Physiology

The resting membrane potential depends on two factors that influence the magnitude and direction of Na+ and K+ diffusion across the plasma membrane. Identify these two factors. The presence of concentration gradients and voltage-gated channels The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels The presence of a resting membrane potential and leak channels The presence of concentration gradients and Na+-K+ pumps

The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels

Flow Chart for Exercise Result...

Person starts to exercise skeletal muscle metabolism increases skeletal muscle oxygen demand increases oxygen sensors cause local blood vessels to dilate blood delivery to the skeletal muscle Increases is order to provide more oxygen

Which body fluid compartment has the smallest volume? a. Plasma b. Extracellular fluid c. Interstitial fluid d. Intracellular fluid

Plasma

The plasma membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+. Why? There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane. There are many more voltage-gated K+ channels than voltage-gated Na+ channels. The Na+-K+ pumps transport more K+ into cells than Na+ out of cells. Ligand-gated cation channels favor a greater influx of Na+ than K+.

There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane.

integrative center compares variable to what?

set point

Protein receptors exhibit what? a. competition. b. saturation. c. specificity. d. competition and saturation. e. specificity, competition, and saturation.

specificity, competition, and saturation.

Define infundibulum

stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and then connects that to the brain

The process of forming mRNA is called

transcription

What is considered extracellular fluid? a. blood plasma b. interstitial fluid c. cytosol of a red blood cell d. cytoplasm of a neuron

A and B

Define hypothalamus

A brain region that contains several collections of neuronal cell bodies that provide a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

define nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

A coenzyme that picks up high energy electrons and shuttles them to the electron transport chain

Define adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A nucleotide containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that can provide energy to do work.

Define glycolysis

A series of enzymatic reactions occurring in the cytosol of the cell that begins the breakdown of glucose.

Define citric acid cycle

A series of enzymatic reactions that begins with the input of 2 carbon units that occurs in the mitochondrion of a cell.

define electron transport chain

A series of mitochondrial proteins that transfer electron energy to ATP and require oxygen.

Define anterior pituitary

A true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenohypophysis.

Hydrophobic

"Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water. (tails)

Hydrophilic

"water-loving"; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water (the head)

function of proteins in cell membrane

-allow for cell-cell communication -serve as a channel for transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid -provide structural stability for the cell -to combine with a carbohydrate, providing an immune response and/or cell recognition

A simple endocrine pathway will include which of the following? -circulatory system -sensor -neurohormone -classic hormone -brain -neurotransmitter -efferent neuron -endocrine organ -afferent neuron -target tissue

-circulatory system -sensor -classic hormone -endocrine organ -target tissue

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What is consisted in the membranous organelles?

Mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes

Which type of receptor alters the cytoskeleton when a ligand binds to it? a. Receptor-enzyme b. Integrin receptor c. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) d. Receptor-channel

b. Integrin receptor

Glucose moves from the plasma into a skeletal muscle cell, where it is used for energy. Through which fluid compartment does glucose move between the plasma and the skeletal muscle cell? a. Cytosol b. Interstitial fluid c. Intracellular fluid d. Extracellular fluid inside of blood vessels

b. Interstitial fluid

Which of the following is a similarity between transcription and translation?

Both are needed to make proteins.

Which of the following is a similarity between ion receptor channels and G protein-coupled receptors?

Both bind extracellular ligands.

A gene codes for a proinsulin protein, which is then cleaved into insulin. This is an example of: a. Processing of mRNA b. Translation. c. A post-translational modification. d. Transcription.

c. A post-translational modification.

What is considered intracellular fluid?(there are two answers) a. blood plasma b. interstitial fluid c. cytosol of a red blood cell d. cytoplasm of a neuron

C and D

Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary?(there are two answers) a. prolactin b. luteinizing hormone c. oxytocin d. vasopressin

C and D

What hormone matches with the adrenal gland? a. Growth Hormone (GH) b. Thyrotropin (TSH) c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)

A drug binds to a receptor in the nucleus. This binding turns on a gene to make a protein. This drug is ____. a. lipophobic and hydrophobic. b. lipophilic and hydrophilic. c. Lipophobic and hydrophilic. d. lipophilic and hydrophobic.

d. lipophilic and hydrophobic.

