Physiological Psychology Unit 1

the time course of the action potential, from its initiation to the falling phase is about ______ a. 21 milliseconds b. 1 millisecond c. 2 milliseconds d. 0.5 millisecond

1 millisecond

_____ is a postsynaptic potential that causes the voltage of the membrane to move toward the activation threshold a. EPSP b. IPSP c. SNRI d. SSRI

EPSP

all dopamine receptors are _____ coupled receptors a. conexin protein b. enzymes c. G-protein d. protein kinesin

G-protein

all dopamine receptors are _____ coupled receptors a. conexin protein b. enzymes c. G-protein d. protein kinesin

G-protein

an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is _______ a. Alzheimer's b. Myasthenia gravis c. Parkinson's d. Lou Gehrig's

Myasthenia gravis

deep brain stimulation might be used for all of the following disorders except: a. anxiety disorders b. Parkinson's disease c. treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder d. major depressive disorder

a. anxiety disorder

behavioral geneticists are interested in how genes contribute to ______ and how genes _____ environmental factors to produce behavior a. behavior; interact with b. personality; control c. interaction; process d. psychological disorders; interpret

a. behavior; interact with

in light stimulation manipulation techniques of activating and deactivating neuron activity, _____ light activates and _______ light deactivates light sensitive proteins. a. blue; yellow b. yellow; blue c. blue; red d. red; blue

a. blue; yellow

thick bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres together, permitting them to communicate with each other is the _______. a. corpus callosum b. Sylvian fissuers c. sulci d. cortex

a. corpus callosum

_____ is the study of how experiences can modify gene expression and how these modifications can be passed on to later generations a. epigenetics b. phenotype c. behavioral genetics d. genealogy

a. epigenetics

an EEG is also used to measure and analyze _______. a. event-related potentials b. action potentials c. state of conscientiousness d. abnormal brain activity

a. event-related potentials

_______ is a computed estimate of how much of the variation of a trait can be accounted for by genetic variation in a population a. heritable estimates b. DNA c. phenotype d. genotype

a. heritable estimates

the brain produces differing wavelength based on states of consciousnesss; waking states are associated with ______ and ______ wavelengths. When you are sleeping, presumably not in class, your brain emits wavelength of low frequency with high amplitude. a. high-frequency; low amplitude b. high-frequency; high amplitude c. low frequency; high amplitude d. low frequency; low amplitude

a. high-frequency; low amplitude

the pineal gland, which Descartes thought was the seat of the soul, is now known to produce a chemical called ______, which is involved in regulating physiological processes on a 24-hour cycle (this is known as a circadian rhythm). a. melatonin b. myelin c. glucocorticoid d. serotonin

a. melatonin

when neuroscientist investigate how genes and the chemistry of proteins can be altered by environmental influences this is the ______ level of analysis. a. molecular b. cellular c. systems d. structural

a. molecular

in PET scans the radioactively tagged glucose goes all over the brain and is detected by the scanner. _________ will be detected in areas associated with the performance of the task relative to areas that are not. a. more radioactivity b. stronger radioactivity c. less radioactivity d. weakened radioactivity

a. more radioactivity

the motor map, brain area to motor movement association, developed by wilder penciled is known as the _____. a. motor homunculus b. motor topography c. cerebral dominance map d. motor phrenology map

a. motor homunculus

gila coated with a special fatty substance called _______ increases electrical conductivity for message transmission a. myelin b. sulci c. teflin d. bulb

a. myelin

today Descartes's hollow tubes are now known as ______ and what flows through them are not animal spirits, but electrical impulses called _______. a. nerves; action potentials b. neurons; melatonin c. pineal gland; nerve impulses d. the soul; animal spirits

a. nerves; action potentials

gall studied the ______ the skulls of the extremes in society, from people of great talent and intelligence to people considered intellectually challenged and criminals a. patterns of bumps on b. indentions on c. size of d. shape of

a. patterns of bumps on

behavioral geneticists are interested in the heritability estimates of _____ a. psychological disorders b. personality traits c. genetic inheritance d. DNA mutation

a. psychological disorders

modern craniotomy procedures are used to treatment such conditions as the following except ____ a. schizophrenia b. tumors c. epilepsy d. aneurysm

