Physiological Psychology Exam 1 - Ebony Glover

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.

into; into

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) _____effect or it can produce slower but longer ______ effects.

ionotropic; metabotropic

Metabotropic

is associated with a "second messenger"

Distal

located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

The hindbrain consists of the:

medulla pons and cerebellum

Spatial summation refers to:

multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time.

The resting potential is mainly the result of:

negatively charged proteins inside the cell

According to the text, in the control of behavior, genes are ____. all important and difficult are irrelevant neither all important nor irrelevant all important

neither all important nor irrelevant

The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the:

nucleus accumbens

Patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their ______.

nucleus basalis

What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?

ogliodendrocytes

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Endogenous cannabinoid receptors are located:

on the presynaptic neuron

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

An _________ describes how a structure or behavior develops including the influence of genes, nutrition, experiences and their interactions

ontogenetic

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.

out of; into

Explaining differences in running speed as a function of differences in muscle fiber types is an example of a _______________ explanation.

physiological

Which of the following is more typical of a metabotropic effect than an ionotropic effect?

produces long-lasting effects on the post-synaptic cell

The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurons can only convey different messages by changing their:

rate or pattern of action potentials.

Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?

schwann cells

The spinal cord communicates with:

sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?

serotonin

Hormones exert their effects:

similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters.

During the entire course of events from the start of an action potential until the membrane returns to its resting potential, what is the net movement of ions?

sodium in, potassium out

A drug that produces excitement, alertness, elevated mood, and decreased fatigue is referred to as a:

stimulant

Affinity refers to a drugs _____, while efficacy refers to a drug's _____.

strength of binding to the receptor; tendency to activate receptor

Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?

sympathetic

The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is:

synthesis, transport, release, reuptake

Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:

synthesizes new proteins

For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population: -the change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species. -the differences must have a hereditary basis. -the change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run. -there need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population.

the differences must have a hereditary basis.

What is the synaptic cleft?

the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

Electrical gradients lead to what kind of movements?

the movement of ions to areas having the opposite electrical charges

Concentration gradients lead to what kind of movements?

the movement of ions to areas of their lowest concentrations

Evolution improves the fitness of the population, which is defined as: -the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations. -survival of the individual. -ability to adapt to a variety of environments. -overall health and well-being.

the number of copies of one's genes that endure in later generations.

When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving sodium ions out of the cell?

the sodium potassium pump

The sodium-potassium pump repeatedly transports ______ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing _____ potassium ions into it.

three; two

Dorsal

toward the back

anterior

toward the front

medial

toward the midline, away from the side

Posterior

toward the rear

Lateral

toward the side, away from the midline

Ventral

toward the stomach

Which function is NOT preformed by glia?

transmitting information

The all-or-none law states that:

A neuron produces an action potential of maximal strength, or none at all.

The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the:

A refractory period

Purines

ATP, adenosine

Acetylcholine are

Acetylcholine

A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

Agonist - high affinity and high efficacy

Which group is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?

Alcoholics

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:

Amino Acids

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist

If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Antagonistic

Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?

Autonomic

The primary difference between biological psychologists and neuroscientists is that neuroscientists place greater emphasis on studying: -Chemistry -Psychology -Biology -Behavior

Behavior

When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?

Both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

What do temporal summation and spatial summation have in common?

Both enable a reflex to occur in response to weak stimuli.

Why do cocaine and amphetamine produce similar effects?

Both increase the presence of dopamine in the synapses.

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

Calcium

Gases

Carbon Dioxide

If a person has difficulty determining which of the two rhythms is faster, it is likely that she has suffered damage to the:

Cerebellum

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The effect of Ritalin (methylphenidate) on the synapse is most similar to that of:

Cocaine

Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?

Dopamine

What supports the argument that humans have NOT stopped evolving? -Medicine and technology are keeping more people alive these days. -More mutations will occur because of increased use of pesticides. -Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread. -Humans are no longer subject to "survival of the fittest."

Evolution is based on reproduction rates so as long as some people have more children than others do, their genes will spread.

Most excitatory post-synaptic potentials result in an action potential. True or False

False

Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?

Heart rate

What is the relationship between heritability estimates and environmental factors? -High environmental consistency raises heritability estimates. -High environmental consistency lowers heritability estimates. -Environments have no effect on heritability estimates. -The effects of the environment on heritability estimates are unpredictable.

High environmental consistency raises heritability estimates.

A chemical is called a(n) _______ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

Hormone

Inhibitory synapses on a neuron:

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell.

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____.

