Physio Test 1

e

1) All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

a

10) The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic

a

100) When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen.

b

101) Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it A) is a component of the epithalamus. B) is a component of the hypothalamus. C) secretes melatonin. D) contains pinealocytes. E) responds to light and darkness.

e

102) Pinealocytes produce A) MSH. B) FSH. C) LH. D) melanin. E) melatonin.

b

103) Melatonin is produced by the A) thymus. B) pineal gland. C) kidneys. D) skin. E) heart.

b

104) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia A) in old age. B) in very young children. C) in times of stress. D) in healthy adults. E) all of the above

b

105) Which of these statements about melatonin is false? A) exposure to light inhibits production B) exposure to light stimulates production C) inhibits releases of GnRH D) produced by pinealocytes E) made from serotonin

c

106) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison disease.

a

107) The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) none of the above

d

108) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) high blood glucose D) low blood glucose E) polyuria

e

109) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are very high. B) excessive thirst is shown. C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. D) a large excretion of urine occurs. E) all of the above

d

11) Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

110) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting A) glucagon. B) GHIH. C) thyroid hormone. D) aldosterone. E) antidiuretic hormone.

e

111) When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except A) antagonistic. B) synergistic. C) permissive. D) integrative. E) bucolic.

b

112) Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic peptide

e

113) Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) thyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growth hormone E) all of the above

d

114) The kidneys secrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

115) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.

e

116) Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) all of the above

b

117) In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system. A) synergistic B) antagonistic C) permissive D) additive E) integrative

d

118) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following, except A) elevated blood pressure. B) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. C) increased water retention. D) increased urine production. E) increased blood volume.

d

119) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following? A) increased blood levels of renin B) elevated blood levels of angiotensin C) increased blood levels of erythropoietin D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

12) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

e

120) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.

c

121) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of energy reserves. D) increased urine release. E) decreased rate of respiration.

b

122) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged

c

123) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins.

a

124) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are conserved. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically. D) levels of growth hormone decrease. E) levels of insulin decrease.

a

125) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) decreased resistance to disease and infection. B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) all of the above E) none of the above

e

126) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin C) increase of blood glucose D) decrease of blood glucose E) both and increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose

c

127) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.

d

128) Too little secretion of cortisol causes A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison disease. E) Cushing disease.

d

129) The condition known as goiter can result from too A) much insulin. B) little TSH. C) much ACTH. D) little iodine in the diet. E) little glucagon.

c

13) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

e

130) Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) goiter. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) all of the above

d

131) Cushing disease results from an excess of A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine.

d

132) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

transport

133) Hormones may circulate freely or be bound to ________ proteins.

calmodulin

134) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.

amino acid derivatives

135) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.

target cells

136) Peripheral cells that respond to a hormone are called ________.

neurohypophysis

137) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.

adenohypophysis

138) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.

gonadotropins

139) Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

e

14) Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) all of the above

isthmus

140) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the ________.

thyroid follicles

141) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone.

tyrosine

142) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid ________.

adrenal

143) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

adrenal cortex

144) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the ________.

adrenal medulla

145) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ________.

corticosteroids

146) The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones called ________.

antagonists

147) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

synergists

148) Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.

permissive

149) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called ________.

d

15) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) ATP. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

integrative

150) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called ________.

epinephrine

151) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is ________.

general adaptation syndrome

152) The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called the ________.

d

16) When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. E) none of the above

d

17) Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH

a

18) All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the adrenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.

d

19) Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. A) only one B) one or two C) two D) several

c

2) Endocrine structures A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

e

20) An activated G protein can trigger A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. B) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. C) a fall in cAMP levels. D) a rise in cAMP levels. E) all of the above

d

21) All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to chemical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

c

22) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.

d

23) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphorylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.

d

24) The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.

e

25) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion-like potassium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) all of the above

c

26) Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. A) paraventricular nuclei B) supraoptic nuclei C) median eminence D) infundibulum E) geniculate bodies

c

27) Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.

d

28) The hypophyseal portal system A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. C) carries ADH and oxytocin. D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

29) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic

d

3) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

c

30) The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.

a

31) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

e

32) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) LH. D) GH. E) all of the above

d

33) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.

d

34) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.

b

35) Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex? A) FSH B) oxytocin C) TSH D) corticotropin E) somatotropin

d

36) The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) rises during sexual arousal. D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

37) Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.