a. schizophrenia

at the ____ level of analysis, neuroscientists are interested in how activity in patterns neuronal connections give rise to overt and covert behaviors. a. systems b. structural c. cognitive d. behavioral

a. systems

researchers using DBS found that electrically stimulating the _____, an area important for memory enhances subjects' recall ability (memory function). a. temporal cortex b. Broca's area c. ventral striatum d. temporal lobe

a. temporal cortex

it is estimated that 1 in 100 babies in the Unites states are born with features of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and that it is the most preventable cause of developmental disabilities and birth defects a. true b. false

a. true

in Ms. Myers' course today, Vincente read the book out loud to the class. Which of the following, according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model BEST represents communication among brain areas? a. visual cortex-angular gyrus-Wernicke's area-Broca's area-facial motor area b. visual cortex-Wernicke's area-angular gyrus-Broca's area-facial motor area c. visual cortex-Wernicke's area-Broca's area-angular gyrus-facial motor area d. visual cortex-angular gyrus-Broca's area-Wernicke's area-facial motor area

a. visual cortex-angular gyrus-Wernicke's area-Broca's area- facial motor area

the cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape, rigidity, and ______ a. fluidity b. insulation c. interaction potentials d. ability to move

ability to move

another action potential cannot be generated when the neuron is in _____ a. depolarization threshold b. activation threshold c. relative refractory period d. absolute refractory period

absolute refractory period

once the depolarization of the neuron membrane crosses the _____, all action potentials are of the same amplitude; neutral strength of action potential a. depolarization threshold b. activation threshold c. relative refractory period d. absolute refractory period

activation threshold

a branch of behavioral neuroscience in which researchers focus on the neurobiological processes that underlie emotions

affective neuroscience

the most widely known pathological disorder of the cytoskeleton is the _____ disease a. multiple sclerosis b. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis c. alzheimer disease d. multiple system atrophy

alzheimer disease

the ______ type of macroglia plays an important role in cleansing the brain from bacteria, cellular debris, and toxins a. astrocytes b. radial glia c. oligodendrocytes d. Schwann cells

astrocytes

in which part of the neuron do all the incoming signals combine a. dendrites b. soma c. axon hillock d. axon

axon hillock

Verhulst, realm and kindler (2015) found that the heritability of alcohol use disorder is approximately _____ percent a. 30 b. 50 c. 40 d. 67

b. 50

the philosophical position that mind and the body are distant and that they could exist independently of each other is called ____ a. descartes theorem b. dualism c. phrenology d. individualism

b. dualism

in humans each cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. twenty two of those pairs are called ribosomes a. true b. false

b. false

researchers studying the brain at the cellular level of analysis have recently found that prosocial behavior in adolescents was associated with levels of activity in a part of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex a. true b. false

b. false

spurzheim (1776-1832) expanded the list of 20 faculties proposed by Gall to 33 and coined the term phrenology, which is Greek for mental science or science of the mind a. true b. false

b. false

the least used way to learn about brain-behavior relationships is to study who have sustained traumatic brain injury a. true b. false

b. false

the best-known early proponent of localization of function was _____ a. swedenburg b. gall c. spurzheim d. flourens

b. gall

______ theory gives rise to the concept that hereditary traits are retained and amplified by the survival advantage characteristics that make offspring more suited to their environment a. evolution b. natural selection c. descent with modification d. darwinism

b. natural selection

behaviors that are readily observable such as reaching out for a cup of coffee are referred to as _____ behaviors. a. intentional b. overt c. voluntary d. complex

b. overt

when using brain stimulation, clinicians use a device to set the ______ and ______ of the stimulation. a. frequency and amplitude b. strength and frequency c. height and intensity d. none of the above

b. strength and frequency

which of the following does not occur after the synaptic vesicles fuse with the neuronal membrane a. neurotransmitters are released into the extracellular fluid b. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron c. calcium channels on the postsynaptic neuron open, allowing ions to enter the cell d. receptor channels on the postsynaptic neuron open, causing partial depolarization

calcium channels on the postsynaptic neuron open, allowing ions to enter the cell

