Physics Chapter 3: Refraction of Light

A light ray passes from water to glass, then travels along the same trajectory in the opposite direction. What are the relative indices of refraction?

"In the opposite direction" -- that means that yes, it could follow the same trajectory but in reverse. This can only occur when there's a mirror and the light has to hit the mirror at a 90 degree angle. 1. From water to glass n₁ = 1.33 (n1 is where the incident ray is) n₂ = 1.50 (n2 is where the refracted ray is) Calculation: n₁ --> n₂ = nwater --> glass = 1.50/1.33 = 1.13 The light ray travels from a less refractive medium to a more refractive medium, therefore nwater --> glass > 1. 2. From water to glass Data: n₁ = 1.50 (where the incident ray is now) n₂ = 1.33 (where the reflected ray is now) Calculation: n₁ --> n₂ = nglass --> water = nwater/nglass nglass --> water = 1.33/1.50 = 0.89 The light ray travels from a more refractive medium to a less refractive medium, therefore nglass --> water < 1.

Ask Teacher to explain #12 on p. 94 in textbook.

(Done)

Ask Teacher: - Is the speed of light of air the same as the speed of light in a vacuum? - How is zircon, whose n = 1.92, 10% denser than a vacuum?

(Done, on study guide)

n = c/v could be in any units. Just keep in mind that c and v are a rate (the units must be consistent and the same) and n does not have any units.

...

Ask Dad (ask teacher): if the index of refractions will be provided.

... but should know that in air, n = 1.00 in water, n = 1.33

The phenomenon of total internal reflection occurs only when what two conditions are met?

1. The light ray travels from a highly refractive medium to a weakly refractive medium... n₂ < n₁. If n₂ > n₁, then that would imply that n2 is more dense than n1, which would mean that the angle would move closer to the normal, and therefore reflection wouldn't occur... 2. The angle of incidence is greater than, NOT EQUAL TO the critical angle (oi > oc)... that's because, in condition 1, if the angle of incidence were to exceed the critical angle, it's going to reflect.

Light travels faster at three-quarters of its speed in air. If the angle of incidence in air is 10°, what will the angle be in water?

1sin10 = 1.33sinoR oR = 7.5°

The index of refraction is always greater than what? Explain.

Always greater than 1, except in a vacuum, where it is exactly equal to 1 because c/c = 1. Which means that 3 x 10^8 / 3 x 10^8 = 1, which happens to be the index of refraction of a vacuum.

What is the normal in the case of refraction (and reflection)? How is it represented?

As in the case of reflection, the normal is an imaginary line and is often represented by a dotted line. It is perpendicular to the interface, crosses the point of incidence, and travels through the two media. The plane that contains the incident ray and the normal is called the plane of incidence.

A transparent medium has an index of refraction of 1.30. What is the angle of incidence of a light ray in air if its angle of refraction in the medium is 45°?

Assume that n1 = 1 (air)... n2 = 1.30 oi = ? oR = 45 Use n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR, should get oi = 67°. Just do 1.30sin45, then divide "ANS" by 1, then take the sine inverse of that "ANS"...

Calculate the index of refraction (n) for diamond if light travels through it at a speed of 1.24 x 10⁸ m/s.

Data: c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s v = 1.24 x 10⁸ m/s. n = ? Calculation: n = c/v n = (3 x 10⁸ m/s) ÷ (1.24 x 10⁸ m/s) n = 2.42 So as you can see we obtain the index of refraction using the speed of light in whatever material (in this case diamond) and the speed of light in a vacuum.

Light moves from air to diamond with an angle of incidence of 60 degrees. What is the corresponding angle of refraction?

Data: n1 = 1 n2 = 2.42 oi = 60 oR = ? Use n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR to solve for oR. Use approximate sign for your final answer...

A yellow light passes from water (n = 1.33) to crown glass (n = 1.52). The rays penetrate the crown glass with an angle of incidence of 35°. Calculate the angle of refraction (ƟR) at the point where the light enters the crown glass.

Data: n1 = 1.33 n2 = 1.52 Ɵi = 35 Use n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR and solve for ƟR

Calculate the critical angle (oc) for the water-air interface.