d

38) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.

a

39) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

a

4) Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the adrenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

b

40) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

c

41) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

d

42) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

e

43) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

e

44) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) growth hormone.

e

45) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH.

b

46) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.

b

47) The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.

d

48) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16

e

49) TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. A) inhibition B) synthesis C) release D) inhibition and synthesis E) synthesis and release

d

5) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.

e

50) If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

a

51) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is (are) A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) just extra fluids. E) oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

c

52) Which of the following is not an action of TSH? A) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

d

53) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol

c

54) The testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.

a

55) The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) oxytocin E) gonadotropins

b

56) Identify the hormone labeled "4." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin

d

57) Identify the hormone labeled "1." A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) corticotropin (ACTH) E) aldosterone

c

58) Identify the hormone labeled "5." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin (thyroid hormones) D) thyrotropin E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

d

59) Identify the hormone labeled "13." A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) oxytocin E) testosterone

e

6) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) all of the above

e

60) A deficiency of which hormone can lead to excessive water loss? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14

a

61) PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. A) prolactin; corticotropin B) oxytocin; mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D) oxytocin; cortisol

e

62) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) all of the above

e

63) Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion? A) prolactin B) estrogens C) progesterone D) placental hormones E) all of the above

e

64) Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) all of the above

d

65) Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.

b

66) All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. B) decreased heart rate and force of contraction. C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. E) stimulation of red blood cell formation.

b

67) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.

c

68) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.

c

69) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.

d

7) Gap junctions A) coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells. B) coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells. C) facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses. D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

70) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli

c

71) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

c

72) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol

d

73) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

b

74) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

c

75) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

c

76) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

a

77) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

b

78) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

c

79) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

a

8) ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) none of the above

d

80) The adrenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) corticosteroids.

d

81) A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.

e

82) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.

c

83) A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.

c

84) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.

c

85) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.

b

86) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.

e

87) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine

d

88) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.

e

89) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.

a

9) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A) hormones; neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters; hormones D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E) neuropeptides; neurohormones

c

90) Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata. C) zona reticularis. D) adrenal medulla. E) pars intermedia.

c

91) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.

b

92) When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases.

a

93) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

c

94) The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) pancreatic polypeptide. D) cortisol. E) GH-IH.

d

95) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile.

a

96) The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) all of the above E) none of the above

c

97) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.

d

98) The targets for insulin is (are) A) skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. B) adipocytes. C) liver cells. D) all of the above E) none of the above

a

99) Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. A) glucagon; insulin B) somatostatin; insulin C) insulin; glucagon D) glucagon; somatostatin E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 159) A. Define stem cells and differentiation, and describe the different types and the extent to which they are present during the life of an individual (include the fertilized egg as well as the adult that eventually results). B. Which of the four tissue types contain populations of stem cells of known function, and what is that function? Which types of tissue have stem cells of unknown function? Do any types of tissue lack stem cells? C. How do fully differentiated cells differ from stem cells? How can stem cells be used in medical treatment? Give examples.

: A. Stem cells are cells that are mitotic and not fully differentiated. Differentiation is the process cells undergo as they become more and more specialized in structure and function as is typical of the specific tissues they compose. The fertilized egg and the cells resulting from the first few cleavage divisions after fertilization are totipotent, which means they can ultimately produce all the types of cells in an adult. Within the first week after conception, the cells begin differentiation and become capable of producing many types of cells but not all. These cells are pluripotent. By adulthood, stem cells can be described as multipotent, which are stem cells that can produce many of the cell types in a specific tissue, and committed stem cells, which can only become one specific cell type within that tissue. B. Epithelial and connective tissues have active populations of multipotent stems cells, which replace cells lost to damage or normal turnover. Muscle and nervous tissues contain stem cells but appear to be unable to replace lost cells. They were once thought to lack stem cells altogether. C. Once cells are fully differentiated, they can no longer divide to produce more cells. Disease conditions or injuries that result in cell loss may be remedied by treatment with appropriate stem cells. Examples are neurological injuries and diseases marked by irreversible damage to cells that cannot (yet) be replaced by new cells. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 156) In typical women of reproductive age, the epithelial cells lining the uterus (the endometrium) die and are shed from the body roughly once every month, in the process of menstruation. The triggers in this process include chemical (hormonal) changes and contraction of the blood vessels in the lining. Cell death may be a result of either apoptosis or necrosis. Give the characteristics of each process. Devise an argument for classifying the process of menstruation as an example of apoptosis, and then argue for classifying it as necrosis. Which is correct?