Hypothalamus; Anterior Pituitary

Suppose you were bitten by a black widow spider whose venom increases the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal. Which of the following treatments would be most effective?

Increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase

Hyperpolarization is: -Increased polarization -Decreased polarization -the threshold of the cell -the resting potential of the cell

Increased Polarization

If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) ____ neuron.

Intrinsic

What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell?

It is broken down into two components.

The interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem are referred to as the:

Limbic system

As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?

Medulla

Suppose a new neurotransmitter is identified that does not excite or inhibit postsynaptic cells, but affects the release of other neurotransmitters or the sensitivity of postsynaptic cells. This neurotransmitter would most likely be categorized as a(n):

Neuromodulator

Describe the difference between neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones.

Neurotransmitters send direct messages to intended target. Neuropeptides diffuse their signal to a wide area in the brain. Hormones convey their signal by the blood to influence multiple parts of the body.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by active neurons to dilate the blood vessels and increase blood flow?

Nitric Oxide

The myelin sheath is interrupted periodically by short sections of axon called:

Nodes of Ranvier

If there is a depolarizing effect on a neuron, the result will be that the neuron will fire:

Only if it reaches threshold.

Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Parasympathetic

Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?

Potassium ions leave the cell.

Which of the following factors, if overlooked, may lead to an overestimation of heritability? -Prenatal Environment -Low IQ -Sex-linked genes -RNA

Prenatal Environment

____ are a category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives.

Purines

__________ are a category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives.

Purines

The sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules are called:

Ribosomes

Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?

Sensation and muscle control of the head

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

Monamines are

Serotonin, catecholamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this phenomenon called?

Spatial summation

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds.

What happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell?

The neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft.

After the peak of an action potential, what prevents sodium ions from continuing to enter the cell?

The sodium gates in the membrane close

Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?

The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron.

Which of the following is NOT true of axons?

They carry information toward the soma

Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?

They decay over time and space.

What effect do opiate drugs have on dopamine?

They indirectly increase the release of dopamine by blocking transmitters that normally block dopamine.

What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.

Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon?

Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.

Axons are covered with insulating material called a myelin sheath.

True

When chromosomes cross over, it is more likely to affect genes that are on separate chromosomes than genes that are on the same chromosome. True or False

True

Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the response of the postsynaptic receptor. True or False

True

t synapses, the cell that delivers the message is called the presynaptic neuron. True or False

True

Which type of alcoholism has a stronger genetic basis? Which type has earliest onset?

Type 2 for both

nucleus

a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

sulcus

a fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another

fissure

a long, deep sulcus

gyrus

a protuberance on the surface of the brain

lamina

a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

nerve

a set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS

tract

a set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection

column

a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties

Superior

above another part

Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine

A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is:

antabuse

Which of the following would produce a hyperpolarization of a neuron.

applying a negative charge inside of the neuron with a microelectrode

Dendrites ________.

are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends.

Compared to dendrites, axons usually:

are covered with myelin

After serotonin or one of the catecholamine transmitters stimulates the postsynaptic receptor, most of the transmitter molecules:

are reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell.

Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.

arousal; relaxation

inferior

below another part

Enzymes serve as....

biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane would:

block the action potential

At the synapse, cocaine:

blocks reuptake of dopamine

When the neuron is at rest, what is responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell?

both the sodium-potassium pump and electrical gradient

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Water, oxygen and ______ most freely flow across a cell membrane.

carbon dioxide

Serotonin is not a

catecholamine

Dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as:

catecholamines

What is contained in the ventricles of the brain?

cerebrospinal fluid

ganglion

cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by:

collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart, and measuring that heart rate.

Activation of autoreceptors tends to:

decrease further neurotransmitter release.

Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the:

dendrites

At high doses, MDMA:

destroys axons that release serotonin.

The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is:

diffusion

The limbic system is important for:

emotional behaviors

Neuropeptides are

endorphines, nueropeptide

COMT and MAO are:

enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals.

Which type of explanation might describe the presence of a behavior in a particular species by showing how that behavior increased the reproductive success of the species?

evolutionary

During an ionotropic effect....

glutamate opens sodium gares, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell - also rapid and short lived effect

Amino Acids are

glutamate, GABA, glycine, asartate

Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

gray matter

If a drug binds to a particular receptor, it is said to:

have an affinity for that type of receptor

A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to targets throughout the body.

hormone

The function of a myelin sheath is to:

increase the velocity of transmission along an axon.

At the synapse, amphetamine:

increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal. (Inhibits dopamine transporter)