Physics Exam 1,2,3,4
What is the primary reason blood moves from one location to another? A. Energy gradient B. Anemia C. Systole D. Friction
Energy gradient
Attenuation of ultrasound in water is: A. extremely low B. intermediate C. high D. extremely high
Extremely low
The digital technique that is used to process pulsed wave Doppler signals. A. Fast Fourier Transform B. Autocorrelation C. Zero cross talking detectors D. Crosstalk
Fast Fourier Transform
The ____________ is the region around the focus where the beam us relatively narrow. A. focal zone B. focal length C. focal point D. Fraunhofer zone
Focal zone
Another name for the far zone is the: A. Fraunhofer zone B. Fresnel zone C. Frame zone D. Free zone
Fraunhofer zone
__________ is the reciprocal of period? A. Frequency B. Propagation speed C. Inverse period D. Pulse repetition period
Frequency
As a general rule, which of the following lists media in increasing order of propagation speeds? A. Liquid, solid, gas B. Gas, liquid, solid C. Solid, liquid, gas D. Gas, solid, liquid
Gas, liquid, solid
This type of energy is a major form for circulating blood and creates flow by overcoming resistance. A. Kinetic B. Pressure C. Gravitational
Gravitational
What is the primary storage device on a PACS system? A. Magneto-optimal storage B. Hard drive disks C. solid state memory D. hand written notes
Hard drive disks
The hourglass shape produced by a large crystal is the result of interference of the many ________ sound wavelets emitted from these numerous sound sources. Luezs' Huygens' Snells' Rayls'
Huygens
As depth increases, pulse repetition period: Remains constant Increases Decreases Doubles
Increases
As frequency decreases, the depth of penetration: A. increases B. decreases C. does not change D. not enough information provided
Increases
What is essentially equal to the power of a wave divided by the area of which the power is distributed? A. Condensation B. Power C. Amplitude D. Intensity
Intensity
What is the change in intensity if the power decreases by half? A. Intensity doubles B. Intensity does not change C. Intensity is halved D. Intensity is one fourth
Intensity is halved
What is the intensity if the amplitude is doubled? A. Intensity is quadrupled B. Intensity is halved C. Intensity does not change D. Intensity is doubled
Intensity is quadrupled
Waves that exist at the same location and time will combine. What is this called? A. Interference B. Longitudinal interaction C. Inference D. Rarefaction
Interference
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between frequency and wavelength for sound traveling in soft tissue? A. Reciprocal B. Direct C. Related D. Inverse
Inverse
Density and propagation speed are: A. Directly related B. Inversely related C. Directly proportional D. Unrelated
Inversely related
Which of the following term does not belong with the others? A. High duty factor B. Shallow imaging C. Low PRF D. Short PRP
Low PRF
Which of the following characteristics will create the fastest speed of sound? A. High density, high stiffness B. Low density, high stiffness C. High density, low stiffness D. Low density, low stiffness
Low density, high stiffness
Which is the only display mode that provides information with respect to time? A. A-mode B. B-mode C. C-mode D. M-mode
M-mode
Sound is technically a: A. Mechanical and transverse wave B. Nonmechanical and pressure wave C. Transverse and longitudinal wave D. Mechanical and longitudinal wave
Mechanical and longitudinal wave
Sound is technically a: A. Transverse and longitudinal wave B. Mechanical and transverse wave C. Nonmechanical and pressure wave D. Mechanical and longitudinal wave
Mechanical and longitudinal wave
A sound travels in Medium 1 and strikes an interface with another tissue, Medium 2 at 30°. The angle of transmission is 10°. In which medium does sound travel slowest? A. Medium 1 B. Medium 2 C. cannot be determined with information provided
Medium 2
Which of the following is false? A. Contrast harmonics are created by non-linear behavior B. Microbubbles compress to a greater extent than they expand C. Contrast harmonics are created during reflection D. Microbubbles expand to a greater extent than they compress
Microbubbles compress to a greater extent than they expand
Micro denotes: A. Millionth B. Hundreths C. Billionth D. Million
Millionth
Aliasing occurs when the Doppler shift exceeds the: A. imaging depth B. PRF C. PRP D. Nyquist limit
Nyquist limit
Which of the following is defined as the number of pulses emitted in 1 second? A. Duty factor B. Pulse duration C. PRF D. PRP
PRF
When a sonographer increases the maximum imaging depth during an exam, what happens to the PRF? A. PRF decreases B. PRF does not change C. PRF increases
PRF decreases
Pressure amplitude is typically expressed in: A. Pascals B. Watts C. Frequency D. Kilograms per centimeter squared
Pascals
Which of the following is the equation for the pulse duration? A. Period x the number of cycles per pulse B. Period x wavelength C. Number of cycles in the pulse / wavelength D. Frequency x period
Period x the number of cycles per pulse
The term that describes when only the information from the selected gate will be processed. A. Spatial selection B. Range resolution C. Duplex imaging D. Nyquist Limit
Range resolution