: (Note to instructor: If students have not yet studied the reproductive system, they may not be able to answer the final question, therefore it could be omitted.) Necrosis is cell death as a result of damage from toxins, physical trauma, or lack of oxygen; damaged cells release chemicals that may damage neighboring cells. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is an internally regulated process and affects only the cell it occurs within. Menstruation may result from necrosis if the causative factor is changes in blood flow to the endometrium such that the oxygen supply is inadequate. Menstruation may result from apoptosis if it results from hormonal changes that directly kill the cells. While menstruation is a normal event and removes unneeded cells (characteristics of apoptosis), it results directly from the decrease in circulation, causing the cells to die from lack of oxygen; thus it is an example of necrosis. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 154) If immunizations were available to prevent cancer, would you want your children to receive them? Explain. Is it likely that one immunization would prevent all cancers? Explain.

: (Note to instructor: Students will need to have had some background on vaccinations to answer this question.) Answers will vary, but students may want to discuss the possibility of adverse reactions to vaccines due to presence of albumin or mercury, the possibility of vaccines containing live virus to actually cause the disease they are supposed to prevent (as in some forms of the polio vaccine), and other possible negative effects compared to the benefit of avoiding the disease. Appropriately applied statistics can help put the cost:benefit ratio into perspective. For example, if there is a family history of certain cancers, a vaccination may be warranted despite the risks. Because there are many types of cancers and vaccinations are highly specific treatments, one vaccination would not prevent most cancers, but only the type it was designed to prevent. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 162) Cell membranes consist of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate in relative amounts that vary according to cell type. Describe the relative proportions of these substances in three structures, and relate these differences to cell function where possible.

: (Note to instructor: This may be a good question to use on a comprehensive final exam, as it ties together basic membrane composition with cell functions revealed in later chapters.) See Table 3.1 in the chapter. Red blood cells have nearly equal amounts of protein and lipid, with a small amount of carbohydrate, in this ratio of protein:lipid:carbohydrate: 49:43:8. Myelin is almost all lipid, followed by protein and carbohydrate in this ratio of lipid:protein:carbohydrate: 79:18:3. In later chapters on the nervous system, it will be seen that this preponderance of lipid results in electrical insulation, which is one of the main functions of myelin. The inner mitochondrial membrane is mostly protein, in this ratio of protein:lipid:carbohydrate: 76:24:0. This reflects the function of this membrane in chemical synthesis that relies on a variety of protein enzymes. Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as ________.

: (extracellular) matrix Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall B) a cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) The thickest protein fibers from the following group are A) microtubules. B) neurofilaments. C) microfilaments. D) myosin molecules. E) keratin filaments.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ adipose (fat) cells. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) The control center for cellular operations is the A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgi complex. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) ribosomes.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Peroxisomes A) use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. B) are a type of lysosome. C) are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. D) are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. E) All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle except one. Identify the exception. A) lysosome B) cilia C) centriole D) ribosome E) cytoskeleton

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 110) In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate A) rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 124) mitochondrion

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 127) endoplasmic reticulum

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) For each question, select the corresponding category: A. membranous organelle B. inclusion 123) lysosome

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4, 2 D) 4, 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) The term secretion refers to A) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use. B) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. C) the manufacture and assembly of a material. D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. E) None of the answers describe secretion.

: A Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) The term meaning a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood applies to A) stem cells. B) totipotent cells. C) apoptosis. D) nurse cells. E) gametocytes.

: A Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Due to the fact that they divide frequently, epithelia are prone to the genetic mutations associated with cancer. A) True B) False

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are A) endocrine glands. B) mixed glands. C) exocrine glands. D) unicellular glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) chondrocyte

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True B) False

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 117) Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 130) These thin, flattened cells allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 through the cells of the lungs and of certain blood vessels.

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 137) cytosol

: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 163) Nutrients undergo the last stages of digestion by enzymes located on the cells of the small intestine; then the nutrients are absorbed by these same cells by way of various membrane transport processes. Adipose cells absorb and store excess food energy in the form of fat. You and the other students in the physiology lab you are taking are doing an analysis of cell membrane composition, on unknown animal tissue samples labeled A and B. All lab groups determined that sample A contained, on average, 81% protein, 18% lipid, and 1% carbohydrate. Sample B contained 85% lipid, 10% protein, and 5% carbohydrate. Sketch a graph of the class data. You now have to make a logical conclusion as to which sample is more likely to be intestine and which is adipose tissue. What do you conclude, and why?

