Physiology Exam Part 2 (Fascia, Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage
What are tenocytes
(tendinocytes) specialized elongated fibroblasts scattered in-between the collagen fibers
What is the function of an epitendineum
facilitates easy movement of the tendon within its surroundings
Small groups of collagen fibers form a __________ and are surrounded by a membrane formed of __________
fascicle. loose connective tissue
What is the least rigid type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
What are the 2 layers of the perichondrium
fibrous layer and cellular layer
What is fibrocartilage
forms pubic symphysis, articular disks, annulus fibrous of the intervertebral disks, also small amounts are found within tendons. Capable of resisting both compressive and tensile forces
What type of collagen fibers found in fibrocartilage
high concentration of type 1, few type 2
What are the fibers like in hyaline cartilage
high concentration of type 2 collagen fibers
What is the function of ligaments
hold bones together. Stabilize bone joints; limit or prevent specific movements between the bones
What is the epiphyseal plate composed of
hyaline cartilage
What is ground substance in elastic cartilage similar to
hyaline cartilage. contains high concentration of elastic fibers and some type 2 collagen fibers
What are the 3 different types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
How rigid is elastic cartilage
intermediate in rigidity, between hyaline and fibrocartilage
What is elastic cartilage
internal framework for rigid portion of external ear; makes epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx, and pharyngotympanic tube
Deep fascia can channel the flow of ______
interstitial fluids and contain/limit the spread of infections
What are the two different pathways of cartilage growth
interstitial growth and appositional growth
What is fascia and example
layers of connective tissue which support and surround organs example: muscles, bones, and nerves
Visceral fascia is only made up of what type of tissue
loose connective tissue
What is superficial fascia composed of
loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
What is the ground substance like in fibrocartilage
lower concentration of proteoglycans than either hyaline cartilage or elastic cartilage
function of visceral fascia
makes it possible for overlying musculature to contract and move easily over the serous membrane without impinging upon the contents of the body cavities helps provide support for organs/structure associated with the serous membrane
Deep fascial forms
tough sheets. wrapping around organs which provides support
Why is deep fascia interconnected?
transmits forces places on one part of the body throughout the rest of the body
What are tendons made of
type 1 collagen(95%) with some elastic(1-2%) and reticular (1-5%) fibers as well
How much can tendons stretch
106%
What makes tendons so flexible
70-50% is water. Makes it flexible
What is cartilage
A type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix, containing a high concentration of fibers
Where are chondroblasts and chondrocytes found
Chondrocytes are found in interior residing within lucunae of the matrix chondroblasts are found on the exterior
Which type of cartilage is ALWAYS covered by a perichondrium
Elastic
Which type of cartilage is NEVER covered by a perichondrium
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is SOMETIMEs covered by a perichondrium
Hyaline
Do tendons have perforating fibers?
Yes. Also known as sharpey's fibers
What is chondronectin
a glycoprotein involved in bonding chondrocytes to surrounding matrix
What is a epitendinuem made of
aka epitenon. A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that contains scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, and nerve fibers
What is Visceral fascia
aka subserous fascia. loose connective tissue lying between deep fascia and the serous membranes lining internal body cavities
What does the semi-rigid nature of the ground substance in cartilage do
allos for the tissue to deform under forces, then return to its original shape when forces are removed
Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium except for what types
articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
What is the function of superficial fascia
attaches skin to underlying structures and allows it to move easily over the underlying structures. Provides insulation and padding/protection
What provides nourishment for cartilage cells
blood vessels within perichondrium
Where can tendons be redirected around/over?
bony prominences
What is the function of the inter muscular septa in deep fascia
bundles muscles together into compartments
In cartilage, fiber types depends on the type of
cartilage
What is the ECM composed of in cartilage?
chondroblasts and maintained by chondrocytes
What is appositional growth
chondroblasts found on external surface of cartilage make new cartilage matrix and adds the new layers to the outside of the cartilage . Continues until puberty. Also repairs damaged cartilage.