Enzymes increase reaction rate by a. increasing the free energy in the products. b. converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction. c. raising the activation energy of a reaction. d. lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

d. lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

A cell has a problem where mitochondria are not able to function. Which function of the cell's cytoskeleton would you expect to be decreased? a. The ability to make ATP b. Assembly of cells into tissues c. Cell shape d. Movement

d. movement

What can directly impact fluid balance?

-sweat glands -muscles -urinary systems -throat muscles -respiratory system

Droplets of phospholipids containing a lipid core/center

micelles

In the hypothetical chemical reaction A+B → C+D, what is/are the reactant(s)?

A and B

What happens to the cell if it is isotonic?

Cell does not change size

what consists in protein fibers?

microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules

Which of the following builds new strands of DNA?

DNA polymerase

An exergonic chemical reaction

Releases energy as the reaction progresses

Functions of proteins include

catalyst transport binding ligands signaling

Define posterior pituitary

An extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis.

Define acetyl CoA

1. A derivative of pyruvate combined with a coenzyme, required to begin the citric acid cycle.

What is the difference between anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary?

Anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue.

Which of the following is the best example of feedback inhibition? a. High ATP concentrations in the cell inhibit the action of phosphofructokinase, the third enzyme of glycolysis. b. Low cellular Na+ concentrations prevent the sodium-potassium pump from moving ions across the cell membrane. c. Low blood glucose stimulates alpha cells of the pancreas to release glucagon. As blood glucose rises, it inhibits glucagon release. d. Lower blood pH inhibits the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and promotes its release at the tissues.

High ATP concentrations in the cell inhibit the action of phosphofructokinase, the third enzyme of glycolysis.

Which is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name?

It ends in -ose.

Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of the presence of what type of channel? Voltage-gated channels Leak channels Sodium-potassium ATPases Ligand-gated channels

Leak channels

Which process uses clathrin in coated pits to bring substances into cells? Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Exocytosis Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Ions are unequally distributed across the plasma membrane of all cells. This ion distribution creates an electrical potential difference across the membrane. What is the name given to this potential difference? Positive membrane potential Threshold potential Resting membrane potential (RMP) Action potential

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

What measures the variable?

Sensor

Which type of membrane transport generally requires that the transported substance dissolve in the lipid membrane? Active transport Phagocytosis Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Define homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though external conditions may change

Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? a. The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation. b. There would no longer be a release of trophic hormones from the hypothalamus. c. The portal system would carry tropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary at an accelerated rate. d. There would be no loss of function. All three losses of function listed above would occur if you severed the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation.

What happens if the cell is hypertonic?

The cell shrinks

What happens to the cell if it is hypotonic?

The cell swells because of the movement of fluid inside the cell.

Define Pyruvate

The end product of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose, a 3 carbon unit.

On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you? There is no electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside surfaces of the plasma membrane. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more positively charged than the outside surface. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface. The outside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the inside surface.

The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface.

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? a circadian rhythm of release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) negative feedback thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH

negative feedback

What hormones are in the anterior pituitary? (MULT Answers) a. thyrotropin (TSH) b. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) c. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) d. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) e. Growth Hormone (GH) f. Oxytocin (QXT) g. Vasopressin (ADH)

a, b, c, d, e

Cells can decrease receptor activity through down-regulation and through which other mechanism? a. Desensitization b. Saturation c. Demarcation d. Degradation

a. Desensitization

What hormone matches with the muscles and bones? a. Growth Hormone (GH) b. Thyrotropin (TSH) c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

a. Growth Hormone (GH)

Which characteristic must a signaling molecule have in order to bind to a cytosolic or nuclear receptor? a. It must be lipophilic. b. It must be actively transported across the membrane. c. It must be a gene activator. d. It must contain significant polarity to allow it to associate with its receptor.

a. It must be lipophilic.

What prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from dissipating? a. Na+-K+ ATPase b. H+-K+ ATPase c. Na+ and K+ leaks d. Na+ cotransporter

a. Na+-K+ ATPase

A new hormone is discovered. Analysis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the bloodstream. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells, though no cell surface receptors can be identified. Which type of hormone is this most likely to be? a. Steroid hormone b. Thyroid hormone c. Peptide hormone d. Catecholamine

a. Steroid hormone

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. growth hormone (GH) c. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) d. luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. a. external b. internal

a. external

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways stimulate a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. a. faster b. equal c. slower

a. faster

Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and made up of which molecules? a. glycerol and fatty acids b.fatty acids c. glycerol d. amino acids e. nucleotides

a. glycerol and fatty acids

Secretion of a lower-than-normal amount of a hormone is called __________. a. hyposecretion b. negative feedback c. hypersecretion d. atrophy

a. hyposecretion

HCl (hydrochloric acid) is an acid because a. in solution it donates its H+. b. it is able to form hydroxide ions. c. in solution it decreases the concentration of free H+. d. it is similar to ammonia. e. in solution it increases the pH.

a. in solution it donates its H+.

Nucleic acids are polymers of units called a. nucleotides b. amino acids c. bases d. fatty acids e. ribose.

a. nucleotides

In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ________ acts as the final acceptor of electrons. a. oxygen b. ATP c. water d. carbon dioxide e. lactate

a. oxygen

Which of the following is a similarity between the anterior and posterior pituitary? Both secrete ________. a. peptide hormones b. neurotransmitters c. neurohormones d. trophic hormones

a. peptide hormones

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. a.Peripheral b.Transmembrane c. Glycolipid d. Cytoskeletal e. Nuclear

a. peripheral

Bulk flow is fluid flow as a result of a(n) ________ gradient. a. pressure b. concentration c. electrical d. Two of the answers are correct. e. None of the answers are correct.

a. pressure

Compared with endocrine reflexes, neural reflexes __________. a. respond rapidly but are short b. respond slowly but are short c. respond slowly but are longer-lasting d. respond rapidly but are longer-lasting

a. respond rapidly but are short

What is the role of the hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function? a. to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary b. to release classic hormones for delivery to the systemic tissues c. to release trophic hormones that act on the nervous tissue of the brain d. to release classic hormones that inhibit hormone release from the anterior pituitary

a. to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary

The tRNA molecule contains the three-base sequence called the

anticodon.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? a. oxytocin b. GH (growth hormone) c. thyroid hormones d. prolactin (PRL)

b. GH (growth hormone)

Define interstitial fluid, indicating whether it is inside (intracellular) or outside (extracellular) cells. a. Interstitial fluid is the intracellular fluid found in all cell types. b. Interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid outside the circulatory system and the cells. c. Interstitial fluid is the intracellular fluid inside of the blood cells. d. Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid inside the circulatory system.

b. Interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid outside the circulatory system and the cells.

A new chemical signal is discovered. It is secreted in low concentrations from keratinocytes in the skin, and it binds to receptors on nearby melanocytes in the skin. Can this chemical signal be classified as a hormone? a. Yes, because it has effects at low concentrations b. No, because it does not travel to distant targets through the blood c. No, because it is a chemical signal d. Yes, because it is secreted from a group of cells

b. No, because it does not travel to distant targets through the blood

Choose the correct example of signal amplification. a.An electrical signal is changed into a mechanical signal. b. One hormone molecule causes the activation of more than one second messenger molecule. c. A chemical signal is changed into a mechanical signal. d. One hormone-producing cell alters the activity of more than one target cell.

b. One hormone molecule causes the activation of more than one second messenger molecule.

Which type of chemical bond has unequally shared electron pairs? a. Ionic bond b. Polar covalent bond c. Hydrogen bond d. Nonpolar covalent bond

b. Polar covalent bond

Which of the following is a similarity between neural and endocrine reflexes? a. Responses are short. b. Stimulus intensity can be increased with increased signal. c. Responses are fast. d. Signals travel to many different organs.

b. Stimulus intensity can be increased with increased signal.

Which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to DNA replication? a. The leading and lagging strands are both built continuously. b. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces. c. The lagging strand is built continuously, and the leading strand is built in pieces. d. The leading and lagging strands are both built in fragments.

b. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

What hormones matches with the thyroid gland? a. Growth Hormone (GH) b. Thyrotropin (TSH) c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

b. Thyrotropin (TSH)