Data: nwater = 1.33 nair = 1.00 n1sinoc = n2sin90 1.33sinoc = 1sin90 oc = 48.8°

A scuba diver looks upward, toward the surface of the water. His line of vision forms a 25° angle with the normal at the surface. What is the angle of incidence in the air of the light rays that reach the diver's eyes?

Draw it out. The angle of refraction will be 25° because light is going towards his eye. 25° is the angle of refraction because the light originates from outside the water. We know that: n1 = 1, n2 = 1.33, and oR = 25. So now find what oi = ? Should get oi = 34.2°

Consider a light ray that moves from air to quartz. How much time will it take to cross through a piece of quartz that is 1.00 m thick?

Here, you must know the distance formula for the test and exams...: d = v x ∆t Where d is obviously the distance (no set units) v is the velocity (a rate) ∆t is the difference in time (it has to be in the same units as the rate) nquartz = 1.55 d = 1.00 m v = ? ∆t = ? n = c/v --> = 1.94 x 10⁸ m/s = v d = v x ∆t 1.00 = 1.94 x 10⁸ m/s x ∆t 1.00 / 1.94 x 10⁸ m/s = 5.15 x 10⁻⁹ seconds

Why does refraction involve a TRANSPARENT medium?

If it were opaque, light wouldn't penetrate through. Would get absorbed or reflected or both. Quora: Refraction is a process when light rays enters from one medium into another medium. If light can enter into a medium we call that medium as transparent . The medium which allows most of the light from another medium to enter into them are transparent medium. Refraction is a term used to refer the change of direction of light rays enters from one medium to another medium.

In which case can a relative index of refraction be less than 1?

If n₂ < n₁, that is, when it passing from a dense medium to a less dense medium. Which means that n₂ would have to be less dense than n₁ to allow that to happen...

Does total internal reflection in an aquarium occur at the separation of the water and the glass or at the boundary of the glass and the water? Explain your answer.

In order for total internal reflection to occur, The light ray travels from a highly refractive medium to a weakly refractive medium... n₂ < n₁. Water (n1) --> Glass (n2) n1 < n2, so no. Glass (n1) --> Water (n2) n1 > n2, so yes. This is because total internal reflection can only occur if light passes from one medium to another medium with a lower index of refraction.

Describe the situation where n₁ < n₂

In this situation, medium 2 is more refractive than medium 1. This means that light travels more slowly in medium 2 than in medium 1, and the refracted ray bends towards the normal. The angle of refraction (ƟR) is therefore smaller than the angle of incidence (Ɵi)

A light ray hits a piece of polyethylene (n = 1.50) at angle of incidence of 0°. What is oR?

It is understood that the incident light ray is travelling through air therefore n1 = 1.00 and n2 = 1.50. 1sin0 = 1.50sinoR 0° = oR

A light ray travels from glass to water. How does the refracted ray behave?

It will bend away from the normal, therefore ƟR > Ɵi because nwater > nglass.

Two light rays, one red and one violet, encounter a glass surface. If nred = 1.52, nviolet = 1.54 and the angle of incidence is 30°, calculate the angle of refraction (oR) of each color of light ray (from air to glass). Then calculate the angle of refraction as they pass from glass to air.

Keep in mind that there are many different types of glass. n = 1.50 is just an average. When light travels in different wavelengths, it shows as different colors and will alter the indices of refraction. So, it goes from air to glass (the red): 1sin30 = 1.52sinoR oR = 19.2° Violet: 1sin30 = 1.54sinoR oR = 18.9° Glass --> Air Red: 1.52sin19.2 = 1sinoR oR = 30° Violet: 1.54sin18.9 = 1sinoR oR = 30° Ask Dad: Is there a reason why the angles of refraction are the same here?

In which of the following media does light travel faster: a medium with a critical angle of 27° or a medium with a critical angle of 32°? In both cases, the second medium is air.

Let's calculate: 1. First case n1sinoc = n2sin90 n1sin27 = 1sin90 n1 = 2.20 2. Second case n1sinoc = n2sin90 n1sin32 = 1sin90 n1 = 1.89 Light travels faster in a medium with a critical angle of 27° because in a medium with a lower index of refraction, light will travel faster. We can even calculate that. 1. First case n = c/v, 2.20 = 3 x 10⁸ m/s / v v = 1.36 x 10⁸ m/s 2. Second case 1.89 = 3 x 10⁸ m/s / v v = 1.59 x 10⁸ m/s So, light travels faster in the second medium as v2 > v1

If they ask you to draw the angles of incidence and of refraction, use protactor (be precise)...