What is interstitial growth
chondrocytes in lacunae undergo cell division. Occurs primarily during earliest stages of development ends soon after birth
What is in the proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage
chondroitin sulfate (some keratin sulfate) bonded to core proteins then bonded to HA
What are tendons
connects muscle to bone
What is the cellular layer of the perichondrium
deep, containing fibroblasts and progenitor cells (prechondroblasts)
What is deep fascia made of
dense connective tissues and some dense irregular connective tissue. Slightly stretchable; also cap and of contraction and stiffening
What type of tissue are tendons composed of
dense regular connective tissue
What is a tendon surrounded by
epitendineum
What does tendon failure result from
extreme force or extreme deformation(stretch)
What is a synovial sheath
modified epitendineum where the epitendineum is made up of two layers, with a thin, viscous fluid in-between. Where a tendon passes through a synovial joint cavity or where a tendon or multiple tendons pass through a narrow/confined space (carpal tunnel)
What is hyaline cartilage involved in the formation of
most bones (endochondral bone formation)
What is hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage
What is in the ECM of hyaline cartilage
most rigid of all types of cartilage. Ground substance is firm gel of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
What is in ground substance in tendons
mostly proteoglycans, GAGs (dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid)
What are epiphyseal plates shourshed by
nearby blood vessels in the adjacent bone tissue
What is the blood supply like in cartilage
no direct blood supply, chondrocytes and chondroblasts are supplied by blood vessels external to the cartilage structure
What is the blood supply of ligaments
no fascicles or covering, so no direct blood supply
Where is hyaline cartilage found
nose, articular cartilages, costal cartilages, tracheal and bronchial rings, some cartilages of the larynx
What happens to tenocytes when aging
number decrease
What is articular cartilage nourished by
nutrients contained within synovial fluid in joint cavity
What does deep fascia surround
organs such as heart and kidneys, bones, muscles, blood vessels, and tendons
Most of the time, Cartilage is enclosed by a
perichondrium
What is in the ground substance in cartilage
proteoglycans (GAGs, and mostly hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate) and glycoproteins
Is deep fascia vascular
richly innervated but not well vascularized
What is in the covering of a fascicle
scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, nerve fibers
what is another name for perforating fibers
sharpey's fibers
Do energy-storing tendons contain more or less elastic fibers compared to positional tendons?
slightly more
What is the healing after injury like in ligaments
slower than tendons bc there is less vascularization
How much fibrocartilage is in tendons and where can it be found
small amount of fibrocartilage found in tendons. fibrocartilage is always at the end of tendons. Is only in the middle of a few tendons when going around a sharp corner of a bone.
What is the retinaculum
specialized ligament where a strap of dense regular connect tissue holds underlying muscle tendons in place
What is the structure of a tendon and an example
strap/cord like or a broad sheet-like structure example: aponeurosis
What are ligaments
straps of dense regular connective tissue going from one bone to another (could be two parts of the same bone). Subject to tensile forces; slightly stretchable
Over time tendons become:
stronger and stiffer when subjected to increased stress and weaker and less still when subjected to decreased stress
What does superficial fascia make up
subcutaneous layer(hypodermis) of the skin
What are the characteristics of cartilage
subject to compressive forces, resulting from weight bearing and locomotion. Fibrocartilage also deals with tensile forces
What is the fibrous layer of the perichondrium
superficial, composed of the dense irregular connective tissue and scattered fibroblasts, small blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels
What are the 3 types of fascia
superficial, deep, visceral (subserous)
What is a group of fascicles called
tendon
What conditions do tendons function under
tensile
What are tendons formed from
the connective tissue coverings of the muscle. Tendon fibers then become incorporated into outer layers of bone tissue and are called perforating fibers
What is an example of a synovial sheath
the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachia passing through the glenohumeral joint
What is the sickness of superficial fascia
thickness can vary depending on the region of the body
Organization and composition of ligaments in comparison to tendons
type 1 collagen. Fibers are interwoven instead of parallel. less collagen fibers(70-80%), more elastic (1-5%) and reticular fibers (1-10%). No internal layers of loose connective tissue, no outer covering of dense connective tissue, and no specialized cells within the ligament. Few fibroblasts are scattered