The portion of the sound beam where the molecules are spread apart describes an area of: A. Rarefaction B. Refraction C. Compression D. Amplitude
Rarefaction
The ability to distinguish 2 structures lying close together is called: A. Quality factor B. Resolution C. Gain D. Quality
Resolution
Which measure of intensity is related most closely to tissue heating? A. SATA B. SPTA C. SPPA D. SPTP
SPTA
Which of the following is described as the ability of an object to resist compression and relates to the hardness of a medium? A. Pressure B. Inertia C. Stiffness D. Density
Stiffness
All of the following are true concerning stiffness except: A. Increasing stiffness increases propagation speed B. Stiffness may also be referred to as elasticity C. Stiffness and propagation speed are indirectly related D. It is the ability of an object to resist compression
Stiffness and propagation speed are indirectly related
Which of the following forms of resolution improves when the frame rate increases? A. Lateral B. Axial C. Temporal D. Spatial
Temporal
Which of the following best describes the pulse repetition period? A. The product of wavelength and propagation speed B. The time that the transducer is pulsing C. The sum of the pulse's "on" time and the listening "off" time D. The reciprocal of the frequency
The sum of the pulse's "on" time and the listening "off" time
An advantage of continuous wave Doppler is that it is not subject to aliasing. (true or false)
True
Color Doppler reports mean velocity. (true or false)
True
The spectral display of an FFT distinguishes laminar flow from turbulent flow. (true of false)
True
Which of the following will result in aliasing? A. Too low an operating frequency B. Increased sampling of the blood flow C. Under-sampling of the blood flow D. Too high a Doppler angle
Under-sampling of the blood flow
The two most common color maps used in color flow imaging. A. Variance and direct B. Variance and velocity C. Turbulence and variance D. Power and velocity
Variance and velocity
The acoustic power of a sound beam emitted from a transducer is determined by the _____ of the pulser's signal. A. Pulse repetition frequency B. Frequency C. Voltage D. Rectification
Voltage
All intensities have units of: A. W/cm2 B. Rayls C. dB/cm D. dB
W/cm ^2
What is the unit of measurement for intensity? A. W/cm2 B. mW C. mm D. Pascal
W/cm2
All of the following relate to the strength of the sound beam except: A. Intensity B. Wavelength C. Power D. Amplitude
Wavelength
If the frequency of a transducer is increased, which of the following will decrease? A. Wavelength B. Propagation speed C. PRF D. PRP
Wavelength
Which if the following is described as the distance over which one cycle occurs? A. Period B. Duty factor C. Wavelength D. Pulse duration
Wavelength
Which of the following is determined by the sound source and the medium? A. Period B. Propagation speed C. Wavelength D. Frequency
Wavelength
Which of the following best describes the spatial pulse length? A. PRF x wavelength B. Frequency x wavelength C. Wavelength x number of cycles in the pulse D. Duty factor x wavelength
Wavelength x number of cycles in the pulse
Refraction will be exaggerated at: A. a soft tissue - fat interface B. a soft tissue - fluid interface C. a muscle - blood interface D. a bone - soft tissue interface
a bone - soft tissue interface
A linear sequential array has 128 active elements. How many of these crystals are fired to create a single beam? A. 1 B. a small group C. a large group D. 128
a small group
The three components of attenuation are: scattering, reflection, and refraction refraction, absorption, and reflection refraction, scattering, and absorption absorption, reflection, and scattering
absorption, reflection, and scattering
Match the functions with what they accomplish. REJECTION A. required because electrical signals are too low B. creates an image of uniform brightness C. consists of rectification and smoothing D. keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye E. affects all low-level signals on the image
affects all low-level signals on the image
The most common error associated with Doppler ultrasound. A. Range artifact B. lower frame rate C. aliasing D. clutter
aliasing
Pulse inversion harmonics is: A. an imaging technique to utilize harmonic transmissions B. a method of describing the extent to which signals can vary C. an imaging technique to utilize harmonic reflections D. a method of converting pressure to electrical voltage
an imaging technique to utilize harmonic reflections
Grating lobes are created by: A. single element transducer B. array transducer C. subdicing D. apodization
array transducer
Lateral resolution is best ____________ A. at the face of the transducer B. where the beam diverges C. in the near field D. at the focus
at the focus
Lateral resolution is determined by the: A. speed of sound in soft tissue B. frequency C. spatial pulse length D. beam diameter
beam diameter
Match the transducer with the image shape CONVEX TRANSDUCER A. sector shaped image shape B. rectangular shaped image shape C. blunted sector shaped image shape D. trapezoidal image shape E. sector shaped image shape
blunted sector shaped image shape
Attenuation is greater in ____________ than _____________. A. soft tissue, bone B. bone, tendon C. bone, soft tissue D. fat, air
bone, soft tissue
How are propagation speed, distance and time related?