: A bar graph would be appropriate, as in the figure below. The presence of digestive enzymes and membrane transporters in small intestine cells indicate there should be a significant amount of protein present. Adipose cells, on the other hand, are relatively inactive and can passively absorb lipids by way of simple diffusion through the membrane phospholipids. Adipose tissue is expected, therefore, to consist primarily of lipids. Sample A is most likely small intestine, and sample B adipose. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed and explain how the terms are related to each other: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi body.

: All are structures involved in synthesis of biomolecules. All but ribosomes are membranous structures. Ribosomes may be free or attached to ER, making it rough. See Figure 3.12 in the chapter. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 157) The most common types of cancer in America include colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer. What do all of these cancers have in common and why are they so prevalent in our society?

: All of these structures have epithelial tissue that is reproducing at a rapid rate. Because they undergo mitosis so often if a failure of apoptosis occurs or if a mutation alters the DNA of one of the cells, the new copies of the existing cells will cause an increase in the cancerous cells at a much faster rate than in other tissues that divide at a much slower rate. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 2) The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as A) the peritoneal cavity. B) the lumen. C) the extracellular space. D) the epidural space. E) the tract.

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. A) internal B) external

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues 1) When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process? A) differentiation B) metastasis C) cytokinesis D) mutation

: B Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to A) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) the Golgi complex for packaging. C) the lysosome for modification. D) the cell membrane for secretion. E) the nucleus for cellular use.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of both types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the A) synthesis of biomolecules. B) storage of genetic material for the cell. C) transport of biomolecules. D) storage of biomolecules.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Centrioles A) function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. B) direct the movement of DNA during cell division. C) hold the cell's ribosomes in place. D) are white blood cells out of vessels. E) provide shape and stability to a cell.

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) microvilli D) lysosomes

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 118) Increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase resting metabolism. Why is this? A) because doing so requires exercise and exercising burns calories B) because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for more energy to be made from sugar C) because adipocytes contain more cytoplasmic inclusions which slow down metabolism D) because fat cells have no blood supply and cannot carry nutrients to be metabolized

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 109) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein (peptide) hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 125) ribosome

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 126) cilium

: B Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as A) cells. B) organs. C) organelles. D) organisms. E) impossible to tell from the information given

: B Section Title: Organs Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) The term meaning programmed cell death is A) necrosis. B) apoptosis. C) oncogenesis. D) diuresis. E) cytocide.

: B Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 122) Only totipotent stem cells are capable of producing new cells in an adult. A) True B) False

: B Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called A) basolateral epithelium. B) endothelium. C) luteal cells. D) the vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) It modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) contributes to the blood-brain barrier

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. A) transcellular B) paracellular C) metacellular D) transendothelial E) cisendothelial

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) osteoclast

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes A) interfacial canals. B) the basal lamina. C) the reticular lamina. D) areolar tissue. E) endothelium.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 129) This tissue actively and selectively regulates the exchange of nongaseous material, such as ions and nutrients, and can be regulated in response to various stimuli.

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) On the row of cells indicated below, match A-E to the terms in the following question(s). Figure 3.1 133) apical surface

: B Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Cell membranes are said to be A) impermeable. B) freely permeable. C) selectively permeable. D) actively permeable. E) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) cytoplasm. E) plasma.

: C Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective A) mitochondria. B) Golgi bodies. C) lysosomes. D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) fatty acids B) steroids C) proteins D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates.

: Glycocalyx Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to A) synthesize lipids. B) produce enzymes. C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. D) destroy H2O2. E) transport water-soluble molecules.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? A) air B) water C) acid D) enzymes E) base

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that A) suppresses the immune system. B) stimulates the immune system. C) can recognize cancer cells. D) None of the answers are correct.

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) A flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. What moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move? A) centrioles B) thick filaments C) cilia D) ribosomes E) endoplasmic reticulum

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) nucleus E) ribosome

: C Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The heaviest organ in the body is the A) liver. B) brain. C) skin. D) stomach. E) urinary bladder.