it was believed that brain size accounted for the differences in cognitive abilities across species of animals, but recent studies indicated it is related to the number of neurons located in the ______ a. cerebral cortex b. hippocampus c. neurocortex d. olfactory bulb

cerebral cortex

in general, communication between neurons in mammals occurs via ______ transmission a. chemical b. electrical c. physical d. enzymatic

chemical

neuron nucleus _____ for _____ a. code; protein b. code; myelin sheath c. transmit; soma d. decode; action potentials

code; protein

a branch of behavioral neuroscience that focuses on the processes within the brain that are associated with cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem solving, memory, and attention

cognitive neuroscience

when specific receptors bind at the neuromuscular junction this results in muscle ______ a. contraction b. paralysis c. release d. inhibition

contraction

behavior that cannot readily be observed, such as thinking, remembering, paying attention, experiencing emotions, and a range of others

covert behavior

modern craniotomy procedures use computers and imagine methods so that the hole is drilled ______ over the brain area that is in need of treatment. a. with more speed b. at a precise location c. to a precise depth d. at an opposite angle

d. at a precise location

theoretically it is believed ancient civilization practiced skull boring for several reasons except for _______ a. ward of demons b. release spirits c. therapeutic healing d. blood letting

d. blood letting

every individuals unique genetic constitution is defined in their _______ a. corpus callosum b. phenotype c. DNA d. genotype

d. genotype

the ________ is the scientific study of how hormones, which are chemicals that control important bodily functions, interact with the nervous system a. neuropharmacology b. neuroendocrinology c. neuropathology d. neurophysiology

d. neuroendocrinology

______ are the basic functional units of the brain. a. gyri b. corpus callosum c. gila d. neurons

d. neurons

several studies have shown that exercise has positive effects on mood and cognition through evidence that exercise increases activity in relevant brain areas. this is an example of a _______ study a. neuropharmacological b. neuroendocrinological c. neuropsychological d. neurophysiological

d. neurophysiological

which of the following does the Wernicke's-Geschwind model of language provide BEST evidence for? a. localization b. equipotentiality c. phrenology d. none of these

d. none of these

Researchers have found that electrically simulating the temporal cortex enhances the ability of participants to: a. enhance musical abilities b. improve visualization c. more easily modify writing skills d. recall lists of words

d. recall lists of words

a branch of behavioral neuroscience that focuses on the neurobiological basis of choice behavior; sometimes known as neuroeconomics

decision neuroscience

what type of voltage change most likely occurred in the two hearts after electrical stimulation of the accelerator nerve a. refractory response b. hyperpolarization c. depolarization d. there was no voltage changes since the communication was chemical in nature

depolarization

_____ is the process of synaptic vesicles aligning to the area from which they will release their content of neurotransmitters a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. docking d. diffusion

docking

up until the early 20th century, scientists believed that communication between neurons were _____ in nature a. electrical b. chemical c. hormonal d. magnetic

electrical

at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is excitatory because it interacts with receptors, causing the opening of sodium channels making the synapse at the neuromuscular junction _____ a. weak b. polarized c. fail-safe d. gap-activated

fail-safe

the myelin sheath is a _______ insulating _______ a. fatty substance; axons b. synaptic gap; neurons c. postsynaptic neuron; ligands d. neutral fluid; oligodendrocytes

fatty substance; axons

all addictive drugs have this in common: they act on the brain areas responsible for_____ a. causing sleep b. avoiding pain c. feeling pleasure d. motivation

feeling pleasure

the intensity of a stimulus is not signaled by the amplitude of action potentials but by their _______ a. frequency b. change in polarization c. ambient state d. electrostatic pressure

frequency

research indicated that deficiency in _____ may trigger sleep walking behaviors a. glycine b. GABA c. serotonin d. epinephrine

glycine

to generate higher frequency of action potentials the input stimulus should _______ a. increase in strength b. increase in duration c. decrease in intensity d. decrease in duration

increase in duration

the neurons that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons are _______ a. interneurons b. unipolar neurons c. pyramidal neurons d. rosehip neurons

interneurons

in a clinical drug trial, participants are given the study drug and they undergo PET scan brain imaging and asked to reveal self reports related to feelings. Data are collected to determine the efficacy of the study drug to reverse intense feelings of pain and anxiety from anticipated chemotherapy. This is a study of a psychoactive ______ opiod. a. antagonist b. agonist c. inverse agonist d. reuptake inhibitor