Ok, you would use n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR to find out the angles, by the way.

Why do images appear clearer underwater through a diving mask?

Our eyes have evolved to focus light rays in our eyes for air. We have not evolved to do that in water, and so the rays will not focus. If we add a diving mask, we are adding a barrier between our eyes and the water: air; therefore allowing our eyes to focus as they should.

What's the difference between reflection and refraction with regards to where it takes place?

Reflection takes place entirely in a single medium. In the case of refraction, however, the incident ray and the refracted ray move in two optically different media.

Calculate the decrease in the speed of light as it passes from air to zircon.

Since air is basically more or less the same as a vacuum, use: (Ask Dad if that's the reason why) n = 1.92 (look at the table) c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s... v = what you need to solve for n = c/v, v = 1.56 x 10⁸ m/s BUT we need to calculate the DECREASE in speed... so we need to calculate the difference between the speed of light passing from air to zircon... (3 x 10⁸ m/s) - (1.56 x 10⁸ m/s) = 1.44 x 10⁸ m/s...

How would you find the % of how much denser a medium is relative to the other? (KNOW...)

Take the difference of the indices of refraction, then multiply the decimal by 100. So for example if we want to find out how much denser a material with n = 1.20 is compared to a vacuum (n = 1), we do the difference: 1.20 - 1 = 0.2 That is, the bigger number minus the smaller number. Then we take our decimal and multiply it by 100 to get the percentage: 0.2 x 100 = 20% So, this material with n = 1.20 is 20% denser than a vacuum...

Consider the following diagram where ƟR < Ɵi. Which medium is more refractive?

The higher a medium's index of refraction (n), the greater its refractivity. Therefore, the medium where it contains the refracted angle, Consider the following diagram where it contains the refracted ray is more refractive. Answer key is wrong; it is medium 1.

A light ray travels from medium A to medium B. The indices of refraction (n) of the two media are 1.50 and 1.36, respectively. Which medium is less refractive? Explain your answer.

The higher the "n" value, the greater its refractivity. The denser a material is, the slower light will travel. The least refractive medium is the one with the lowest index of refraction: so 1.36.

We have: Glass, n = 1.50 and water, n = 1.33. Which of the two medium will slow light down more?

The higher the index of refraction of a transparent medium the more it will reduce the speed of the light travelling through it compared to its speed in a vacuum... So, glass slows light down more than water.

Why does air have the same index of refraction (well, almost, anyway) as a vacuum?

The index of refraction (n) of air is very close to that of a vacuum. For this reason, n = 1 is often used as the index of refraction of air. The error in this approximation is less than 0.03%, which is practically negligible.

Consider the following diagram where ƟR < Ɵi. Which medium has the higher index of refraction (n)?

The index of refraction tells you how much light bends... It is represented as n₁ and n₂. The greater the n value, the smaller the angle... The smaller the n value, the greater the angle... Therefore, medium 1 has the higher index of refraction. Answer key is wrong.

A scuba diver who is under water shines her flashlight at an angle of 30° with respect to the vertical. At what angle, in relation to the vertical, does the beam of light exit the water?

The scuba diver is under water. That means that oi = 30° (because that's where the light starts...) and we want to know oR, when it exits the water, because that's where the light exits... So, make sure you label your "n"'s properly: n1 (underwater, containing the incident ray) = 1.33, n2 = 1.00 (air) 1.33sin30 = 1sinoR oR = 41.7° The "vertical" just means the normal...

If a scuba diver is underwater and looks up, he or she will see a round "hole" directly above him or her at the surface of the water. The rest of the surface will look like a mirror. Explain this phenomenon.

This phenomenon occurs as a result of the refraction and total internal reflection of the light at the surface. Ask Dad how come there's an angle of refraction? See DrRossy's-- why did they solve it that way?: n1sinoi = n2sinoR 1sin90 = 1.33sinoR oR = 48.75° This angle is also the critical angle for a ray that passes from water to air: n1sinoc = n2sin90 so n1 = 1.33 and n2 = 1... 1.33sinoc = 1sin90 oc = 48.8°

What is the index of refraction (n) of a liquid in which light travels at a speed of 2.50 x 10⁸ m/s.