: C Section Title: Organs Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 74) their loss is characteristic of cancer

: C Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 121) Neurons in the CNS of the adult don't contain centrioles. What does that tell you about CNS neurons? A) They don't produce any products. B) It doesn't tell you much of anything. C) They don't replicate themselves. D) They don't carry nerve impulses.

: C Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) Each of the following is a primary tissue type except one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. C) increase the cell's surface area. D) increase the toughness of the cell. E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) The types of junction proteins important in growth and development are A) claudins. B) occludins. C) CAMs. D) connexins. E) integrins.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) It is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 73) can be cell-matrix junctions

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) Cells that store fat are called A) fibroblasts. B) liposomes. C) adipocytes. D) mast cells. E) melanocytes.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? A) gap B) tight C) anchoring

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia or flagella C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) vesicles

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) fibroblast

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 120) Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle(s)? A) nucleus B) endoplasmic reticulum C) centrioles D) ribosomes E) Golgi bodies

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 115) The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. B) always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. C) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D) the collagen fibers that offer support. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 113) You are looking at a slide of an unknown organ that has an empty lumen with stratified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why? A) The intestines because they need to move food along and absorb digested products. B) The liver because it secretes enzymes and bile and needs to move them to the gallbladder. C) The esophagus because it is a passageway that needs to move but not absorb food products. D) The urinary bladder because it needs to stretch and constrict to store and eliminate urine.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) This tissue is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue.

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 135) basal lamina

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 116) Which type of connective tissue does NOT fit with the typical characteristic regarding relative cell density? A) cartilage B) bone C) adipose D) blood E) dense

: C Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.9

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 161) Nervous tissue consists of two general types of cells: nerve cells and glial cells. Glial cells are mitotic, whereas neural cells are not (excluding the small population of stem cells). Which type of cell is most likely to be involved in brain cancer, and why?

: Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division in mitotic cells. Therefore, glial cell cancers (gliomas) are the most common type of nervous system cancers, as they have the most mitotic activity. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.11

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 152) Cancer is not one disease but a group of related diseases, caused by abnormal genes, environmental factors, and/or viral infections. Describe the basic common characteristics of cancers, including the role of anchoring junctions and proteases. What is a tumor? What is metastasis? Is cancer usually considered to be contagious? Explain.

: Cancer results when cells begin to divide and grow and do not respond to normal controls that would limit their growth. Anchoring junctions eventually fail to keep the cancer cells together, allowing them to spread to other organs where they continue to grow uncontrolled. Some cancer cells secrete proteases that improve their ability to spread or metastasize. A tumor is a lump of cancerous cells. Cancer is usually not contagious, being caused instead by genetic mutations in an individual or exposure to environmental factors by that individual; exceptions are cancers caused by viruses, which are believed to be the minority. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 153) Identify the virus associated with some types of cervical cancer. How is this virus acquired? Is it accurate to consider cervical cancer to be contagious? Explain.

: Cervical cancer can be caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. This virus is typically acquired from sexual contact with an infected person. Given that the virus is contagious, some consider cervical cancer to be a sexually transmitted cancer. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 9) Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? A) sphingolipids B) cholesterol C) phospholipids D) All are membrane lipids.

: D Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) Which cellular organelle is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) nucleus D) plasma membrane E) ribosome

: D Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 105) Which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) Plasma is to blood as ________ is to cytoplasm. A) inclusion B) organelle C) protein D) cytosol E) serum

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is TRUE except one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 26) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) fatty acids C) steroids D) RNA E) phospholipids

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Microvilli are found A) mostly in muscle cells. B) on the inside of cell membranes. C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the organelle with its function. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. peroxisomes 67) The "powerhouse" of the cell, ATP is produced here.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) In humans, only ________ cells have flagella. A) respiratory tract lining B) intestine lining C) stomach lining D) sperm E) uterine tube lining

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) ribosomes. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Microtubules A) are composed of tubulin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) form cilia that aid in cell movement. D) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? A) The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. B) The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. C) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. D) Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. E) Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell.

