Plan B

Diverse protists that possess saclike membrane vesicles at the cell periphery, and may have cilia or flagella for movement, are classified in the supergroup called

Alveolata

The phyla Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Dinozoa are contained within the eukaryotic supergroup

Alveolata

The following phylogenetic tree illustrates the close association between three eukaryotic supergroups. These are as follows: A = ; B = ; and C =

Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria

Based on this phylogenetic tree, the most closely related group are:

Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhizaria

According to the phylogenetic tree shown, which description best explains our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotic supergroups?

Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhizaria are the most closely related supergroups. Discoba are as closely related to amoebozoans as they are to land plants and their relatives.

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some dinoflagellates?

Alveoli contain cellulose plates Cause red tides Mutualistic with corals

movement occurs when cytoplasm flows into extended pseudopodia, causing the rest of the cell to follow.

Amoeboid

Protists that move via extension of pseudopodia are members of which eukaryotic supergroup?

Amoebozoa

Protists that possess pseudopodia, such as the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are members of the eukaryotic supergroup

Amoebozoa

Which group of organisms is most closely related to the choanoflagellates?

Animals

In addition to humans, the malarial parasite spends part of its life cycle inside mosquitoes of the genus

Anopheles

The supergroup Alveolata contains which protist phyla?

Apicomplexa Dinozoa Ciliophora

Genomic study has suggested targeting which of the following for potential treatment of malaria?

Apicoplast enzymes

Select all late-diverging phyla of the Kingdom Fungi.

Ascomycota Mucoromycota Basidiomycota

Which type of reproductive strategy involves alternation between relatively fast population growth by repeated mitotic division and periods of dormancy facilitated by the formation of cysts?

Asexual

According to this phylogenetic tree, which of the following are the closest relatives of the Mucormycota?

Basidiomycota

Select the largely terrestrial fungal lineages among the following:

Basidiomycota Ascomycota Mucoromycota

Cladophora has walls composed of which of the following which gives it a potential to form fossil remains?

Cellulose

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata?

Cellulose plates Flagella or cilia Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Secondary or tertiary plastids

The Rhizaria supergroup includes which phyla?

Chlorarachniophyta Radiolaria Foraminifera

The majority of green algae belong to the Phylum

Chlorophyta

To which phylum do the majority of green algae belong?

Chlorophyta

Which of the following fungal phyla is considered early-diverging?

Chytridiomycota

What fungal group often produces flagellated gametes?

Chytrids

Members of the supergroup use a feeding groove to collect food particles, which are then ingested by phagocytosis, and digested into small molecules that can be used for energy.

Discoba

Which of the following refers to a relationship where a smaller species lives within the body of a larger species?

Endosymbiosis

What is the function of the flagellar hairs possessed by stramenopiles?

Enhancement of swimming efficiency

Identify the genus of the organism in the photo.

Euglena

Which of the following is true regarding the growth of a mycelium?

It grows from nutrient-poor areas to nutrient-rich areas.

Match each type of endosymbiosis with its description.

Primaryn - A prokaryote is engulfed and retained by a heterotrophic host cell. Secondary - A eukaryote that possesses a plastid that originated from a cyanobacterium is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell. Tertiary - A eukaryote with a secondary plastid is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell.

Which of the following best describes how many of the Discoba obtain nutrients for energy?

Small particles enter the feeding groove, are ingested through phagocytosis, and are digested into small molecules.

What is true regarding fungi and predation?

Some fungi prey on small soil animals like nematodes.

Protists that employ the haploid dominant life cycle may produce what pairs of gametes?

Sperm and eggs + and - mating types

The eukaryotic supergroup _______ includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists that have secondary plastids and produce cells with flagellar hairs.

Stramenopila

Which two supergroups are most closely related to the alveolates?

Stramenopila Rhizaria

What happens to the conidia released by fungi?

The conidia germinate into new mycelia, which will produce more conidia.

What are basidiocarps?

The fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes

Why are the fossil shells of foraminiferans useful?

The ratio of oxygen isotopes in the fossils reflect past water temperatures

Which of the following are commercial uses of diatoms?

Their genomes may lend insight for industrial microfabrication applications. They can be mined for use in reflective paint and other industrial products.

What is the significance of coccolithophorids to ecosystems?

They affect climate by reflecting sunlight and producing compounds that foster cloud formation.

What is the function of the pores of ascomycete septate hyphae?

They allow transfer of material along the hyphae.

What statements describe the ecological and economic significance of the green algae? (Choose three)

They are a source of food for many aquatic animals. They are potential sources of renewable oil supplies. They can cause harmful algal blooms.

Some species of brown algae are economically and environmentally significant in what ways? Select all that apply.

They are a source of polysaccharide emulsifiers. They act as nurseries for commercially important fish and shellfish.

How are the hyphae of predatory fungi specialized for the role of capturing prey?

They are adhesive or form a loop.

Select all features of Cryptomycota.