c = d/t
How do speed, frequency, and wavelength relate to each other?
c= fλ
Select the sequence that appears in increasing order A. nano, milli, micro, deci, deca, mega B. centi, deci, deca, hecto C. mega, kilo, hecto, milli, giga D. milli, hecto, centi, deci, nano, giga
centi, deci, deca, hecto
Which of the following is not associated with laminar flow? A. layered B. normal C. aligned D. chaotic
chaotic
Which technology uses long pulses to create an image? A. Fill-in interpolation B. coded excitation C. demodulation D. pulse inversion harmonics
coded excitation
The term that describes when the color gain is set too high and color appears throughout the color box. A. aliasing B. color confetti C. gray scale noise D. spectral broadening
color confetti
Match the functions with what they accomplish. DEMODULATION A. required because electrical signals are too low B. creates an image of uniform brightness C. consists of rectification and smoothing D. keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye E. affects all low-level signals on the image
consists of rectification and smoothing
The type of Doppler system that uses two crystals is called: A. aliasing B. continuous wave C. pulsed wave D. frequency shift
continuous wave
This type of pulser generates a constant signal in the form of a sine wave? A. Pulse wave, phase array B. continuous wave C. pulsed wave, single crystal
continuous wave
Match the functions with what they accomplish. COMPENSATION A. required because electrical signals are too low B. creates an image of uniform brightness C. consists of rectification and smoothing D. keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye E. affects all low-level signals on the image
creates an image of uniform brightness
What is a special form of mirror image artifact that occurs with spectral Doppler?
crosstalk
Imaging transducers use a __________________ to limit ringing which __________ the pulse duration. A. matching layer, increases B. damping material, decreases C. matching layer, decreases D. damping material, increases
damping material, decreases
Normally, what happens to venous flow in the legs during inspiration? A. decreases B. increases C. no change
decreases
A higher frequency crystal results in a __________ focus A. deeper B. shallower
deeper
A larger diameter crystal results in a ____________ focus. A. deeper B. shallower
deeper
The process of extracting the low Doppler frequency from the transducer's carrier frequency is called: A. demodulation B. post processing C. Fast Fourier Transform D. crosstalk
demodulation
Acoustic impedance equals _____ x _____. A. density, wavelength B. speed, depth C. density, propagation speed D. transmission, reflection
density, propagation speed
Subdicing is: A. the technique that varies the voltage to the individual elements to reduce grating lobes B. the ability to differentiate one shade of gray from another C. dividing the elements into very small pieces to reduce side lobes D. used to make the sound beam narrower over a greater range of depth
dividing the elements into very small pieces to reduce side lobes
Match the transducer with the malfunction of the active elements(s) LINEAR TRANSDUCER A. drop out of information from the top to the bottom of the image B. erratic steering and focusing C. horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth D. loss of entire image
drop out of information from the top to the bottom of the image
In linear phased arrays, what is the firing pattern that steers a beam to the left or right? A. electronic curvature B. electronic slope C. electronic excitation D. electronic focusing
electronic slope
Another name for slice thickness resolution is: A. lateral resolution B. axial resolution C. elevational resolution D. contrast resolution
elevational resolution
Match the transducer with the malfunction of the active elements(s) PHASED TRANSDUCER A. drop out of information from the top to the bottom of the image B. erratic steering and focusing C. horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth D. loss of entire image
erratic steering and focusing
Axial resolution is measured in units of time. (true or false)
false
Doppler frequencies indicate speed, not velocity. (true or false)
false
On a color Doppler image, red always indicates flow toward the transducer and blue represents flow away from the transducer. (true or false)
false
Phased array means conventional and multi-focusing. (true or false)
false
Power Doppler is not very sensitive. (true or false)
false
The relationship between flow, resistance, and pressure gradient is defined as: pressure gradient = flow/resistance (true or false)
false
The resolution in the 3rd dimension is called contrast resolution. (true or flase)
false
There are large time delays in the firing pattern of a phased array transducer. (true or flase)
false
There are many active elements firing at almost the same time in a mechanical scanner. (true or false)
false
When a person is standing, hydrostatic pressure at the level of the ear is positive. (true or false)
false
The __________ is the location where the beam is the narrowest. A. Fresnel zone B. focal length C. focal point D. Fraunhofer zone
focal point
The portion of the transducer that comes into contact with the patient is the : A. Backing material B. Footprint C. Wire D. Damping material
footprint
Another name for the near zone is the: A. Fraunhofer zone B. Fresnel zone C. Frame zone D. Free zone
fresnel zone
The study of blood moving through the circulatory system. A. volume flow rate B. hemodymanics C. energy gradient D. Reynold's flow rate
hemodymanics
