PHYSIO FINAL Ch 25-28
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
100% of glucose is reabsorbed.
How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?
12-24 hours
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
The diploid number of chromosomes in a human is 46. Therefore, the number of chromosomes in a primary spermatocyte or primary oocyte is ________.
46
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
A great deal of active transport takes place in PCT.
Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response?
A refractory period follows orgasm.
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
ADH
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.
Afferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries.
Blood supply that directly receives substances from tubular cells.
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
Bowman's capsule & glomerulus
Leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes.
Capacitation
Pathogen responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Chlamydia
Select the statement which is FALSE.
Crossing over is source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.
Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.
Decidua capsularis
Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is NOT true?
Each spermatid forms 2 sperm.
All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does NOT reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.
Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis & are still diploid.
May lead into meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.
Efferent arterioles
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes & therefore have greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?
Extrinsic controls have greatest effect on systemic bp while intrinsic controls have greater effect on GFR
All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________.
FSH & LH directly promote development of uterine endometrium
True or false: A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
False
True or false: A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH) levels in a woman's blood or urine.
False
True or false: Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.
False
True or false: Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.
False
True or false: An excessive urine output is called anuria.
False
True or false: Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.
False
True or false: By 72 hours after fertilization, the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula.
False
True or false: Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum calcium levels are low.
False
True or false: Cortical nephrons are responsible for producing concentrated urine.
False
True or false: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
False
True or false: High blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin.
False
True or false: Humans do not have a yolk sac associated with embryonic development.
False
True or false: Insensible water loss includes water lost in feces.
False
True or false: It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.
False
True or false: Obligatory water loss occurs because humans always take in more fluids through eating and drinking than they need to maintain water balance.
False
True or false: Salts are lost from the body in perspiration and urine only.
False
True or false: Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.
False
True or false: The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
False
True or false: The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
False
True or false: The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.
False
True or false: The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.
False
True or false: The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
False
True or false: The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase I.
False
True or false: The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.
False
True or false: The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.
False
True or false: When it is cold, the scrotum is pulled away from the body.
False
true or false: Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
False
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.
Glomerular capillaries
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
High estrogen levels result in surge of LH release.
Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I?
Homologous pairs align randomly on spindle equator w mix of paternal & maternal homologs destined for each of daughter cells.
Magnesium excess.
Hypermagnesemia
Calcium depletion.
Hypocalcemia
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.
Hyponatremia
Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum is maintained by hormone secreted by developing embryo.
The main fluid compartment located within the cell.
Intracellular
A friend confides that she desires to have children but is having trouble conceiving. Which of the following is true regarding implantation?
It is estimated that minimum of 2/3 of all zygotes formed fail to implant by end of first week or spontaneously abort
Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.
It is significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.
Which of the following does NOT describe the juxtaglomerular complex?
Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
K+ mainly in cells, Na+ in body fluids
If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Kidney perfusion will increase.
In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?
Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
LH
Select the statement below that is FALSE.
Meiosis occurs only after onset of puberty while mitosis occurs throughout entire lifetime.
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.
Metabolic acidosis
Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.
Metabolic alkalosis
Select the correct statement about fertilization.
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by vagina's acidic environment
All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does NOT occur during spermiogenesis.
Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into nucleus to be delivered to egg during fertilization.
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Net filtration would decrease.
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.
Peritubular capillaries
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.
Respiratory acidosis
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.
Respiratory alkalosis
Proximal convoluted tubule.
Site at which most of tubular reabsorption occurs
Glomerulus.
Site of filtrate formation.
Collecting duct.
Site that drains distal convoluted tubule.
The relatively long half-life of lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water-soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.
Steroid hormones travel in plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through filtration membrane.
Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE?
Syphilis is caused by virus that may lead to death if untreated.
If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus, which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic bp will be lowered.
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic bp will decrease
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic bp will decrease.
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic bp will go up.
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
Systemic bp will go up.
Which of the following is true of testosterone?
Testosterone is produced by interstitial endocrine cells.
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?