They are found in both water and moist soil They are single or few-celled organisms

Fungi secrete enzymes that break down complex organic materials and absorb the resulting small food molecules into their cells. This is called nutrition.

absorptive

What type of nutrition do fungi have?

absorptive

Which of the following characters are shared by animals and fungi? (Select all that apply.)

absorptive nutrition store excess energy as glycogen heterotrophic

A toxin is a compound synthesized by some protists that deters small herbivores by:

affecting them physiologically

Multicellular green and brown seaweeds undergo a life cycle known as of

alternation generations

The life cycle employed by many multicellular green and brown algae that involves a switch between haploid gametophyte cells and diploid sporophyte cells is called the ______ life cycle.

alternation of generations

Members of the Alveolata possess saclike, membranous vesicles that lie just under the plasma membrane; these are called

alveoli

The saclike, membranous vesicles that are found under the plasma membrane of some protists are known as:

alveoli

Protist cells that move using pseudopodia are known as:

amoebae

This electron micrograph shows a type of protist known as a(n):

amoebozoan

Fungi are most closely related to the kingdom.

animal

The malarial agent Plasmodium falciparum and the related Cryptosporidium parvum are examples of:

apicomplexans

Cryptomonads are:

aquatic single-celled flagellates

The plastids of Cryptomonad are secondary because they:

are derived from a photosynthetic eukaryote

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called

ascocarps

The most common fungal component of lichens is a(n):

ascomycete

Many yeasts are classified as

ascomycetes

The fungus, is the most common fungal element in lichens.

ascomycetes

Septate hyphae are only found in two fungal lineages: the and the

ascomycetes basidiomycetes

The two most recently evolved phyla of fungi are the and the

ascomycetes basidiomycetes

What are the two most recently evolved phyla of fungi?

ascomycetes basidiomycetes

What are the two most recently diverging phyla of fungi?

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

Ascomycete fungi produce sexual spores called

ascospores

What is the name of the sexual spores produced by ascomycetes?

ascospores

Ascomycetes produce sac-like sporangia called

ascus

In fungi, reproduction is a cloning process that produces genetically identical organisms, and reproduction generates new combinations of alleles.

asexual sexual

In diatoms, reproduction results in a decrease in average cell size of the population after each division, whereas reproduction restores the maximum cell size for the species.

asexual sexual

Both yeast budding and production of conidia are examples of:

asexual reproduction

Parasitic Discoba protists can feed by phagocytosis but they can also:

attack host cells absorbing food from them

Some Discoba protists can become parasites because they:

attack host cells to obtain food

Which of the following is not a feature of fungi?

autotrophic

In basidiomycetes, club-shaped cells known as ________ produce sexual spores and are usually located on the undersides of fruiting bodies.

basidia

The club-shaped cells in fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called

basidia

The name of the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes (often referred to as mushrooms) is

basidiocarp

Which phylum produces fruiting bodies known as mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts?

basidiomycetes

Which two fungal lineages have septate hyphae?

basidiomycetes ascomycetes

Which two groups of fungi diverged most recently?

basidiomycetes ascomycetes

Some species of marine dinoflagellates are able to use ______ as a defense mechanism, deterring herbivores by startling them or making them more visible to predators.

bioluminescence

Polysaccharide emulsifiers called alginates are isolated from algae.

brown

The polysaccharide emulsifiers known as alginates are produced by

brown algae

What are two forms of asexual reproduction in fungi? (Select all that apply.)

budding production of conidia

Carrageenan, agar, and agarose are complex that are extracted from red algae.

carbohydrates

The green alga Cladophora which grows in lakes and desert streams produces thick walls of the polysaccharide

cellulose

Fungal cell walls are made of

chitin

The cell walls of later-diverging fungi are composed of the polysaccharide

chitin

Based on this phylogenetic tree, a common feature of all fungi is:

chitin in cell wall

The are single-celled or colonial protists which possess a collar of cytoplasmic extensions that allows them to filter bacterial food from water currents generated by flagellar motion.

choanoflagellates

The protists that are most closely related to animals are:

choanoflagellates

What group of fungi often lives in aquatic habitats or moist soil?

chytrids

Among protists, ______ have one of the most complex sexual processes. Their reproductive cycle involves conjugation, division of micronuclei by meiosis, and production of macronuclei via mitosis.

ciliates

Because flagellar motion is not powerful enough to keep larger bodies afloat, ______ are typically larger than ______.

ciliates; flagellates

The basidiomycetes derive their name from:

club-shaped cells called basidia that produce sexual spores

The cliffs of Dover, England are deposits of calcium carbonate produced by __________

coccolithophorids

Aseptate hyphae carrying many nuclei are said to be

coenocytic

What are puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts?

common names for diverse basidiomycete fruiting bodies

Select all characterstics of basidiomycetes.

complex pores septate hyphae fruiting bodies

Select all features of the fungal cell wall.