inverse agonist

using a method known as ______ neuroscientist Suzana Herculano-Houzel and colleagues found that the human brain contains, on average, 86.06 billion neurons and 84.61 glia a. isometric fractionation b. solution reduction c. paraformaldehyde soaking d. transfection

isometric fractionation

when too Loewi electrically stimulated the vagus nerve of one heart, causing it to slow down, what happened after he transferred the salt solution from the first heart to the second heart? a. it began to beat faster b. it stopped beating c. it also slowed down d. there was no change in heart rate

it also slowed down

the axoplasmic transport of materials from one part of a cell to another uses microtubules which are made of the proteins _____ and _____ a. kinesin; dynein b. opsins; halorhodospin c. channelrhodospin-2; channelrhodopsin d. keratin; dystrophin

kinesin; dynein

dendritic spines undergo plastic changes in response to experience, which underscores their importance in ____ a. spatial processing b. speech recognition c. learning and memory d. muscle function

learning and memory

neurotransmitters and other chemicals that bind to receptors are known as _____ a. ligands b. axon terminals c. axon hillocks d. neuron receptors

ligands

NMDA and kainite receptors are voltage gated and at rest are blocked by _____ a. potassium b. glutamate c. magnesium d. G-protein

magnesium

in addition to the pleasure and positive reinforcement of drugs contributing to addiction, the pleasurable sensations strengthen the _____ of the drug-related experience a. memory b. duration c. intensity d. currency

memory

motor neurons and interneurons typically have the disposition of _____ with many dendrites sticking out of one side of the soma and an axon sticking out of the other side a. unipolar neurons b. pyramidal neurons c. multipolar neurons d. rosehip neurons

multipolar neurons

multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the ______ that surrounds axons is destroyed a. neuronal membrane b. lysosomes c. mesaxon d. myelin sheath

myelin sheath

oligodendrocytes are _____ glia in the _____ nervous system a. action-potential; central b. action-potential; peripheral c. myelin-producing; peripheral d. myelin-producing; central

myelin-producing; central

Schwann cells are _______ glia in the ____ nervous system a. action-potential; central b. action-potential; peripheral c. myelin-producing; peripheral d. myelin-producing; central

myelin-producing; peripheral

the idea that the cell theory applies to neurons is known as the _____ a. reticular theory b. dendrite theory c. Golgi theory d. neuron doctrine

neuron doctrine

_____ is the brain's ability to change with experience a. neurogenesis b. phagocytosis c. apoptosis d. neuroplasticity

neuroplasticity

each _____ is associated with certain functions in both the central and peripheral nervous system a. dendrite b. neurotransmitter c. axon hillock d. synapse

neurotransmitter

ion channels that respond to the binding of a neurotransmitter are _____ a. inotropic receptors b. neurotransmitter-gated ion channels c. metabotropic receptors d. G-protein receptors

neurotransmitter-gated ion channels

action potentials result in the release of ______ onto specialized receptors situated on target cells a. Schwann cells b. ligands c. axons d. neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

sarin and other nerve agents produce a chemical reaction in the human brain that interferes with _______ a. muscle response b. neurotransmitters c. acetylcholine absorption d. synaptic vesicles

neurotransmitters

what MOST likely were the chemicals that Otto Loewi believed were released by the first heart and transferred to the second heart? a. hormones b. neurotransmitters c. enzymes d. proteins

neurotransmitters

two commonly abused drugs that are additive are ____ and _____ a. nicotine; alcohol b. coffee; opium c. Lunesta; Sonata d. melatonin; Ativan

nicotine; alcohol

in an agonist drug trial test, researchers collecting data on efficacy of an ADHD medication would most likely be recording data associated with ______ a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. epinephrine

norepinephrine

the patellar reflex (also known as the knee-jerk reflex) induced by your doctor when tapping the areas just below your knee, includes ____ synapse: between a sensory neuron and motor neuron. a. only one b. >one<four c. only four d. >four

only one

The action potential moves only in one direction, toward the axon terminal. This is known as: a. orthogonal conduction b. antidromic conduction c. orthodromic conduction d. Both b and c

