physiology exam 2
If a drug has a positive chronotropic effect, this means that: a. it increases the strength of cardiac contraction b. it increases heart rate c. it increases the rate of relaxation d. it increases conduction velocity e. None of the above
b. it increases heart rate
Match the desscriptions with the correct type of muscle: a. striated, multinucleated, under voluntary control b. striated, branched, no voluntary control c. unstriated, no voluntary control
a. skeletal muscle b. cardiac muscle c. smooth muscle
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with death of cells in parts of the brain; especially in the _____________ a. none of these b. thalamus c. basal nuclei d. motor cortex e. medulla oblongata
c. basal nuclei
Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. frontal b. cerebellum c. parietal d. occipital e. temporal
c. parietal
If the muscle were at rest, then the status of actin and myosin would be most simmilar to which of the following partsof the cross bridge cycle?
z
If your subject's RR interval was 0.5 seconds, then their heart rate would be how many beats per minute? (no units required)
120
____________ are a type of proprioreceptor that initiates the inverse stretch reflex. A. Group III and IV afferents B. Ruffini endings C. Golgi Tendon Organs D. None of these answers is correct E. Muscle spindles
C. Golgi Tendon Organs
Which of the following is/are true about the PR interval? A. It is normally 0.12-0.20 seconds in duration B. An AV block would likely cause it to be longer than 0.20 seconds C. It is normally 0.08-0.12 seconds in duration D. A bundle branch block is a possible reason for it to be longer than 0.12 seconds E. A & B F. B & C
E. A & B
At the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. Which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? A. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise B. resting muscle ATP concentrations are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production C. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise D. aerobic metabolism is able to increase its activity to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise E. A & C F. B & C
F. B & C
Force and movement would be caused by which of the following steps of the cross bridge cycle?
RST
Which of the following events is mis-matched with the period of a muscle twitch . a. All of these answers ARE appropriately matched b. Calcium release: latent period c. The cross bridge cycle occurring repeatedly: contraction period d. SERCAs pumping calcium back into the SR: relaxation period e. The uncovering of myosin binding sites on actin as tropomyosin slide out of the way: latent period
a. All of these answers ARE appropriately matched
Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest capillary density? a. I b. IIA c. IIC d. IIX e. IIAX
a. I
Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest mitochondrial volume? a. IIX b. IIC c. IIA d. IIAX e. I
a. IIX
Which of the following is/are NOT true about arrhythmias? a. In tachycardia RR interval would be below 0.6 seconds b. In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds c. In a third degree AV block there would be no association between P waves and QRS complexes d. A PVC would not have a P wave before it and the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds e. In Atrial fibrillation, there would be no P waves and there would be an irregular RR interval f. three of the above
b. In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds
The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic b. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic c. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic d. two of these e. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic
b. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic
In skeletal muscle, type I fibers would tend to have lower concentrations of which of the following compared to type IIX fibers a. The amount of lipid stores b. The amount of glycogen c. The amount of mitochondria d. The amount of myoglobin e. Three of the above
b. The amount of glycogen
The __________________________________________________ states that no matter where along a sensory pathway you stimulate, the perceived ssensation will always be in the location of the receptors. a. adequate stimulus b. law of projection c. law of specific nerve energies d. Weber-Fechner law
b. law of projection
The _____ is/are a part of the heart's electrical conduction system that causes a brief delay between atrial and ventricular depolarization. This is important because_____. a. SA Node, otherwise, the heart rate could get too fast b. AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish emptying before they start to fill c. AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish filling before they begin to contract d. Bundle Branches, they ensure that the impulse will spread rapidly through the ventricles
c. AV Node, it allows the ventricles to finish filling before they begin to contract
Which of the following best describes the regulation of smooth muscle contraction? a. Ca2+ enters mostly from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts b. Ca2+ enters mostly from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Ca2+ binds with IP3, Myosin Heavy Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Heavy Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts d. None of the above
c. Ca2+ enters mostly from ECF, Ca2+ binds with Calmodulin, Myosin Light Chain Kinase gets activated, Myosin Light Chains get phosphorylated, smooth muscle contracts
Which of the following is/are NOT true about arrhythmias? a. In Atrial fibrillation, there would be no P waves and there would be an irregular RR interval b. In a third degree AV block there would be no association between P waves and QRS complexes c. In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds d. In tachycardia RR interval would be below 0.6 seconds e. three of these f. A PVC would not have a P wave before it and the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds
c. In a first degree AV block the QRS interval would be longer than 0.12 seconds
Calcium is critical for signaling contraction in all types of muscle. What is true about calcium regulation in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? a. in skeletal muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors b. in cardiac muscle calcium is released from the SR by ryanodine receptors c. in skeletal muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a voltage sensor d. all of these ARE true e. in skeletal muscle, essentially all of the calcium signalling contraction is from the SR, In cardiac muscle, some of the calcium comes from the SR and some from the ECF f. in cardiac muslce, thy dihydropyridine receptors work as a calcium channels g. only 4 of these are true
d. all of these ARE true
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in initiating and planning voluntary activity? a. none of these b. supplementary motor area c. vestibulocerebellum d. cerebrocerebellum e. spinocerebellum
d. cerebrocerebellum
A drug that has a negative chronotropic effect on the heart would do which of the following? a. decrease the strength of cardiac contraction b. slow down conduction velocity c. increase heart rate d. decrease heart rate e. speed up conduction velocity f. increase the strength of cardiac contraction
d. decrease heart rate
Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system function. Which are true about its roles: a. all of these answers b. it is released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers c. it is released from only sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers d. two of these answers e. it binds with muscarinic receptors on effector organs
d. two of these answers
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes? a. increase K+ influx b. decrease Ca2+ influx c. increase Ca2+ efflux d. two of these answers would happen e. increase K+ efflux f. increase Ca2+ influx
d. two of these answers would happen
The size principle is a critical concept for understanding muscle and exercise physiology. Which of the following is/are NOT true related to the size principle? a. the largest motor units would only be stimulated at high intensities (when we need to produce a lot of force) b. we would mostly be using type I fibers at low intensities c. to produce only a little force we would tend to stimulate the smallest motor units d. to produce only a little force, only the lowest threshold motor neurons would be stimulated e. All of the above ARE true f. three of the above
e. All of the above ARE true
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following statements is false? a. Curare prevents the neurotransmitter from binding with its receptorâ true b. The Botulinum toxin prevents normal SNARE protein function and thus prevents release of neurotransmitter â true c. Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies are made that prevent normal function of neurotransmitter receptorâ true d. Three of these answers e. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase
e. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase
In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid b. Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium c. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________. a. two of these answers b. acetylcholine c. epinephrine d. norepinephrine e. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart
e. this branch of the autonomic nervous system does nont innervate this part of the heart