: D Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 111) Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A) blood. B) epithelium. C) fat. D) bone. E) neural tissue.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the cell type to its tissue or function. A. cartilage B. destroys bone matrix C. loose connective tissue D. fat E. maintains bone matrix 75) adipocyte

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) gap junctions D) loose junctions E) adherens junctions

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) producing specialized secretions. D) storing energy reserves. E) movement.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Loose connective tissue functions in A) supporting small glands. B) supporting epithelia. C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. D) All of the answers are correct.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 112) The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called A) muscle tissue. B) neural tissue. C) epithelial tissue. D) muscle tissue and neural tissue. E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial tissue.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 45) The type of protein found in gap junctions is the A) claudin. B) occludin. C) cadherin. D) connexin. E) integrin.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 119) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be: A) cuboidal epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) stratified squamous epithelium. E) transitional epithelium.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 136) plasma membrane

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 128) Found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces.

: D Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 144) Your study partner is having difficulty understanding dense fibrous connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments. Explain to her how they are related to each other and how they are different from other categories of connective tissue.

: Dense fibrous connective tissue is a category of connective tissue, distinct from loose, adipose, blood, bone, and cartilage. It is not as dense as cartilage and bone but is denser than the other types listed. Like loose connective tissues, fibroblasts are the primary cell type, but unlike loose, the matrix consists of relatively more protein fibers and less ground substance. Like bone and cartilage, the fibers are primarily collagen. The fibers can be arranged randomly (irregular) or parallel to each other (regular). Tendons and ligaments are both composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. Tendons attach muscles to bones, whereas ligaments attach bones to bones; tendons lack elastic fibers, but they are present in ligaments; therefore ligaments are slightly stretchy. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.9

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

: E Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer? A) the absorption of fats only B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only E) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

: E Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) secretory vesicles. D) storage vesicles. E) All are involved in cellular storage.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Ribosomal RNA is formed by A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) Golgi complexes. C) lysosomes. D) mitochondria. E) nucleoli.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) A liposome is A) only an additive to creams and lotions. B) only a drug-delivery vehicle. C) only a type of lipid. D) only a structural component of cell membranes. E) an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The cellular organelle(s) responsible for packaging and transporting proteins is/are the A) microtubules. B) mitochondria. C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) ribosomes. E) Golgi complex.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Intermediate filaments A) provide the cell with strength. B) stabilize the position of organelles. C) transport materials within the cytoplasm. D) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 37) If the adrenal cortex produces lipid based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 38) The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 104) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to A) maintain its balance. B) synthesize proteins. C) produce DNA. D) metabolize sugars. E) undergo nuclear division.

: E Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by A) a basement membrane only. B) protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. C) a basal lamina only. D) a basement membrane and protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only. E) a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein, and a basal lamina.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) Functions of connective tissue include A) establishing a structural framework for the body. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) providing protection for delicate organs. D) storing energy reserves. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) release their secretions into the external environment. C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. E) All of the statements are true.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) osteocyte

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? A) epithelial only B) connective only C) neural only D) muscle only E) epithelial, neural, and muscle

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Plasma is A) found within the circulatory system. B) the fluid portion of blood. C) a subdivision of the ECF. D) sometimes donated instead of blood. E) All of the answers are correct.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 131) These cells produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or directly into the blood.

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 134) basolateral membrane

: E Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed, and explain how the terms are related to each other: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone.

: Each term is a type or subtype of connective tissue. Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone, whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Cartilage and bone together are structurally supportive tissues. See Figure 3.12 and 3.13 in the chapter. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood.

: Endocrine Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 139) Cancer is abnormal, uncontrolled cell division. What property of epithelial tissues makes them more prone to develop this condition?

: Epithelial tissues contain a population of dividing cells, which divide at a moderate rate. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) ________ secretions are discharged onto an epithelial surface.

: Exocrine Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) ________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues.

: Ground substance / Matrix Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 155) A vaccine has recently been developed that can prevent infection by the human papillomavirus. This vaccine is available to young girls. What disease could this virus prevent? Why may some parents hesitate to have their daughters receive this vaccine?

: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes some types of cervical cancer. Because HPV is sexually transmitted, some parents may be reluctant to make it available to their young daughters, preferring instead that their daughters abstain from sexual activity until they are older and/or married. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) Describe the composition and function of the extracellular matrix.

: In any tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of two basic components: proteoglycans and insoluble proteins. The matrix plays an important role in processes ranging from growth and development to cell death. The matrix aids in cell communication with its environment by attaching to the cell membrane or cytoskeleton. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane.

: Integral / Transmembrane Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 147) If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves. Why is this?