There will be temporary increase in blood volume.
What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
They increase surface area & allow for greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play?
They regulate temperature of testes.
True or false: A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.
True
True or false: A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.
True
True or false: A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster.
True
True or false: Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.
True
True or false: Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.
True
True or false: An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion.
True
True or false: As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.
True
True or false: Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS
True
True or false: By the end of the embryonic period, at 8 weeks, all the adult organ systems are recognizable.
True
True or false: Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.
True
True or false: Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
True
True or false: Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.
True
True or false: Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.
True
True or false: Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.
True
True or false: In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonfunctional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.
True
True or false: Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.
True
True or false: It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.
True
True or false: Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.
True
True or false: Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts.
True
True or false: One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.
True
True or false: Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.
True
True or false: Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.
True
True or false: Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.
True
True or false: Salt is actively transported out of the filtrate in the nephron loop.
True
True or false: Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.
True
True or false: Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.
True
True or false: The "fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.
True
True or false: The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.
True
True or false: The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week.
True
True or false: The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.
True
True or false: The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.
True
True or false: The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
True
True or false: The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.
True
True or false: The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
True
True or false: The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.
True
True or false: The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.
True
True or false: Thirst is normally triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors sensitive to a 1-2% increase in plasma osmolality.
True
True or false: To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.
True
True or false: Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.
True
True or false: Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.
True
True or false: When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.
True
If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?
Twice diploid number & w every succeeding generation, chromosome number would continue to double & normal development could not occur.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle?
a vasa recta
Human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] is at its highest levels _____
about 2 months after implantation during 8th gestational week
During spermiogenesis ________.
acrosome migrates toward anterior end of spermatid bc its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when sperm contacts egg during fertilization
A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.
addison's disease
Which of the following is NOT a likely source of hydrogen ions in blood plasma?
aerobic metabolism of glucose
The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.
aids in passive movement of water out of tubule
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
aldosterone
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?
aldosterone
Which of the following hormones acting on the collecting duct is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood?
aldosterone
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
aldosterone
Protective water-filled sac surrounding the embryo
amnion
Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following?
amount of water ingested
Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body?
anabolism of lipids
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
angiotensin II and aldosterone
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is ________.
associated w microencephaly & intellectual disorders of fetus
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?
atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP]
All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is FALSE.
barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround bv in testis.
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.
be unable to produce viable sperm
When the blood becomes acidic [acidosis] and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?
bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption
Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
blood levels of estrogen & progesterone decrease
The concentration of sodium ions are highest in
blood plasma
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
by decrease in bp
Which of the choices below is NOT a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
by secreting sodium ions
In the block to polyspermy, entry of the sperm's contents causes ________ levels in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction.
calcium ion
If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?
calcium ion levels
Amphoteric molecules _______.
can function as acid or base depending on pH
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
cardiovascular system
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?
causes aquaporins to be inserted into apical membranes
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
changes in Na+ content of filtrate
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
chorion
Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta
chorionic villus
Leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst.
cleavage
Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.
colostrum
Which of the following is incorrect?
concentration of urine is lower when urine volume is reduced.
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.
condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
constrict arterioles & increase bp
The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as moves down into medulla
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.
control of respiratory ventilation
Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?
corpus luteum is maintained until placenta takes over hormone-producing functions.
Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?
corpus spongiosum
Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
creatinine
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
damage to filtration membrane
Forms the mother's part of the placenta.
decidua basalis
The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta
decidua basalis
The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
decidua capsularis
A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.
decreased testosterone secretion
Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.
dehydration
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?
ductus arteriosus constricts & is converted to ligamentum arteriosum.
Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
ductus arteriosus-ligamentum teres
Neural tissue is formed by the ________.
ectoderm
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
edema
Which of the choices below is NOT a glomerular filtration rate control method?
electrolyte levels
Dissociate into ions in water.
electrolytes
Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system?
eliminates solid, undigested wastes & excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts & heat
Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?
endometrium enters its secretory phase.
Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.
epithelial lining of respiratory tract
Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?
estrogen
The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting ________.
estrogens and progesterone
Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance?
excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP] secretion
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
expulsion stage
The main fluid compartment outside the cells.
extracellular
The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.
failure of testis to make their normal descent
True or false: A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.
false
True or false: Acrosomal enzymes trigger exocytosis of cortical granules in the cortical reaction.
false
True or false: Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.
false
True or false: Human placental lactogen initiates labor.
false
True or false: If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
false
True or false: Premature infants often need to be placed on a ventilator because their undeveloped lungs produce excess surfactant.
false
True or false: The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.
false
True or false: The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
false
True or false: The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin.
false
True or false: The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.
false
True or false: The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
false
True or false: The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.
false
True or false: True fertilization occurs when the sperm's membrane binds to the oocyte's sperm-binding receptors.
false
true or false: Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.
false
true or false: Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production.
false
true or false: Female orgasm is required for conception.
false
true or false: Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.
false
true or false: Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle
false
true or false: The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen.
false
true or false: The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.
false
At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
fertilization
Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.
fertilization
The glomerular capsular space contains ________.
filtrate
The neonatal period refers to ________.
first month after birth
Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?
first polar body has also divided to produce 2 polar bodies.
Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?
form large volume of very dilute urine or small volume of very concentrated urine
Which of the following refers to the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there?
gamete intrafallopian transfer [GIFT]
The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ________ stage.
gastrula
Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers.
gastrulation
n humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.
genetically identical
Human herpes simplex virus.
genital herpes
Which of the following is incurable?
genital herpes
Human papillomavirus.
genital warts
Which of the following would be the best method for delaying the onset of labor?
giving mother antiprostaglandin drugs
Glomerular filtration rate can be controlled by manipulating one major variable, which is ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure [glomerular bp]
Causes urethritis in males.
gonorrhea
Effects of estrogen include ________.
growth of breasts at puberty
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate bp & rate of blood filtration by kidneys
The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________.
hormones cause woman's body to mimic activities of pregnancy & disrupt ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________.
hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of blood into interstitial space
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________.
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
Potassium excess.
hyperkalemia
Sodium excess.
hypernatremia
Sodium depletion.
hyponatremia
After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave?
hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
impermeability of collecting tubule to water
A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates ________ was successful.
implantation
Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.
implantation
If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?
in about 14 days
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.
in oogenesis, 1 mature ovum is produced from parent cell & in spermatogenesis 4 mature sperm are produced from parent cell
The most common assisted reproductive technology process used by couples having difficulty conceiving is _______.
in vitro fertilization
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
increase in production of ADH
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?
increased extracellular fluid water levels
An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?
increased respiratory rate and depth
Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration:
increasing osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries that reduces amount of filtration
Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?
infundibulum is funnel-shaped region near ovary.
Which male hormone provides negative feedback for the secretion of FSH?
inhibin
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
inhibits release of ADH
Becomes the embryonic disc.
inner cell mass
Fluid in the spaces between cells.
interstitial
The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.
interstitial endocrine cells
In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)?
interstitial fluid
The concentration of bicarbonate ions are highest in
interstitial fluid
The concentration of phosphate ions are highest
intracellular fluid.
The concentration of potassium ions are highest in
intracellular fluid.
The concentration of protein anions are highest in
intracellular fluid.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________.
involves FSH & LH release from anterior pituitary
The regulation of potassium balance ________.
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
Spermatogenesis ________.
involves kind of cell division limited to gametes
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
is drained by efferent arteriole
The regulation of sodium ________.
is linked to blood pressure
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.
is regulated by osmotic & hydrostatic forces
Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?
labia majora
Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does NOT describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.
leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
As pregnancy continues, the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity, possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.
lordosis
Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?
loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in basolateral surface of PCT cells
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
macula densa
Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of integumentary system.
The constancy of the chromosome number for an organism from one generation to the next is maintained through _____
meiosis
Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.
mesoderm
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?
metabolic acidosis
A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
metabolic alkalosis
When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system,
more carbonic acid is formed
A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells.
morula
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, ________.
most of water reaching collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________.
muscle twitching
Which of the following events does NOT occur during the first 8 weeks of development?
myelination of spinal cord
Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function.
narrow portion of uterus near cervix is most typical site of fertilization.
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
nephron
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
nephron loop
The first major event in organogenesis is ________.
neurulation
Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?
nitrogen
Do not dissociate in solution.
nonelectrolytes
The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.
nonfunctional zygote
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes & alcohol
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
osmosis
Milk ejection (the letdown reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
oxytocin
Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?
oxytocin
Erection of the penis results from ________.
parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
parietal layer of glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
The decidua basalis is ________.
part of endometrium that lies beneath embryo
The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.
peristaltic contractions
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
phagocytosis by trophoblast cells
At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?
placental
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.
placental tissue
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.
plasma
The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does NOT contain a significant amount of ________.
plasma protein
Which of the following is NOT a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?
podocyte cells
Which of the following would describe nonelectrolytes?
polar covalent compounds
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
potassium
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.
potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________.
preparation of mammary glands for lactation
Gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the ________ appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc.
primitive streak
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels.
progesterone
Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.
reduce bp & blood volume by inhibiting sodium & water retention
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
regression of corpus luteum & decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.
relax the pubic symphysis
The filtration membrane includes all EXCEPT ________.
renal fascia
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
respiratory acidosis
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?
respiratory alkalosis
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?
reverse peristalsis of uterus & uterine tubes
Cells of the ________ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level.
sclerotome
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
secondary active transport
Which of the following glands are responsible for producing 70% of semen volume?
seminal vesicles
Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina?
serves as passageway for primary oocyte
All of the following things occur during meiosis I. Select the statement below that does NOT occur during meiosis I.
sister chromatids are separated from each other.
An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
slightly higher than water
Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?
smooth muscle sphincter at base of urinary bladder closes.
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?
sodium ions
Prostate cancer is ________.
sometimes slow-growing cancer that may never represent threat to pt
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
stabilizes position of kidneys by holding them in normal position
Which of the choices below is NOT a function of testosterone?
stimulates HPG axis
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
stretching of bladder wall
Which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
syncytiotrophoblast
Treponema pallidum.
syphilis
Which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score?
temperature
Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation. This drug is an example of a(n) ________.
teratogen
Which of the choices below is NOT a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
thalamus
The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________.
the SRY gene
Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.
they have same number of chromosomes
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________.
they undergo capacitation
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________.
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
transitional
Forms the chorion.
trophoblast
Shortly after implantation, ________.
trophoblast forms 2 distinct layers
True or false: Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
true
True or false: Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.
true
True or false: Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.
true
True or false: Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte.
true
True or false: Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.
true
True or false: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
true
True or false: In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.
true
True or false: Male testicular functions are regulated by FSH and LH.
true
True or false: Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.
true
True or false: Sustentocytes prevent sperm antigens from entering the bloodstream.
true
True or false: The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.
true
True or false: The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.
true
True or false: The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
true
True or false: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle
true
True or false: Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.
true
True or false: When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.
true
true or false: Male erection is a response to a parasympathetic reflex, and ejaculation is a response to a sympathetic reflex.
true
true or false: Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders.
true
true or false: The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.
true
true or false: The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.
true
true or false: The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.
true
true or false: The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.
true
true or false: Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
true
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres.
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of gastrointestinal tract.
Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.
uterine tubes
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.
uterine tubes
Play a role in urine concentration.
vasa recta
Which method of contraception is most reliable?
vasectomy
Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________.
vasoconstriction
Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.
vertebrae and ribs
Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
volume of plasma in efferent arteriole is higher when compared to afferent arteriole.
A patient with trichomoniasis, if they have any symptoms at all, will most likely exhibit which of the following?
yellow-green vaginal discharge & strong odor
Site of early blood cell production, and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).
yolk sac
What destroys the zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors?
zonal inhibiting proteins
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.
zygote, morula, blastocyst
