C. If it is heated until it has twice the internal energy, its temperature will be

293 degrees C.

Entropy is closely related to the

2nd law of thermodynamics.

A container of air is at atmospheric pressure and 27 degrees C. To double the pressure in the container, it should be heated to

327 degrees C.

The ideal efficiency for a heat engine operating between temperatures of 2700 K and 300 K is

89%

As a sample of gas at 0°C is cooled, which of the following decreases by 1/273 for each degree cooled?

Volume

The greater the difference in temperature between the input reservoir and the output reservoir for a heat engine, the...

greater the efficiency.

An adiabatic process is characterized by the absence of

heat exchange.

Industrialization on Earth eventually heats our surroundings to temperatures that are higher than usual. Industrialization in space habitats using exclusively solar power eventually will thermally pollute the solar system. (T/F)

False

Air that is rapidly compressed undergoes _______.

an increase in temperature

When a parcel of air sinks in the atmosphere, there is usually _______.

an increase in temperature

A heat engine would have 100 percent efficiency if its input reservoir were

any finite temperature if the exhaust sink were at absolute zero.

A quantity of water has more entropy when it is...

boiling.

If you run a refrigerator in a closed room with the refrigerator door open, the room temperature will

increase.

Suppose you put a closed, sealed can of air on a hot stove burner. The contained air will undergo an increase in...

internal energy, temperature and pressure

In calculating the ideal efficiency of a device, as outlined in the book, it is important to use _______.

kelvins

If you spent an hour shaking a handful of 10 coins and throwing them down, would you expect to see all 10 come up heads at least once?

no

If you stirred a box of 10,000 coins and tossed them repeatedly on the floor all day long, would you expect to see all 10,000 appear as heads at least once?

no

The direction of natural processes is from states of _______.

organization to disorganization

Internal energy undergoes changes when there are corresponding changes in _______.

temperature

The first law of thermodynamics is a restatement of _______.

the conservation of energy

According to the second law of thermodynamics, is the universe moving to a more ordered state or to a more disordered state?

the universe moving to a more disordered state

If you spent 10 minutes repeatedly shaking and throwing down a pair of coins, would you expect to see two heads come up at least once?

yes

What is the ideal efficiency of an automobile engine in which fuel is heated to 2400 K and the outdoor air is 270 K?

η = 89 %