Physiology Lab 12: Blood Glucose Metabolism (part 2)

*What are the highest acceptable blood glucose levels during the test? At what time in the test do these values occur?*

170 mg/dL & 30 minutes into the test

*What is the time duration of the OGTT?*

2 hours

*What is the range of normal values of blood glucose at the beginning (time zero) of the test?*

80-100 mg/dL

*What is the range of normal values of blood glucose at the end of the OGTT?*

85-105 mg/dL

which individual is more likely to have diabetes mellitus? Maria: 90, 140, 150, 135, 110 Laura: 110, 170, 220, 270, 300

*Laura*, because blood glucose levels are higher than normal

How many times do you think each person ate during the 6 hour span? How do you know?

Look at the peaks Linden- 3 times Miriam- 2 times Carter- 2 times

Describe the relationship between blood glucose and blood insulin levels.

When the level of blood glucose rises, the body will signal the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. The lower the insulin level the higher the blood glucose level.

Diabetics are often required to monitor their blood glucose levels to determine if/when they require a shot of insulin. Under what conditions should diabetic individuals give themselves a shot of insulin?

When they have high blood glucose levels

When *blood glucose* levels are *low*, ___________ in the _______ __________ of the __________ detect low blood glucose and are stimulated to release the hormone __________.

chemoreceptors alpha cells pancreas glucagon

When *blood glucose* levels *rise* after food intake, _______ in the _____ _____ of the _________ detect increased blood glucose and are stimulated to release the hormone _______.

chemoreceptors, beta cells, pancreas, insulin

*What are some possible side effects of high blood glucose levels?*

damaged blood vessels and the kidneys

*Insulin _______ blood glucose levels?*

decreases

diabetes mellitus

disease in which blood glucose metabolism DOES NOT stay within normal ranges

When are blood glucose levels low?

during periods between meals

How often are the measurements of the patient's blood glucose levels taken?

every 30 minutes OR every hour for 2 hours

What should the patient do 8 to 10 hours prior to the test (usually overnight)

fast, no eating or drinking

A modified version of the glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose:

gestational diabetes

*Blood levels* of _________, ________ ______, and __________ *rise*.

glucose fatty acids glycerol

*Insulin increases* the uptake of glucose by increasing the number of ______ _______ _______ in the target cell membrane

glucose transport proteins

*Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are:*

high

Describe the components of a healthy breakfast

high in fiber and low in sugar

*Glucagon_______ blood glucose levels?*

increases

*How is the volume and concentration of the glucose solution determined? Does the solution differ amongst different patients?*

it's determined according to the patient's body weight; yes it differs

*What are some possible side effects of low blood glucose levels?*

lethargy mental + physical impairment death

*Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are:*

low

What units are used to measure *blood glucose*?

mg/dL

What units are used to measure *blood insulin*?

pmol/L

Insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in _________ muscle.

skeletal

in adipose tissue, insulin increases the production of __________.

stored fat

in the liver, insulin stimulates the production of more ____________.

stored glycogen

How do you know who has the greater pancreatic response to the OGTT?

the higher the insulin levels the greater the pancreatic response

The glucose tolerance test can be used to screen for:

type 2 diabetes

The *oral glucose tolerance* test measures:

your body's response to sugar (glucose)

Describe the relationship between carbohydrates and blood glucose

Carbohydrates that cause a rapid increase in blood glucose have high numbers, whereas carbohydrates that cause a gradual increase in blood glucose have lower numbers

What is the patient instructed to eat during the days leading up to the test?

a normal diet

Glycemic Index

a numeric scale, ranging from 1 to 100, that serves as an indicator of how rapidly a food causes an increase in blood glucose levels.

*What doe people consume at the start of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?*

a prepared glucose solution

Insulin

a protein hormone that is secreted into the blood by the pancreas

gestational diabetes

a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy