Cognition and Learning test 1

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was

William Wundt

differential reinforcement of other behavior

implementation of reinforcing only the appropriate response (or behavior you wish to increase) and applying extinction to all other responses.

Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________responding.

increases; decreases

whats a neutral stimulus

initially neutral...meaning that it doesn't elicit a response on its own

whats a conditioned response

learned response

ebbinghaus

learning and forgetting curves; 3 syllable nonsense words

good continuation gestalt law

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

watson

little albert, studied stimulus response, believed that psychology should be limited to an objective observation

where passageway

locating object; parietal lobe

little albert US

loud noise

donders

measured reaction time

whats an unconditioned response

natural response

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

According to the behaviorists, only the study of _____ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

observable behavior

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

skinner

operant conditioning

speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

analytical introspection

participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

oblique effect

people can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

top down processing

perception may start with brain; existing knowledge, experience, and expectations influence the way someone experiences something new

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

__________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely.

punishment

little albert NS

rat

little albert CS

rat + loud noise

post reinforcement pause

responses will briefly cease immediately following reinforcement, though the pause is a function of the upcoming response requirement rather than the prior reinforcement.

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

we must understand the basic components of perception

likelihood principle

we perceive the world in a way that is "most likely" based on our past experience

extinction

what happens when reinforcement stops

positive punishment

you're bad, here is a spanking (decreases behavior by giving undesired consequence)

negative punishment

you're bad, you don't get your car for a week (decreases behavior by taking away something they want)

what passageway

identifying object; temporal

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of ______processing.

top-down

helmholtz

unconscious inference; likelihood principle

A manager checks his workers a random amount of time each day of the week. what type of fixed variable interval ratio crap is this?

variable interval

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiment?

3 letter nonsense words

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytical Introspection

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and behavioral reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Classical Conditioning

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

Cognition

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

Cognitive Psychology

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

Cognitive psychology

What is a operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the response after a specific time interval?

Fixed interval

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called

Fixed ratio

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

When Ira goes to restaurants and orders appetizers, he sometimes receives them within five minutes, sometimes within ten minutes, and sometimes within fifteen minutes. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable interval

What is an operant schedule in which the individual receives one reinforcement for several responses; the number of responses required varies but averages out to the ratio value?

Variable ratio

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program

whats an unconditioned stimulus

automatically elicits a response/no training needed

how are cognitive psychology and behaviorism different?

behavior can be measured without any reference to the mind

pavlovs dogs NS

bell

pavlovs dogs CS

bell + food

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of processing.

bottom-up

thorndike

cats like food too, law of effect

pavlov

classical conditioning with dogs and salivation

classical conditioning vs operant conditioning

classical deals with reflexes we already possess and operant deals with learned responses due to consequences

extinction burst

concept of eliminating a behavior by refusing to reinforce it.

russell learns EVERY time he sees a green flag means conditions are perfect for swimming. this is....

continuous

What in operant conditioning, is the delivery of a reinforcer for every single response.

continuous reinforcement

little albert UR

cries

little albert CR

cries after seeing rat

fixed interval

defined by amount of time that must pass since the previous reinforcer

variable interval

defined by the average time interval which must elapse since the last reinforcer

fixed ratio

defined by the number of responses the organism must make in order to get a reinforcer

variable ratio

defined in terms of the average number of responses required to receive a reinforcer

bottom up processing

early model that emphasized nociceptors that would send pain messages directly to brain; incoming raw data; perception starts with the sense

bayesian inference

estimate of probability based on past experiences and likelihood

pragnanz gestalt law

every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

structuralism

experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

experiencing neuromodulation

pavlovs dogs US

food

positive reinforcement

good job, here is a dollar. (increases behavior by giving a reward)

negative reinforcement

good job, you don't have to do chores tonight! (increases behavior by taking something undesired away)

chompsky and bandura

how to learn with out being directly shocked

pavlovs dogs UR

salivation

pavlovs dogs CR

salivation after hearing the bell

sensation vs perception

senses PROVIDE the info for perception to occur; perception is the experience resulting from the the stimulation of the senses

similarity gestalt law

similar things appear grouped together

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

simplicity

shaping

some learning does not occur in a single event; series of successive steps leads to a learned behavior

whats a conditioned stimulus

stimulus being added

Wudnt

structualism; analytical introspection; first lab

token economy

system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.

speech segmentation

the ability to tell when one word ends and another begins