orthodromic conduction

______ is conduction of action potentials in the direction from the soma to the axon terminals a. relative refractory period b. antidromic propagation c. orthodromic propagation d. saltatory propagation

orthodromic propagation

behavior that is readily observable such as reaching out for a cup of coffee

overt behavior

to facilitate tissue sectioning of the Jell-O consistency brain, it is hardened by soaking it in ______ a. saline b. paraformaldehyde c. acetone d. formalin

paraformaldehyde

a TAU protein that can no longer bind with microtubules has taken on additional ______ groups a. sodium b. phosphate c. potassium d. sodium-chloride

phosphate

_____ are areas of the dendrite onto which receptors are located a. postsynaptic element b. presynaptic element c. active zones d. postsynaptic densities

postsynaptic densities

the ______ across the synaptic cleft contains the receptors onto which the neurotransmitter binds a. presynaptic neuron b. postsynatpic neuron c. axon terminal d. dendrite

postsynaptic neuron

the _____ releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft a. presynaptic neuron b. postsynaptic neuron c. axon terminal d. dendrite

presynaptic neuron

synaptic vesicles are transported down to the axon terminals by the ______ a. conexin protein b. enzymes c. G-protein d. protein kinesin

protein kinesin

connexions are ______ that allow the passage of ions from one neuron to the other at electrical synapses a. enzymes b. G-proteins c. proteins d. electrical pulses

proteins

myelin sheath breaks at nodes of ranvier are the sites at which action potentials are _______ a. terminated b. amplified c. regenerated d. decoded

regenerated

the idea that the neurites (axons and dendrites) of neurons fuse with the neurites of other neurons in a neural net is known as the ______ a. reticular theory b. dendrite theory c. Golgi theory d. neuron theory

reticular theory

recent research findings suggest that a greater understanding of the neurobiological basis of human cognition, behavior, and psychological disorders might come from discovering neurons that are unique to humans such as the _____ neuron a. unipolar neurons b. pyramidal neurons c. multipolar neurons d. rosehip neurons

rosehip neurons

a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system (that connects to the muscles and internal organs) is referred to as a nerve; the longest nerve in the human body is the ______ nerve a. sciatic b. vagus c. peripheral d. olfactory

sciatic

a staining method known as the Golgi stain involves immersing nervous tissue into a ______ solution a. alkaline b. magnesium sulfate c. potassium oxide d. silver nitrate

silver nitrate

a branch of behavioral neuroscience that focuses on the neurobiological processes of social behaviors such as those involved in empathy, affiliation, and morality

social neuroscience

which part of the neuron is MOST likely to be the integrator of incoming signals a. dendrites b. soma c. axon hillock d. axon

soma

channels that open and meditate the sense of touch are _____ channels a. stretch-activated b. temperature-gated c. volt-gated d. neurotransmitter-gated

stretch-activated

the active zone areas of the presynaptic axon terminal are where _____ bind to the axon terminal's membrane a. action potentials b. post synaptic neurons c. synaptic vesicles d. receptors

synaptic vesicles

factors that can cause malformations of the embryo

teratogens

what is the presynaptic neuron? a. the cell that receives a signal from another neuron b. the cell that sends a signal out to another neuron c. the cell that contains receptors, on which neurotransmitter attach d. the cell that releases enzymes into the synapse

the cell that sends a signal out to another neuron

what is meant by the neuron becoming depolarized a. the voltage level becomes more negative and further away from threshold b. the voltage level becomes more positive and further away from threshold c. the voltage level becomes more negative and closer to threshold d. the voltage level becomes more positive and closer to threshold

the voltage level becomes more positive and closer to threshold

a neuron at rest reads -70 mV with a threshold level of -60 mV. Given the following graded potentials along the dendrites, what is MOST likely to occur in the neuron? Input a: -5 mV; input b: 6mV; input c: 3mV; input d: 2mV; input e: -3mV a. the voltage will reach threshold and an action potential will occur b. inhibition will occur where the voltage will drop below resting potential c. the voltage will slightly depolarize, but not enough to reach threshold d. the neuron will maintain -70 mV