When the speed of sound in the PZT is faster, the frequency of sound created by the pulse is ________ A. higher B. lower C. not affected
higher
An advantage of using high line density is: A. higher frame rate B. excellent spatial resolution C. improved lateral resolution D. improved axial resolution
higher frame rate
If the red blood cells are moving toward the transducer, the received frequency is: A. equal to the transmitted frequency B. lower than the reflected frequency C. lower than the transmitted frequency D. higher than the transmitted frequency
higher than the transmitted frequency
Match the transducer with the malfunction of the active elements(s) ANNULAR PHASED TRANSDUCER A. drop out of information from the top to the bottom of the image B. erratic steering and focusing C. horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth D. loss of entire image
horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth
The pressure related to the weight of blood pressing on a vessel measured at a height above or below the heart level. A. kinetic pressure B. circulatory pressure C. pressure energy D. hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure
As an advantage of using multiple focuses is: A. improved temporal resoution B. improved lateral resolution C. lower frame rate D. many pulses per scan line
improved temporal resoution
Where are tissue harmonics created? A. In the pulser B. in the transducer C. in the tissues D. in the receiver
in the tissues
Which of the following is an advantage of a large packet size? A. less aliasing B. increased Doppler accuracy C. improved later resolution D. increased frame rate
increased Doppler accuracy
Damping material produces all of the following except: A. Decreased sensitivity B. Increased SPL C. Wide bandwidths D. Low quality factors
increased SPL
As the angle between the transducer and flow decreases, the Doppler shift: A. decreases B. increases C. remains the same D. remains black on a color flow image
increases
As the path length increases, the attenuation of ultrasound in soft tissue: A. increases B. decreases C. does not effect it D. not enough information provided
increases
Frequency and beam divergence are: A. directly related B. inversely related C. not related
inversely related
What happens to the normal shape of a vein during exercise? A. it changes from hourglass to oval, then round B. it changes from oval to round, then hourglass C. it changes from hourglass, then to oval
it changes from hourglass to oval, then round
All of the following are characteristics of write magnification except: A. it is a preprocessing function B. it contains more pixels than in the original region of interest C. it has a larger pixel size D. it is the preferred method of imaging magnification
it has a larger pixel size
A sonographer adjusts the ultrasound system to change the sector size from 90 degrees to 45 degrees. Nothing else is changed. What happens to the frame rate? A. it is doubled B. it is halved C. it is tripled D. it remains unchanged
it is doubled
Match the functions with what they accomplish. COMPRESSION A. required because electrical signals are too low B. creates an image of uniform brightness C. consists of rectification and smoothing D. keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye E. affects all low-level signals on the image
keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye
This type of energy is associated with a moving object. A. kinetic B. pressure C. gravitational
kinetic
The most commonly used piezoelectric material used in clinical transducers is: A. tungsten B. quartz C. lead zirconate titanate D. PZL
lead zirconate titanate
dB is a mathematical representation with a __________________ scale. A. logarithmic and relative B. division and relative C. longitudinal and relative D. logarithmic and absolute
logarithmic and relative
Match the transducer with the malfunction of the active elements(s) MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER A. drop out of information from the top to the bottom of the image B. erratic steering and focusing C. horizontal band of dropout at a particular depth D. loss of entire image
loss of entire image
Imaging transducers have a ______ Q-factor. A. high B. low C. narrow D. wide
low
Impedance is associated with the: A. sound source B. medium C. sound source and medium D. none of the above
medium
Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for propagation speed? A. W/cm2 B. µs C. mm/ µs D. kHz
mm/ µs
Smaller diameter crystals produce beams that diverge __________ in the far field. A. more B. less C. the same
more
An advantage of using a narrower sector is: A. lower frame rate B. improved axial resolution C. superior temporal resolution D. more pulses per frame
more pulses per frame
All of the following decrease temporal resolution, except: A. lower frame rate B. deeper imaging C. multi-focus D. narrow sector
narrow sector
The _____________ is the region from the transducer to the focus. A. near zone B. focal length C. focal point D. Fraunhofer zone
near zone
What type of behavior is exhibited by harmonics? A. Can not be determined with the information provided B. Transmission C. Linear behavior D. non-linear behavior
non-linear behavior
Which type of Doppler relies on the strength of the shift rather than the frequency shift? A. spectral Doppler B. power Doppler C. color Doppler D. CW Doppler
power Doppler
TGC is typically a _____________ function. A. pre-processing B. post-processing C. read magnification D. write magnification
pre-processing
This type of flow commonly appears in the arterial circulation. A. phasic B. steady C. pulsatile
pulsatile
"Live" ultrasound scanning is also known as: A. static scanning B. real-time imaging C. cine-clip storage D. motion imaging