: Metabolism will increase with endurance because the number of mitochondria will increase with consistent exercise. The increase in mitochondria will improve endurance and increase metabolism of glucose because they will be metabolizing more glucose into ATP. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) Explain the relationship between microtubules, cilia, flagella, centrioles, spindle fibers, and the centrosome.

: Microtubules are a cytoskeletal protein made of tubulin. Microtubules form a major component of the internal scaffolding of the cell. Microtubules can also be assembled into cilia and flagella, which are organelles that produce cell-generated movements, and into centrioles and spindle fibers. Centrioles produce the spindle fibers, which are responsible for changing the position of chromosomes during nuclear division. Centrioles are part of a larger structure known as the centrosome, which also includes a darkly staining material and acts as the cell's microtubule organizing center. Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 158) Apoptosis and necrosis are described as the two ways cells die. Which one is "messy"? Which is "tidy"? Explain. Why do these forms of cell death exist? What are some advantages and/or disadvantages of each? Use the lining cells of the digestive tract in an example of an advantageous process.

: Necrosis is a result of damage to cells. The cells swell and rupture, and the enzymes that are released cause damage to other cells in the area; hence the descriptor "messy." Necrosis has the disadvantage of damaging cells that might otherwise have survived unscathed. Necrosis is not an advantageous process, but it is unavoidable because trauma to cells is unavoidable; we all get hurt sometimes. Apoptosis is "tidy" in that the cells do not rupture and release damaging enzymes; instead the cell breaks up into membrane-surrounded pieces that are consumed by immune cells. Apoptosis is advantageous in that it can shape a structure such as fingers and toes during development. In the case of the digestive tract, the harsh chemical environment would lead to frequent necrosis if it weren't for the programmed apoptosis occurring every day or so. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 145) Define and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis, and give specific examples of each.

: Necrosis is cell death as a result of damage from toxins, physical trauma, or lack of oxygen; damaged cells release chemicals that may damage neighboring cells. An example is death of skin cells as a result of sunburn. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is an internally regulated process and does not involve neighboring cells unless they too are so programmed. An example is the loss of skin webbing between fingers and toes in a fetus. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit electrical signals from one cell to another.

: Neural tissue / Nervous tissue Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids.

: Peripheral Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) Give three examples of structures whose formation involves molecular interactions that either increase or decrease contact with water molecules, explaining how they are similar and how they differ from each other. (Hint: They all involve molecules that have both polar and nonpolar portions.)

: Phospholipids have a polar portion that is attracted to water and a nonpolar portion that repels water. The molecules orient in water such that water is excluded from contacting the nonpolar portions. This is seen in: the bilayer arrangement of phospholipids in cell membranes, in which hydrophobic tails are in the middle of the layer; micelles, in which a single layer of phospholipids forms a sphere with the hydrophobic tails in the middle; and liposomes, which are hollow spheres made from phospholipid bilayers that can be filled with water-soluble molecules. Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 142) Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?

: Prior to the use of microscopes, membranes were simply thin, flexible layers of cells that separated large compartments or lined large cavities. When microscopic study of cells allowed visualization of the cell envelope and organelles, the term membrane was additionally applied to thin layers of molecules. Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 146) What is the difference between cell movements in response to outside forces and cell-generated movements (in response to specific cell activity)? (Hint: Do red blood cells move because of RBC activity? What causes cell movements associated with cytokinesis?) Using the index of your text to guide you to relevant sections in other chapters (look up entries for the various cytoskeletal proteins), explain the different types of movements that cells generate.

: Red blood cells and other cells in circulation move because they are suspended in a flowing fluid (blood or lymph); the axon of a nerve cell in the arm will move when the arm moves. Cell-generated movements involve the activity of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and myosin thick filaments (in muscle). The processes of chromosome alignment during mitosis/meiosis, cytoplasmic pinching during cytokinesis, beating of cilia and flagella, endocytosis and exocytosis, and muscle contraction are all examples of cell-generated movements. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) Sketch a cell membrane. Label at least three components and briefly explain what each one does.

: See Figure 3.4 and the "Tissues of the Body" section in the chapter. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) List the four major tissue types. Give an example and location of each.

: See Table 3.4 and the "Issues of the Body" section in the chapter. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 150) What type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs? Defend your answer.

: Since gases must diffuse across the alveoli and associated capillaries you would expect to find exchange epithelia, composed of very thin cells (simple squamous epithelium). Thicker types of epithelial cells would slow the process of gas diffusion to and from the blood. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 151) During a lab practical, Kevin examines a tissue that is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord. There are few nuclei and no striations, and there is no evidence of other cellular structures. Kevin identifies the tissue as skeletal muscle. Why is Kevin's choice wrong, and what tissue is he probably observing?