Negative feedback in reflex loops is __________. a. rare compared with positive feedback loops b. common because it promotes homeostasis c. "negative" because it opposes homeostasis d. responsible for initiating the response to the stimulus

b. common because it promotes homeostasis

A study in which a participant act as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ________ study. a. retrospective b. crossover c. meta-analysis d. double-blind

b. crossover

A protein that no longer functions because its shape has changed (for example, as a result of heating) has been __________. a. saturated b. denatured c. modulated d. inhibited

b. denatured

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? a. posterior pituitary b. hypothalamus c. anterior pituitary d. kidney

b. hypothalamus

Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced? a. in the axon terminal of the neurons that project from the hypothalamus through to the infundibulum b. in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus c. by neuroglia located at the end of the posterior pituitary d. by the endocrine cells located within the posterior pituitary

b. in the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise affect heart rate. Which is/are an independent variable? a. age of subjects b. intensity of exercise c. heart rate d. sex of subjects e. More than one answer is correct.

b. intensity of exercise

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of? a.science b. nature. c. math d. organs. e. chemistry.

b. nature

How would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary (e.g., classic hormone, neurotransmitter, etc.)? a. trophic hormone b. neurohormone c. classic hormone d. neurotransmitter

b. neurohormone

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? a. cortisol b. oxytocin c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

b. oxytocin

Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. a. cisendothelial b. paracellular c. transendothelial d. transcellular e. metacellular

b. paracellular

Which is NOT a function of epithelia? a. movement b. storing energy reserves c. producing specialized secretions d. regulating exchange e. providing physical protection

b. storing energy reserves

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs" This type of explanation is a. theological b. teleological c. scatological d. metalogical e. mechanistic

b. teleological

Which of the following best describes the role of endocrine organs in both simple and complex reflex pathways? a. to release neurohormones into the circulatory system b. to function as a sensor and integrating center c. to be the target organs d. to deliver information about the stimulus to the brain

b. to function as a sensor and integrating center

Two rows of phospholipids that form a sheet with tails facing each other and heads on either side facing the aqueous solution

bilayer

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes. It decreases hunger and feeding behaviors. Leptin release is relative to the size of adipose cells: The greater the adipocyte size, the more leptin they release. Leptin then acts at the hypothalamus to cause the release of αMSH, an appetite suppressant. In this reflex pathway, what is the response? a. αMSH b. The hypothalamus c. Appetite suppression d. The adipocytes

c. Appetite suppression

Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand? a. RNA b. the leading strand c. DNA ligase d. DNA polymerase e. the replication fork

c. DNA ligase

Which of the following is an important characteristic of lipids? a. They dissolve in water. b. They can be linked into long chains. c. They are nonpolar. d. They are converted to hormones.

c. They are nonpolar.

An atom that gains or loses electrons becomes __________. a. a free radical b. an isotope of the same element c. an ion of the same element d. a different element

c. an ion of the same element

Where is most of the water in the body located? a. Plasma b. Lumens of the digestive and urinary tracts c. Intracellular fluid d. Interstitial fluid

c. intracellular fluid

The binding sites of enzymes are a. bonds between the substrate and certain amino acids. b. products of an enzymatic reaction. c. regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together. d. not necessarily involved in a reaction.

c. regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together.

The cell is composed of...

cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus cytosol membranous organelles inclusions protein fibers

The tonicity of a solution depends only upon the __________. a. concentration of penetrating solutes b. total concentration of solutes as initially added to the solvent when making the solution c. total concentration of solutes, taking into account that some single molecules (such as salts, e.g., NaCl) ionize into more than one solute (Na+ and Cl-) d. concentration of non-penetrating solutes

concentration of non-penetrating solutes

The type of protein found in gap junctions is the

connexin

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? a. control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b. control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c. control secretion of oxytocin d. control secretion of thyroid hormones

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Choose the true statement. a. Paracrine signals are used for long-distance communication. b. Neurotransmitters are a type of neurohormone. c. Steroid hormones are generally made in advance and stored until needed. d. Autocrine signals are produced by and act upon the same cell.

d. Autocrine signals are produced by and act upon the same cell.

The permeability of a membrane to a particular solute is related to which two variables, and what is the relationship? a. It is inversely proportional to lipid solubility and directly proportional to the size of the solute. b. It is inversely proportional to both lipid solubility and size of the solute. c. It is directly proportional to both lipid solubility and the size of the solute. d. It is directly proportional to lipid solubility and inversely proportional to the size of the solute.

d. It is directly proportional to lipid solubility and inversely proportional to the size of the solute.