Use n = c/v. Solve for n, plug in c (the constant), and v, which is given to you... Don't forget to put brackets on the denominator... Also ask Dad how it is 20% denser than a vacuum.

From the inside of an aquarium a light ray travels toward the glass to form an angle of incidence of 30° in the water. Determine the angle of refraction (oR) of the light ray emerging from the glass into the air.

Water --> Glass n1sinoi = n2sinoR 1.33sin30 = 1.50sinoR oR = 26.32° Glass --> Air 1.50sin26.32 = 1sinoR oR = 41.7 Ask Dad: what if the light ray were to pass from glass to another medium other than air? would n2 = something else?

An interface has a relative index of refraction that is less than 1. How will a light ray crossing it behave? In other words, will it bend away from or toward the normal? Explain your answer.

We have: n₁-->n₂ = n2/n1 So, the only way to get a decimal is if n₂ < n₁ (make up your own numbers to see...), So it will bend away from the normal, therefore ƟR > Ɵi

Why does total internal reflection never occur when a light ray passes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium?

When light passes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, then the ray will bend closer to the normal. A less dense medium has a lower index of refraction. In this case, the angle of incidence is always greater than the angle of refraction. Therefore, oR cannot possibly reach 90° (meaning that it will never touch the interface). If oi touches the normal, oR will touch the normal as well. Ask Dad why in the answer key the third ray bends away from the normal?

Can the phenomenon of refraction and reflection occur simultaneously? Explain with an example.

Yes. For example, a body of water reflects some light and refracts the rest.

Are the indices of refraction in the table used for all wavelengths of the visible spectrum? Explain.

Yes. Since the variation of the indices of refraction (n) as a function of wavelength is not very significant in this area (less than 2% of the commonly-used media), the error is negligible. Ask Dad what this means.

What is total internal reflection?

a phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light passing from a highly refractive medium to a weakly refractive medium is not refracted but completely reflected.

What is the speed of light in a vaccuum?

a physical constant; represented as "c" in the formula: n = c/v. c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s (know...)

If the angle of incidence (oi) increases progressively, what happens?

an angle of refraction (oR) of 90° will eventually be reached. At that point, the refracted ray runs along the interface, and the corresponding angle of incidence (oi) is referred to as the critical angle (oc).

How would we quantify a medium's refractivity? Explain its components.

by calculating the index of refraction. This is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in a transparent medium: n = c/v... Where: n is the index of refraction... c is the speed of light in a vacuum... 3 x 10⁸ m/s... v is the speed of light in a transparent medium...

Application of d = v x ∆t: A car travels at 100 km/h. How long will it take to get to 200 km?

d = v x ∆t 200 km = 100 km/h x ∆t 200 / 100 = 2 hrs

What two situations may occur and what does this depend on?

depending on whether medium 2 is more or less refractive than medium 1, in other words, depending on whether n₁ is greater or less than n₂.

Under the second law of refraction, refraction can disappear when?

in certain geometric configurations. (so no more refraction if oR = 90)

Total internal reflection is used when?

in numerous technological applications such as the transfer of information through optical fibers (very thin glass or plastic fibers that conduct light and transfer data) and the formation of images in periscopes (optical instrument consisting of lenses and prisms that allows the viewer to see above an obstacle)

What happens when light penetrates a transparent medium other than a vacuum? As a result of what?

its speed decreases as a result of the medium's optical properties.

From a certain angle, the lower surface of the water-air interface behaves like what? Why does this phenomenon occur?

like a perfect mirror (the object is reflected)... This phenomenon occurs as a result of the total internal reflection of light on this interface.

Describe the situation where n₁ > n₂

medium 1 is more refractive than medium 2. This means that light travels more slowly in medium 1 than in medium 2. Here, contrary to the other situation, the refracted ray bends away from the normal. The angle of refraction (ƟR) is therefore greater than the angle of incidence (Ɵi).

What is the index of refraction of a vacuum?

n = 1...

What is the speed of light when it travels through glass?

n = 1.50 c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s v = what we need to isolate n = c/v, should get 2.00 x 10⁸ m/s

Zircon is often used in costume jewellery to imitate diamonds. The index of refraction (n) of zircon is 1.92. At what speed does light travel in this transparent medium?

n = 1.92 c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s v = solve for Ask Dad if the units must always be in m/s... If so, then make sure you know how to convert... (try an example: will probably have to use proportions) Also ask Dad how it is 10% denser than a vacuum.

The index of refraction (n) of crown glass is 1.53 for violet light and 1.51 for red light. If the speed of light in a vacuum is 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s, what are the speeds of the violet light and the red light in the crown glass?

n = c/v Plug in your "n" values separately (as said in the problem), and solve for "v" separately

A light ray penetrates an unknown material and slows to a speed of 2.67 x 10⁸ m/s, What is the index of refraction (n) of this unknown material? Compare this index of refraction to that of wtaer. Which of the two is higher?

n = c/v, n = 3 x 10⁸ / 2.67 x 10⁸ = 1.12, which is lower than water (n = 1.33)

Assume that air is the second medium: What is the critical angle if the index of refraction of the first medium is 1.68?

n1sinoc = n1sin90 1.68sinoc = 1sin90 1sin90 = 1 1 ÷ 1.68... sin inverse of that... oc = 36.53°

What is the critical angle of glass when light passes from the glass to air?

n1sinoc = n2sin90 1.50sinoc = 1sin90 oc = 41.8°

Assume that air is the second medium: What is the index or refraction (n) of the first medium if the critical angle (oc) is 40°?

n1sinoc = n2sin90 n1sin40 = 1sin90 1sin90 ÷ (sin40) n1 = 1.56

The critical angle of a transparent medium is 40.5° when a light ray passes from this medium into air. What is the index or refraction (n) of this medium?

n1sinoc = n2sin90 n1sin40.5 = 1sin90 1sin90 ÷ (40.5) = n1 n1 = 1.54

From the inside of an aquarium a light ray travels toward the glass to form an angle of incidence of 30° in the water. If the angle of incidence in the water is instead 52°, at what angle will the light ray emerge from the glass?

n1sinoi = n2sinoR Water --> Glass 1.33sin52 = 1.50sinoR (the new angle of incidence is no longer 30, but is 52). oR = 44.32°

How is the critical angle calculated?

n1sinoi = n2sinoR n1sinoc = n2sin90

What is Snell's law?

n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR

How much denser is glass than air? (As it passes from air to glass)

n2/n1 = 1.50/1 = 1.5... ask dad how come we do the inverse: 1/1.50 = < 1 ? And how come we do 1.5 - 1 = 0.5 and 0.5 x 100 = 50%?

Does the index of refraction have any units? Explain.

no because the units of c and v are the same (m/s) and therefore cancel out in the ratio...

The index of refraction can be considered a measurement of what?

of the factor by which the speed of light (c) is reduced when it travels from a vacuum to a refractive medium. Ask Dad how to get the factor change to the speed of light from a vacuum to a refractive medium.

Always round your answers to ONE decimal place...

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Don't forget to put your arrows for the incident ray and the reflected ray...

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Note: For the sake of clarity, index 1 (n1) refers to the incident ray, and index 2 (n2) refers to the index of the refracted ray. This is the convention...

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Continue this Quizlet from textbook pg. 82

ok... also see "note" on the next pages on the sides and any definitions on the sides, too, and any "Info-Science" (of the textbook)... Also do the practice problems, and the review at the end of the chapter.... and all the homework you did, make sure as you do the Q's in textbook you look at your homework for any additional notes...

c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s: what does this number only apply to?

only in a vacuum. It also represents the maximum speed by which a material particle can travel.

A light ray that strikes a sheet of glass always emerges in what direction?

parallel to the incident ray (it does not go backwards)

Define refraction.

refers to the change in direction in which light travels when it meets the boundary between two media that have different optical properties.

A light ray travels in a straight line but can be deviated if the ray strikes a reflective surface. This phenomenon occurs due to what?

reflection of light

If the angle of incidence (oi) is larger than the critical angle (oc), what happens?

refraction is no longer observed. Rather, total internal reflection of the light occurs.