the voltage will slightly depolarize, but not enough to reach threshold

anhedonia refers to the inability to feel pleasure and is a _____ a. tolerance threshold b. behavioral tolerance c. dispositional tolerance d. functional tolerance

tolerance threshold

the catecholamines (except serotonin) have for precursor the amino acid _______ a. tyrosine b. tryptophan c. acetyl-coenzyme d. choline

tyrosine

the point at which voltage across the neuronal membrane is more negative than the resting membrane potential (-70mV) is called ________ a. overshoot b. undershoot c. activation threshold d. depolarization

undershoot

intermediate filaments are essential in perserving the axon's diameter and in maintaining the ______ of action potentials a. load b. strength c. velocity d. coding

velocity

what is partial depolarization? a. when the inside of the neuron becomes more positively charged relative to the outside b. when the inside of the neuron becomes more negatively charged relative to the outside c. when the inside of the neuron becomes just as positively charged as the outside d. when the inside of the neuron becomes just as negatively charged as the outside

when the inside of the neuron becomes more positively charged relative to the outside

at what stage of the neural impulse do the potassium channels open? a. when the neuron reaches complete depolarization b. when the neuron returns to its resting state c. before the neuron reaches threshold level d. at the same time the sodium channels open

when the neuron reaches complete depolarization

what is the average difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron when it is at its resting potential a. 30 mV b. -90 mV c. -70 mV d. 0 mV

-70 mV

how many synaptic connections to a given neuron are there projected to be in higher brain areas? a. 1,000 b. 10,000 c. 100,000 d. 1 million

10,000

the energy currency of cells is referred to as ______ a. ATP b. ADP c. MSC d. action potential

ATP

the scientific study of how brain activity influences behavior

behavioral neuroscience

the stage in the circuit of addiction in which positive reinforcement predominates is the ______ a. intracranial self-stimulation b. preoccupation/anticipation c. binge/intoxication d. withdrawal/negative effect

binge/intoxication

_____ is an area of dead brain tissue due to the blockage or narrowing of an artery a. cerebral neuroma b. cerebral hemorrhage c. cerebral infarction d. cerebral atrophy

c. cerebral infarction

inferring brain function using MRI technology to image the brain in a way that detects the amount of oxygen used by neurons is ______ a. TMS b. DBS c. fMRI d. PET

c. fMRI

in TMS, whether neurons are stimulated or inhibited depends on the _____of the magnetic field a. positioning b. strength c. frequency d. duration

c. frequency

a measurement technique known as positron emission tomography (PET) scan detects the consumption of ____by neurons a. oxygen b. proteins c. glucose d. electrical pulse

c. glucose

neuroscientists who study ______ provide valuable insight into the disease processes involved in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease a. neuropharmacology b. neuroendocrinology c. neuropathology d. neurophysiology

c. neuropathology

neuroscientist who study ______ provide valuable insight into the disease processes involved in disease such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. a. neuropharmacology b. neuroendrocinology c. neuropathology d. neurophysiology

c. nueropathology

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, which brain area is the first when it comes to answering a spoken question? a. Wernicke's area b. Broca's area c. Primary auditory cortex d. facial motor area

c. primary auditory cortex

localization of function theory posits that left frontal lobe controls the _____ function a. spatial b. memory c. speech d. swallow

c. speech

environmental factors in the form of substances that adversely affect normal brain development are known as _______ a. androgen b. pathogens c. teratogens d. carcinogens

c. teratogens

neuron conductivity is _______ when many ion channels are _____ a. high; closed b. low; open c. high; open b. low; high

high; open

cholinergic neurons project widely through the cortex and to the _______ a. spine b. cortex c. thalamus d. hippocampus

hippocampus

______ is the scientific study of cells and tissues using special staining techniques combine with microscopy a. histology b. pathology c. microscopy d. morphology

histology

the phospholipid bilayer of the neuronal membrane has a ______ head and a _____ tail a. hydrophilic; hydrophobic b. hydrophobic; hydrophilic c. water fearing; water loving d. interactive; super-interactive

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

antidromic conduction has only been achieved: a. in neurons b. moving in the same direction as action potential c. with conduction away from the cell body d. in laboratory studies

in laboratory studies