real-time imaging
Match the transducer with the image shape LINEAR SEQUENTIAL TRANSDUCER A. sector shaped image shape B. rectangular shaped image shape C. blunted sector shaped image shape D. trapezoidal image shape E. sector shaped image shape
rectangular shaped image shape
In clinical imaging, which reflectors produce the most relevant Doppler shifts? A. platelets B. blood plasma C. red blood cells D. blood vessels
red blood cells
The wall filter used in Doppler is a type of _________. A. aliasing control B. gain control C. reject control
reject control
As the frequency increases, the propagation speed in soft tissue will: A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same D. have no relationship
remain the same
Match the functions with what they accomplish. AMPLIFICATION A. required because electrical signals are too low B. creates an image of uniform brightness C. consists of rectification and smoothing D. keeps an images' gray scale content within the range of detection by the human eye E. affects all low-level signals on the image
required because electrical signals are too low
Match the transducer with the image shape MECHANICAL TRANSDUCER A. sector shaped image shape B. rectangular shaped image shape C. blunted sector shaped image shape D. trapezoidal image shape E. sector shaped image shape
sector shaped image shape
Match the transducer with the image shape PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER A. sector shaped image shape B. rectangular shaped image shape C. blunted sector shaped image shape D. trapezoidal image shape E. sector shaped image shape
sector shaped image shape
Which of the following techniques will not eliminate aliasing? A. adjust the scale B. use CW Doppler C. select a higher frequency transducer D. Use a shallower sample volume
select a higher frequency transducer
High frame rate is associated with: A. shallower imaging B. wide sector C. high line density D. multiple focusing
shallower imaging
Which of the following transducers creates a beam with the most divergence: A. small diameter, high frequency B. large diameter, high frequency C. small diameter, low frequency D. large diameter, low frequency
small diameter, low frequency
__________ Law quantifies the physics of refraction. A. Luez's B. Huygen's C. Snell's D. Rayl's
snell's
The tool that breaks the complex signal into its basic "building blocks" and identifies the individual velocities that make up the reflected Doppler signal A. Zero crossing detectors B. Crosstalk analyzer C. Dynamic range D. spectral analyzer
spectral analyzer
What is the fundamental limitation of temporal resolution? A. line density B. speed of sound in the medium C. sector size D. imaging depth
speed of sound in the medium
When the transducer needs to be disinfected, one method is: A. sent to the OR B. wiped down with a disinfectant C. sterilized in a cold germicide D. immersed in alcohol
sterilized in a cold germicide
Half-value thickness layer is: A. the diameter of the piezoelectric material B. the distance sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity of sound to one-half its original value C. the thickness of the matching layer D. the distance where the sound beam is the smallest
the distance sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity of sound to one-half its original value
When an element in a convex array transducer is damaged: A. the entire image is lost B. a band of drop-out appears at a specific depth C. the portion of the image extending directly below the damaged element is affected D. erratic beam steering and focusing occurs
the portion of the image extending directly below the damaged element is affected
When an element in a linear sequenced array is damaged: A. the entire image is lost B. a band of drop-out appears at a specific depth C. the portion of the image extending directly below the damaged element is affected. D. erratic beam steering and focsing occurs
the portion of the image extending directly below the damaged element is affected.
Apodization is: A. the technique that varies the voltage to the individual elements to reduce grating lobes B. the ability to differentiate one shade of gray from another C. dividing the elements into very small pieces to reduce side lobes D. used to make the sound beam narrower over a greater range of depth
the the technique that varies the voltage to the individual elements to reduce grating lobes
Refraction occurs when: A. there is an oblique incidence and the same propagation speeds of the two media B. the speed and density of the two media are different C. there is normal incidence and different propagation speeds of the two media D. there is oblique incidence and different propagation speeds of the two media
there is oblique incidence and different propagation speeds of the two media
What describes when the window of the spectral Doppler display is filled in? A. there is spectral broadening B. there is laminar flow C. There is only one velocity at a given point in time D. The Doppler gate is small and centered within the vessel
there is spectral broadening
Which of the following crystals will produce sound with the lowest frequency? A. thin and with a low speed B. thin and with a high speed C. thick and with a low speed D. thick and with a high speed
thick and with a low speed
Manufacturers create PZT crystals of varying __________ thereby designing transducers of different frequencies. A. diameter B. thickness C. areas D. parts
thickness
Match the transducer with the image shape VECTOR TRANSDUCER A. sector shaped image shape B. rectangular shaped image shape C. blunted sector shaped image shape D. trapezoidal image shape E. sector shaped image shape
trapezoidal image shape
A sound beam is focused if the spike pattern is curved. (true or false)
true
As blood flows through the circulation, energy is lost in three ways: viscous loss, frictional loss, and inertial loss. (true or false)
true
Color flow Doppler imaging incorporates pulsed Doppler principles and provides range resolution. (true or false)
true
Color flow will never appear in a vessel when the flow and sound are perpendicular. (true or false)
true
Deeper sample volumes have a lower PRF and create more aliasing. (true or false)
true
Doppler shifts and velocities cannot be measured with perpendicular incidence. (true or false)
true
Flow towards the transducer is displayed above the baseline on a spectral display.(true or false)
true
TGC cannot be used with continuous wave Doppler. (true or false)
true
The Doppler shift is directly related to the frequency of the transmitted sound.(true or false)
true
The Reynolds number predicts whether flow is laminar or turbulent.( true or false)
true
The measurement of the Doppler frequency depends on the relationship between the direction of blood flow and the direction in which the sound wave propagates. (true or false)
true
Variance mode color maps may be identified by side-to-side changes in the color bar, and velocity mode color maps only change color vertically. (true or false)
true
When a person is lying supine, the hydrostatic pressure is zero everywhere. (true or false)
true
With regard to continuous wave Doppler, frequencies are measured at the transducer are produced from many different locations along the ultrasonic beam. (true or false)
true
Imaging probes produce pulses that are identified as ___________. A. narrow bandwidth B. wide bandwith C. thin bandwidth D. low bandwidth
wide bandwith
Which of the following does not belong? A. wide dynamic range B. many shades of gray C. high contrast images D. low contrast images
wide dynamic range
High line density results in: A. more pulses per frame and a higher frame rate B. widely spaced lines and poor spatial resolution C. low temporal resolution and lower frame rate D. tightly packed lines and fewer pulses per frame
widely spaced lines and poor spatial resolution
A reduction in the intensity of a sound beam is one-quarter of its original value is ____ dB. A. - 0.25 dB B. - 3 dB C. - 4 dB D. - 6 dB
-6 dB
A sound wave strikes a boundary with normal incidence. The impedances of the two media are identical. What percentage of the sound wave is reflected? 100% 75 % 0% 25%
0%
The frequency of the transducer is 10 MHz, what is the period? A. 1.0 ms B. 0.1 µs C. 1.0 µs D. 0.1 ms
0.1 µs
What is the thickness of the PEM for a 10 MHz transducer? Assume the speed of sound through the PEM is 5 mm/µs.
0.25 mm
A sonographer is using a 4 MHz transducer to image the kidney at 12 cm. If the number of cycles is 2, what is the pulse duration? (Don't forget your units)
0.5 µs
What is the wavelength of 2 MHz sound in soft tissue? 0.77 mm Cannot be determined 1.54 mm 2 mm
0.77 mm
A pulsed wave transducer has a resonant frequency of 10 MHZ. the lowest frequency in the pulse is 3 MHz and the highest is 15 MHz. What is the Q-factor? A. 0.83 B. 8 MHz C. 10 MHz D. 1.2
0.83
What is the Duty Factor of continuous wave Doppler? A. 1 B. 100 C. 0.01% D. 1%
1
The impedance of a transducer active element is 1,700,000 Rayls and the impedance of skin is 1,400,000 Rayls. What is an acceptable impedance for the matching layer? A. 1,200,000 Rayls B. 1,800,000 Rayls C. 1,586,000 Rayls D. 1,378,000 Rayls
1,586,000 Rayls
Which of the following transducers has the poorest axial resolution? A. 1.7 MHZ, and 4 cycles/pulse B. 2.6 MHz and 3 cycles/pulse C. 1.7 MHz and 5 cycles/pulse D. 2.6 MHz and 2 cycles/pulse
1.7 MHz and 5 cycles/pulse
The thickness of the PZT crystal in a pulsed wave transducer is equal to ___________ of the wavelength of sound in the PZT. 1/3 1/2 1/4 1/8
1/2
A pulsed wave transducer has a resonant frequency of 10 MHZ. the lowest frequency in the pulse is 3 MHz and the highest is 15 MHz. What is the main frequency? A. 3 MHz B. 10 MHZ C. 12 MHz D. 15 MHz
10 MHz
Which of the following would be considered Diagnostic Ultrasound? A. 10 MHz B. 2000 Hz C. 10 Hz D. 12.5 Hz
10 MHz
If an imaging depth is 12 cm and there are 100 lines in the image, the number of pulses making up the scan is: A. 1200 B. 100 C. 8.3 D. 120
100
A sound wave with an intensity of 50 W/cm2 strikes a boundary and is totally reflected. What is the intensity reflection coefficient? A. 50 W/cm2 B. 25 W/cm2 C. 0 W/cm2 D. 100%
100 %
A sound wave with an intensity of 100 W/cm2 strikes a boundary and is totally reflected. What is the reflected intensity? A. 100 W/cm2 B. 50 W/cm2 C. 0 W/cm2 D. 100%
100 W/cm ^2
The duty factor for continuous wave ultrasound is: A. 8 Pa B. < 99% C. 20,000 Hz D. 100%
100%
Which of these is a binary number? A. 12211222 B. 10000000 C. 01010201 D. 12345678
10000000
Which of the following scan converters will have the best spatial resolution? A. 256X256 pixels B. 512X512 pixels C. 128X128 pixels D. 1000X1000 pixels
1000X1000 pixels
A pulsed wave transducer has a resonant frequency of 10 MHZ. The lowest frequency in the pulse is 3 MHz and the highest is 15 MHz. What is the bandwidth? A. 3 MHz B. 10 MHZ C. 12 MHz D. 15 MHz
12 MHz
A linear phased array transducer has 128 active elements. How many of these crystals are fired to create a single sound beam? A. 1 B. a small group C. a large group D. 128
128
The frequency of a transducer is 15,000,000 cycles per second. This can be written as: A. 15 kHz B. 15 mHz C. 15 MHz D. 15 Hz
15 MHz
What is the propagation speed in soft tissue?