What phenomenon is responsible for many common optical illusions such as a straw that looks broken in a glass of water, a pool that appears shallower than it really is, or desert mirages in scorching heat.

refraction. Ask Dad how the pool and desert examples are due to refraction. (for the mirage example, see the yellow box called "Info Science" on page 78 in textbook)

The property of a medium to refract light (meaning speed decreasing as a result of the medium's optical properties) is called what?

refractivity

What is the angle of incidence and what is its symbol?

the angle formed by the incident ray and the normal. Symbol: Ɵi

What is the angle of refraction? What is its symbol?

the angle formed by the reflected ray and the normal. Symbol: ƟR (subscript of "R", unlike in reflection, who has a lower-case "r")

What is the first law of refraction? What does this law imply?

the incident ray and the refracted ray are located on opposite sides of the normal originating from the point of incidence, and that all three are in the same plane. According to this law, the incident ray determines the plane in which refraction will occur. This means that if the incident ray is rotated by a certain angle in relation to the normal, the plane and the refracted ray will do the same.

What is referred to as the absolute index of refraction (n)?

the index of refraction characteristic of light passing from a vacuum to another transparent medium

What is the surface that separates the two media?

the interface

What is the refracted ray?

the light ray that crosses the interface and enters medium 2.

What is the incident ray?

the light ray that travels towards the interface

What is the consequence to Snell's law (when can it not be used and what does this mean)?

the light ray will NOT be refracted if the angle of incidence (Ɵi) is zero; that is, perpendicular to the interface regardless of the values of the indices of refraction. Try it as such: n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR, n1xsin0 = n2sinƟR (plug in your indices, any, you'll find that it won't make a difference...), you get ƟR = 0° as well...

The higher the index of refraction of a transparent medium... Compared to what?

the more it will reduce the speed of the light travelling through it compared to its speed in a vacuum...

What is the plane of incidence?

the plane containing the incident ray and the normal

When the index of refraction refers to light passing between two transparent media other than a vacuum, the relative index of refraction (n1 --> n2) can be defined as what?

the ratio between the index of refraction of the second medium (containing the refracted ray) and the index of refraction of the first medium (containing the incident ray)... n₁ --> n₂ = n₂/n₁... So it's refracted/incident, or second medium/first medium

What is the second law of refraction?

the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (Ɵi) and the sine of the angle of refraction (ƟR) is a constant: sinƟi / sinƟR = constant. It is possible to demonstrate this this constant is equal to the relative index of refraction of the two media through which the light ray travels: sinƟi/sinƟR = n1 --> n2 = n2/n1. Or, in its most common form, n1xsinƟi = n2sinƟR

What does the critical angle (oc) depend on?

the relative index of refraction of the two media.

The more refractive a medium...

the slower the speed of light travelling through it

Define the interface (the surface that separates the two media)?

the surface that separates two transparent, homogeneous media possessing different optical properties.

Explain the behavior of a light ray.

travels in a straight line but can be deviated if the ray strikes a reflective surface.

How are indices of refraction measured? Values vary based on what?

using a yellow light with a wavelength of 589 nanometers (nm). Values may vary based on the surrounding physical conditions.

A light ray travels through the air, passes through a water-filled aquarium, and then exits back into the air. Determine the angle of refraction at each interface (nwater = 1.33; nglass = 1.50). Assume that the initial angle of incidence is 20°.

water --> glass (angle of incidence is 20°) 1sin20 = 1.50sinoR oR = 13.18° glass --> water oi = 13.18° n1sinoi = n2sinoR 1.50sin13.2 = 1.33sinoR oR = 14.9° water --> glass 1.33sin14.9 = 1.50sinoR oR = 13.2° Glass --> air 1.50sin13.2 = 1sinoR oR = 20°

What is refraction?

when light passes from one transparent medium to another of a different nature, the direction in which it travels changes. This phenomenon is called refraction.

How can the trajectory of a light ray also be deviated (other than reflection)?

when the ray moves from one transparent medium to another with different optical properties. This phenomenon is called refraction.

If a light ray travels from a highly refractive medium to a weakly refractive medium, what will happen to the refracted ray? Why?

will bend away from the normal because the angle of refraction (oR) is larger than the angle of incidence (oi). At the same time, part of the light will be reflected toward medium 1.