Physiology Exam Part 2 (Fascia, Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage

What are tenocytes

(tendinocytes) specialized elongated fibroblasts scattered in-between the collagen fibers

What is the function of an epitendineum

facilitates easy movement of the tendon within its surroundings

Small groups of collagen fibers form a __________ and are surrounded by a membrane formed of __________

fascicle. loose connective tissue

What is the least rigid type of cartilage

fibrocartilage

What are the 2 layers of the perichondrium

fibrous layer and cellular layer

What is fibrocartilage

forms pubic symphysis, articular disks, annulus fibrous of the intervertebral disks, also small amounts are found within tendons. Capable of resisting both compressive and tensile forces

What type of collagen fibers found in fibrocartilage

high concentration of type 1, few type 2

What are the fibers like in hyaline cartilage

high concentration of type 2 collagen fibers

What is the function of ligaments

hold bones together. Stabilize bone joints; limit or prevent specific movements between the bones

What is the epiphyseal plate composed of

hyaline cartilage

What is ground substance in elastic cartilage similar to

hyaline cartilage. contains high concentration of elastic fibers and some type 2 collagen fibers

What are the 3 different types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

How rigid is elastic cartilage

intermediate in rigidity, between hyaline and fibrocartilage

What is elastic cartilage

internal framework for rigid portion of external ear; makes epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx, and pharyngotympanic tube

Deep fascia can channel the flow of ______

interstitial fluids and contain/limit the spread of infections

What are the two different pathways of cartilage growth

interstitial growth and appositional growth

What is fascia and example

layers of connective tissue which support and surround organs example: muscles, bones, and nerves

Visceral fascia is only made up of what type of tissue

loose connective tissue

What is superficial fascia composed of

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

What is the ground substance like in fibrocartilage

lower concentration of proteoglycans than either hyaline cartilage or elastic cartilage

function of visceral fascia

makes it possible for overlying musculature to contract and move easily over the serous membrane without impinging upon the contents of the body cavities helps provide support for organs/structure associated with the serous membrane

Deep fascial forms

tough sheets. wrapping around organs which provides support

Why is deep fascia interconnected?

transmits forces places on one part of the body throughout the rest of the body

What are tendons made of

type 1 collagen(95%) with some elastic(1-2%) and reticular (1-5%) fibers as well

How much can tendons stretch

106%

What makes tendons so flexible

70-50% is water. Makes it flexible

What is cartilage

A type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix, containing a high concentration of fibers

Where are chondroblasts and chondrocytes found

Chondrocytes are found in interior residing within lucunae of the matrix chondroblasts are found on the exterior

Which type of cartilage is ALWAYS covered by a perichondrium

Elastic

Which type of cartilage is NEVER covered by a perichondrium

Fibrocartilage

Which type of cartilage is SOMETIMEs covered by a perichondrium

Hyaline

Do tendons have perforating fibers?

Yes. Also known as sharpey's fibers

What is chondronectin

a glycoprotein involved in bonding chondrocytes to surrounding matrix

What is a epitendinuem made of

aka epitenon. A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that contains scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, and nerve fibers

What is Visceral fascia

aka subserous fascia. loose connective tissue lying between deep fascia and the serous membranes lining internal body cavities

What does the semi-rigid nature of the ground substance in cartilage do

allos for the tissue to deform under forces, then return to its original shape when forces are removed

Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium except for what types

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

What is the function of superficial fascia

attaches skin to underlying structures and allows it to move easily over the underlying structures. Provides insulation and padding/protection

What provides nourishment for cartilage cells

blood vessels within perichondrium

Where can tendons be redirected around/over?

bony prominences

What is the function of the inter muscular septa in deep fascia

bundles muscles together into compartments

In cartilage, fiber types depends on the type of

cartilage

What is the ECM composed of in cartilage?

chondroblasts and maintained by chondrocytes

What is appositional growth

chondroblasts found on external surface of cartilage make new cartilage matrix and adds the new layers to the outside of the cartilage . Continues until puberty. Also repairs damaged cartilage.