If you were to throw many phospholipids into an aqueous solution, which of the following would you observe? a. Phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient with each other, both facing the extracellular and intracellular fluid. b. Lipid tails would orient toward the extracellular and intracellular fluids. c. Phosphate heads would orient away from the extracellular and intracellular fluids. d. Phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient away from each other, with the phosphate heads facing either the extracellular or intracellular fluid and the tails facing each other.

d. Phosphate heads and lipid tails would orient away from each other, with the phosphate heads facing either the extracellular or intracellular fluid and the tails facing each other. Submit

What hormone matches with the mammary gland? a. Growth Hormone (GH) b. Thyrotropin (TSH) c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

d. Prolactin (PRL)

Cannon's second postulate states that some systems of the body are under tonic control. What does this statement mean? a. Some organs function without any input or signals from external sources b. The tonic, an area of the brain, is responsible for controlling certain body systems. c. Some chemical signals can have the opposite effects of other chemical signals on the same organ. d. The body has the ability to adjust the levels of regulated variables.

d. The body has the ability to adjust the levels of regulated variables.

Steroid hormones are lipophilic. This allows steroid hormones to ____. a. bind only to cell-surface receptors b. have short half-lives in the bloodstream c. dissolve in the extracellular fluid and plasma d. bind to intracellular receptors Previous Answers

d. bind to intracellular receptors Submit

The ion that controls the widest variety of intracellular activities is __________. a. potassium b. sodium c. chloride d. calcium

d. calcium

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________. a. cytosol, cytosol b. mitochondria, mitochondria c. mitochondria, cytosol d. cytosol, mitochondria

d. cytosol, mitochondria

Which of the following phrases best defines something that is hydrophobic? A substance that __________. a. attracts to water b. does not mix with lipids c. is polar d. does not mix with water

d. does not mix with water

In most resting cells, the concentration of sodium ions is higher outside of cells compared with the intracellular fluid. When cells are stimulated, sodium ion channels open, and sodium diffuses from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell. Sodium ion concentrations in a resting cell are an example of ___________, and sodium ion movement in a stimulated cell is an example of ___________. a. chemical work; energy stored in chemical bonds b. the energy of motion; stored energy c. kinetic energy; potential energy d. potential energy; kinetic energy

d. potential energy; kinetic energy

Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines. a. secreted into the blood, not b. not peptides c. not effective in small amounts d. synthesized in advance and stored, not e. secreted by cells, not

d. synthesized in advance and stored, not

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to a. increase its number of receptors for a ligand. b. increase its binding affinity for a ligand. c. decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. d. decrease its number of receptors for a ligand and increase its binding affinity for a ligand.

decrease its number of receptors for a ligand

What hormone matches with the testis or ovaries? (there are two answers) a. Growth Hormone (GH) b. Thyrotropin (TSH) c. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) d. Prolactin (PRL) e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

e. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) f. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

When an enzyme's activity is inactivated by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be a. toxic. b. conjugated. c. broken. d. tertiary. e. denatured.

e. denatured.

Which biological molecules exhibit saturation, specificity and competition? a. lipids and proteins b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. nucleotides e. proteins

e. proteins

Each of the following is a function of proteins EXCEPT a. catalyst. b. transport. c. binding to ligands. d. signaling. e. storage of genetic information.

e. storage of genetic information.

What adjusts the variable?

effectors

The inside of a resting cell is slightly negative relative to the outside. This is an example of a. electrical disequilibrium. b. chemical disequilibrium. c. failed homeostasis. d. osmotic equilibrium.

electrical disequilibrium.

An integrating center

evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint.

What hormones are in the posterior pituitary? (MULT Answers) a. thyrotropin (TSH) b. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) c. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) d. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) e. Growth Hormone (GH) f. Oxytocin (QXT) g. Vasopressin (ADH)

f and g

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Synergism occurs when.... a. one hormone stimulates the secretion of a second hormone. b. hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. c. a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone. d. hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. e. one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone.

hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted

Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are hydrophobic and lipophobic. hydrophobic and lipophilic. hydrophilic and lipophobic. hydrophilic and lipophilic.

hydrophilic and lipophobic.

What are is consisted in inclusions?

lipid droplets glycogen granules ribosomes

A double membrane droplet containing proteins along the center and an aqueous core

liposomes

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

liver cells