1540 m/s
What is the maximum number of shades of gray that can be represented with 4 bits? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 4
16
At what angle between the sound beam and the direction of motion will the Doppler shift be the greatest? A. 30° B. 60° C. 90° D. 180°
180°
Which sound wave has a longer period? A. Neither pulse B. Cannot be determined C. 2 MHz pulse D. 10 MHz pulse
2 MHz pulse
A duplex ultrasound system displays ________ information. A. M-mode, 2 dimensional image, and A-mode B. A-mode and B-mode C. 2 dimensional image and Doppler D. 2 dimensional image and M-mode
2 dimensional image and Doppler
Which of the following is within the typical range of Doppler shift found in diagnostic imaging? A. 20 MHz B. 2 MHz C. 2 kHz D. 15 Hz
2 kHz
Bi-stable means the image displayed is composed of: A. multiple shades of gray B. 2 shades of gray C. 2 shades: black and white D. different shades of gray based on the echoes' amplitude
2 shades: black and white
The typical range of frequencies for diagnostic ultrasound imaging is: A. 10 to 20 MHz B. 20 to 20,000 Hz C. 2 to 20 MHz D. 12-100 MHz
2 to 20 MHz
In soft tissue, a 6 MHz pulse has a spatial pulse length equal to 5.0 mm. What is the axial resolution? A. 2.5 mm B. 3.0 mm C. 5.0 mm D. 6.0 mm
2.5 mm
When an ultrasound system creates an image in 1/50 of a second, the frame rate is: A. 2 Hz B. 10 Hz C. 20 HZ D. 50 Hz
20 HZ
The ultrasound system creates an image with 100 distinct sound pulses. Each pulse travels to a maximum depth that requires a round-trip time (PRP) of 1/2000 second. The frame rate equals: A. 2 Hz B. 20 Hz C. 200 Hz D. 2 kHz
20 Hz
When a reflector is 2 cm deep, the pulse's time-of-flight equals: A. 13 µs B. 26 µs C. 6.5 µs D. 39 µs
26 µs
Sound with a frequency of 3 MHz is created by a transducer. What is the fundamental frequency? A. 1.5 MHz B. 3 MHz C. 6MHz D. Cannot be determined with the information provided
3 MHz
What is the approximate frequency that has a wavelength of 0.4 mm in soft tissue? A. 3.0 kHz B. 3.0 MHz C. 3.8 kHz D. 3.8 MHz
3.8 MHz
Sound is travelling in a medium and strikes a boundary with normal incidence. If 67% of the wave's intensity in reflected back toward the transducer, what percentage is transmitted? A. 67% B. 33% C. 50% D. cannot be determined with information provided
33%
Which of the following transducers creates a beam with the shallowest focus? 4 mm diameter, 4 MHz 6 mm diameter, 8 MHz 4 mm diameter, 2 MHz 5 mm diameter, 8 MHz
4 mm diameter, 2 MHz
If gain was 50 dB and output power is reduced by one-half, the new gain is ____ dB A. 44 B. 35 C. 47 D. 25
47
How many centimeters are in 5 meters?