: Skeletal muscle tissue is made up of densely packed fibers running in the same direction, but since muscle fibers are composed of cells, they would have many nuclei and mitochondria. Skeletal muscle also has an obvious banding pattern or striations due to the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments within the cell. Kevin is probably looking at a slide of tendon (dense connective tissue). Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 160) Stem cell research has become a political topic in the last few decades. Explain why the research is being done, why some cells are favored for this research over others, and what the factors are that cause some people not to support this type of research. Are any alternatives available that are less opposed?

: Stem cell therapy may remedy previously untreatable diseases and conditions such as those involving brain and spinal injury. It has become political because one source of stem cells that are highly desirable for research is those removed from human embryos and fetuses. These cells are less differentiated and therefore more likely to be able to yield the specific types of mature cells desired. Many people opposed to abortions of human pregnancies are opposed to the use of human embryos and fetuses as a source of stem cells because these embryos and fetuses are destroyed in the process. Use of umbilical cord blood from live births is less opposed, though these cells are somewhat limited in the types of cells they can produce and therefore may not be valuable for treating as large a variety of diseases and injuries. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 141) Describe the anatomical and fluid compartments of the body. How do the lumens of hollow organs fit into these classifications? Which fluid-containing cavities are considered to be internal and which are external? Of those that are external, why are they external (give examples)? You may wish to design a flow chart to help answer this.

: The anatomical compartments are the cranial cavity, containing the brain; the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs; and the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The fluid compartments are the intracellular fluid (inside the cells) and the extracellular fluid (outside the cells). The extracellular fluids are found in the interstitial fluid between cells and the plasma of the blood, which is in the lumen of the circulatory system. Lumens of hollow organs such as the digestive and urinary tracts are part of the external environment, whereas the intracellular and interstitial fluids are internal. The lumen of the circulatory system is also internal. External lumens are those that open to the outside environment. These openings include the mouth, nostrils, anus, urethral and vaginal orifices. Section Title: Functional Compartments of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton, and list its functions.

: The cytoskeleton consists of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules and forms a scaffold throughout the cytoplasm. An interesting feature is that some of the proteins are relatively fixed in position, whereas others can be rapidly assembled or disassembled as necessary. The functions include providing mechanical strength and shape, stabilizing position of organelles, intracellular transport system, functional linkage to other cells and to extracellular space, and cell-generated movements. Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 148) What is the benefit of having some of the cellular organelles enclosed by a membrane similar to the cell (plasma) membrane?

: The isolation of the internal contents of membrane-bound organelles allows them to manufacture or store secretions, enzymes, or toxins that could adversely affect the cytoplasm in general. Another benefit is the increased efficiency of having specialized enzyme systems concentrated in one place, for example, those necessary for energy production in the mitochondrion. In addition, the membranes themselves serve as "workspace," allowing the anchoring of enzymes or other proteins into a stabilized location. Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 140) Describe the progression of a fertilized egg, from totipotent cell through pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. How might stem cells be of therapeutic value? What is plasticity?

: This is discussed in the "Tissue Remodeling" section of the chapter. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 138) Design a concept map for the types of cell junctions and the proteins that compose them.

: This is discussed in the "Tissues of the Body" section of the chapter. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 149) Sketch a short series of simple columnar epithelial cells. Label each of the three different borders. Briefly explain the different kinds of activities that may go on at each border, and tell how their structures and junctions support these functions.

: This is discussed in the "Tissues of the Body" section of the chapter. Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Cells are transformed into specialized units during ________.

: differentiation Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 85) The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called ________.

: endothelium Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called ________.

: glands Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 89) The study of tissue structure and function is called ________.

: histology Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) ________.

: nuclear envelope or double membrane Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through ________.

: nuclear pores Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The fluid substance of blood is called ________.

: plasma Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) Nucleoli function in the production of ________.

: ribosomes / rRNA Section Title: Intracellular Compartments Learning Outcome: 3.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

: selectively permeable Section Title: Biological Membranes Learning Outcome: 3.2

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the type of cell junction with the best description.

s may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 71) simplest cell-cell junction Answer: A Section Title: Tissues of the Body Learning Outcome: 3.6