What is interstitial growth

chondrocytes in lacunae undergo cell division. Occurs primarily during earliest stages of development ends soon after birth

What is in the proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage

chondroitin sulfate (some keratin sulfate) bonded to core proteins then bonded to HA

What are tendons

connects muscle to bone

What is the cellular layer of the perichondrium

deep, containing fibroblasts and progenitor cells (prechondroblasts)

What is deep fascia made of

dense connective tissues and some dense irregular connective tissue. Slightly stretchable; also cap and of contraction and stiffening

What type of tissue are tendons composed of

dense regular connective tissue

What is a tendon surrounded by

epitendineum

What does tendon failure result from

extreme force or extreme deformation(stretch)

What is a synovial sheath

modified epitendineum where the epitendineum is made up of two layers, with a thin, viscous fluid in-between. Where a tendon passes through a synovial joint cavity or where a tendon or multiple tendons pass through a narrow/confined space (carpal tunnel)

What is hyaline cartilage involved in the formation of

most bones (endochondral bone formation)

What is hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage

What is in the ECM of hyaline cartilage

most rigid of all types of cartilage. Ground substance is firm gel of proteoglycans and glycoproteins

What is in ground substance in tendons

mostly proteoglycans, GAGs (dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid)

What are epiphyseal plates shourshed by

nearby blood vessels in the adjacent bone tissue

What is the blood supply like in cartilage

no direct blood supply, chondrocytes and chondroblasts are supplied by blood vessels external to the cartilage structure

What is the blood supply of ligaments

no fascicles or covering, so no direct blood supply

Where is hyaline cartilage found

nose, articular cartilages, costal cartilages, tracheal and bronchial rings, some cartilages of the larynx

What happens to tenocytes when aging

number decrease

What is articular cartilage nourished by

nutrients contained within synovial fluid in joint cavity

What does deep fascia surround

organs such as heart and kidneys, bones, muscles, blood vessels, and tendons

Most of the time, Cartilage is enclosed by a

perichondrium

What is in the ground substance in cartilage

proteoglycans (GAGs, and mostly hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate) and glycoproteins

Is deep fascia vascular

richly innervated but not well vascularized

What is in the covering of a fascicle

scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, nerve fibers

what is another name for perforating fibers

sharpey's fibers

Do energy-storing tendons contain more or less elastic fibers compared to positional tendons?

slightly more

What is the healing after injury like in ligaments

slower than tendons bc there is less vascularization

How much fibrocartilage is in tendons and where can it be found

small amount of fibrocartilage found in tendons. fibrocartilage is always at the end of tendons. Is only in the middle of a few tendons when going around a sharp corner of a bone.

What is the retinaculum

specialized ligament where a strap of dense regular connect tissue holds underlying muscle tendons in place

What is the structure of a tendon and an example

strap/cord like or a broad sheet-like structure example: aponeurosis

What are ligaments

straps of dense regular connective tissue going from one bone to another (could be two parts of the same bone). Subject to tensile forces; slightly stretchable

Over time tendons become:

stronger and stiffer when subjected to increased stress and weaker and less still when subjected to decreased stress

What does superficial fascia make up

subcutaneous layer(hypodermis) of the skin

What are the characteristics of cartilage

subject to compressive forces, resulting from weight bearing and locomotion. Fibrocartilage also deals with tensile forces

What is the fibrous layer of the perichondrium

superficial, composed of the dense irregular connective tissue and scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels

What are the 3 types of fascia

superficial, deep, visceral (subserous)

What is a group of fascicles called

tendon

What conditions do tendons function under

tensile

What are tendons formed from

the connective tissue coverings of the muscle. Tendon fibers then become incorporated into outer layers of bone tissue and are called perforating fibers

What is an example of a synovial sheath

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachia passing through the glenohumeral joint

What is the sickness of superficial fascia

thickness can vary depending on the region of the body

Organization and composition of ligaments in comparison to tendons

type 1 collagen. Fibers are interwoven instead of parallel. less collagen fibers(70-80%), more elastic (1-5%) and reticular fibers (1-10%). No internal layers of loose connective tissue, no outer covering of dense connective tissue, and no specialized cells within the ligament. Few fibroblasts are scattered