500
Sound with a frequency of 3 MHz is created by a transducer. What is the harmonic frequency? A. 1.5 MHz B. 3 MHz C. 6 MHz D. Cannot be determined with the information provided
6 MHz
When the time-of-flight equals 39 µs, the total distance that a pulse travels is: A. 3 cm B. 4 cm C. 5 cm D. 6 cm
6 cm
Which of the following transducers creates a beam with the deepest focus? A. 4 mm diameter, 4 MHz B. 6 mm diameter, 8 MHz C. 4 mm diameter, 2 MHz D. 5 mm diameter, 8 MHz
6 mm diameter, 8 MHz
The number 6115 can be expressed as which of the following? A. 6.0 x 103 B. 6.15 x 103 C. 61.15 x 103 D. 6.115 x 103
6.115 x 10^3
Blood moving at a velocity of 2 m/s creates a Doppler frequency of 3000 Hz. What will the Doppler shift be if the velocity increases to 4 m/s? A. 3000 Hz B. 2 Hz C. 1500 Hz D. 6000 Hz
6000 Hz
Sonographer-controlled settings that determine frame rate include the: A. Imaging depth B. Frequency C. number of pulses in each picture D. A & C E. A, B, & C
A & C
Axial resolution is determined by the: A. spatial pulse length B. frequency C. speed of sound in soft tissue D. A and B
A and B
Refraction is: A. a change in direction of wave propagation when travelling from one medium to another B. when a sound beam strikes an interface at normal incidence C. transmission with a bend D. A & C
A&C
Contrast agents must meet the following requirements: A. Safe B. long-lasting C. stronger reflector of sound D. A & C E. A, B, & C
A, B, & C
The ultrasound machine assumes that the speed of sound equals (remember complimentary units): A. 1.54 km/s B. 1540 m/s C. 1.54 mm/µs D. A, B, & C
A, B, & C
The highest mechanical index is associated with: A. Bubble disruption B. backscatter C. lowest frequency sound D. Strongest Harmonics E. C & D F. A, C, & D
A, C, & D
When the sound beam is focused: A. lateral resolution improves in the near field and focal zone B. the focus is moved closer to the transducer which means the near zone is reduced C. the diameter of the beam decreases and the intensity of the beam increases D. A,B, & C
A,B, & C
The speed of sound in soft tissue equals: A. 1.54 mm/µs B. 1540 m/s C. 1.54 km/ms D. A, B, & C E. A & B
A,B,C
Which of the following is true of all waves? A. Their amplitudes do not change B. They only travel in a straight line C. All carry energy from one site to another D. They can not travel through a medium
All carry energy from one site to another
Normal incidence is also called: A. perpendicular B. orthogonal C. right angle D. all of the above
All the above
Which of the following are examples of transducers? A. car engines B. light bulbs C. muscles D. all of the above E. none of the above
All the above
The maximum value or minimum value of an acoustic variable minus the equilibrium value of that variable describes the: A. Amplitude B. Duty Factor C. Power D. Intensity
Amplitude
Which of these terms does not belong? A. Axial B. Angular C. Longitudinal D. Depth
Angular
All of the following are functions of the receiver, except: A. Demodulation B. Amplification C. Attenuation D. Suppression
Attenuation
The digital technique used to analyze color flow Doppler. A. Fast Fourier Transform B. Autocorrelation C. Zero crossing detectors D. crosstalk
Autocorrelation
Which mode provides the foundation for real-time gray-scale imaging? A. A-mode B. B-mode C. C-mode D. M-mode
B-mode
This describes the relationship between velocity and pressure in a moving fluid and is a specialized form of the Law of Conservation of Energy. A. Bernoulli's principle B. Ohm's law C. Kinetic Energy D. Reynold's Law
Bernoulli's principle
Which of the following would have the highest propagation speed? A. Air B. Soft tissue C. Bone D. Water
Bone
Which pulse has a lower propagation speed? A. 2 MHz pulse B. 10 MHz pulse C. Cannot be determined D. 6kHz
Cannot be determined
Areas of high pressure and density are referred to as: A. Compressions B. Rarefactions C. Condensations D. Rarefractions
Compressions
Areas of high pressure and density are reffered to as: A. Rarefractions B. Compressions C. Rarefractions D. Condensations
Compressions
What type of transducer is not used for imaging? A. Continuous wave B. Curved sequenced array C. linear array D. phased array
Continuous wave
The temperature at which PZT is polarized is called the ___________ point. A. Huygens B. Curie C. Snell D. Luez
Curie
Which of the following cannot be considered a unit of frequency? A. Cycles/sec B. Hertz C. Cycles D. Hz
Cycles
If the frequency of a wave increases, the period will: A. Increase B. Double C. Decrease D. Frequency and Period are not related
Decrease
When using an ultrasound imaging system, what happens to the duty factor when the depth of view increases? A. Increases B. Unchanged C. Decreases
Decreases
Two waves arrive at the same location and interfere. The resultant sound wave is smaller than either of the two original waves. What is this called? A. Destructive interference B. Constructive interference C. In-phase waves D. Angular interaction
Destructive interference
During inspiration, the diaphragm moves: A. downward B. upward C. cannot be determined
Downwards
The percentage of time that the ultrasound machine is producing pulses of ultrasound describes the: A. PRP B. PRF C. Duty Factor D. Pulse Duration
Duty Factor