composed of chitin facilitates osmotrophy

After germination of a spore, a fungal mycelium grows and produces asexual spores called

conidia

Asexual spores that form at the tips of fungal hyphae are called

conidia

Sexual reproduction in ciliates is accomplished via

conjugation

Unicellular flagellates that contain red, blue-green, or brown secondary plastids and are closely related to plants are:

cryptomonads

A thick-walled unicellular life stage produced by many protists as the result of asexual or sexual reproduction that can remain dormant during stressful periods is known as a(n)

cyst

Ciliate protists reproduce asexually by mitosis and formation of

cysts

Many species of protists produce unicellular by asexual or sexual reproduction so that they can remain dormant during periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability.

cysts

Aseptate hyphae are multinucleate because nuclear division occurs repeatedly without

cytokinesis

Fungal hyphae will be multinucleate if nuclear division is not followed by:

cytokinesis

During growth, ______ delivers vesicles to the hyphal tip.

cytoplasmic streaming

Select all cellular processes that are important for fungal tip growth.

cytoplasmic streaming osmosis

Over time, asexual reproduction ______ the average cell size in a population of diatoms.

decreases

Specialized cell covers of protists can help protists themselves from predators.

defend

Bioluminescence, toxins, and rigid cell walls composed of silica, cellulose, or calcium carbonate are just a few examples of adaptations used by protists for

defense.

Fungi that colonize the human epidermis are known as

dermatophytes

Accumulations of the walls of diatoms can be mined and used commercially. The product is known as

diatomaceous earth

Stramenopile protists with double silicate shells are commonly called

diatoms

Stramenopile protists with elaborately ornamented double shells made of silica are:

diatoms

Stramenopile protists with silicate glass cell walls are called

diatoms

About half of ______ species are heterotrophic, and half possess photosynthetic plastids that were derived by secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis.

dinoflagellates

Excess nutrients created by human activities and input into aquatic ecosystems may cause population explosions of ______, which may then produce sufficient concentrations of toxin to impact aquatic animals and humans that eat them.

dinoflagellates

In the ______ life cycle, diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce gametes, which are the only haploid cells in the life cycle

diploid dominant

In an intimate relationship between two organisms, the smaller species that lives within the body of the larger species is known as the:

endosymbiont

An association between two organisms in which a smaller species lives within the body of a larger species is known as

endosymbiosis

Which of the following fungi cause disease in crops?

ergot rusts

Although both are members of the supergroup Excavata, ______ may be heterotrophic or autotrophic whereas ______ are parasitic heterotrophs that possess kinetoplasts.

euglenoids; kinetoplastids

Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic host cell consumes another cell.

eukaryotic

Euglenoids are able to sense light-dark differences by means of a structure called a(n) found at the base of the flagellum.

eyespot

The conspicuous red structure with light-sensing abilities found at the base of a flagellum in many euglenoids is known as a(n):

eyespot

True or false: Terrestrial fungi produce male and female gametes.

false

Fungal hyphae are:

filaments composed of fungal cells

Many green algae possess ______ or the ability to produce them during the development of reproductive cells.

flagella

Red algae are characterized by the absence of . The lack of these structures is a feature that has strongly influenced the evolution of red algae and resulted in unusually complex life cycles.

flagella

Select all ways in which humans have harnessed fungal biochemistry.

flavoring of foods production of antibiotics manufacture of soft drinks

The fossil shells of ______ are widely used to infer past climatic conditions.

foraminiferans

The fungal mating structure composed of mated hyphae of fungi that often emerge from the substrate is known as a(n)

fruiting

What is a unique feature of fungal sexual reproduction not found in other eukaryotes?

fruiting bodies

What are ascocarps?

fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes are

fungi whose septate hyphae contain complex pores and reproduce asexually by various types of spores

Which of the following types of fungi are not included in the phylum Ascomycota?

fungi with flagellated gametes

What is plasmogamy?

fusion of the cytoplasms of gametes

The diploid dominant life cycle involves a zygote undergoing mitosis to produce a population of diploid cells, which then undergo meiosis to produce , which are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.

gametes

Land plants evolved directly from ______ ancestors.

green algal

G. intestinalis and T. vaginalis are both trichomonads but the size of their genomes differ. This may be due to their different

habitats.

Flagellate stramenopile cells have flagella with

hair

The sexual life cycles in protists are of three main ways: diploid dominant how is the sexual life cycle employed by many red algae different from the life cycle of other multicellular seaweeds, dominant, and of

haploid alternation generations

In the - life cycle, environmental conditions stimulate the development of haploid cells into gametes of two mating types. The gametes fuse to produce a dormant diploid zygote.

haploid dominant

The ______ life cycle involves the development of haploid cells into gametes that fuse to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes division by meiosis to yield four haploid cells, which increase in population by mitosis and may yield gametes when environmental conditions stimulate them to do so.

haploid-dominant

In the alternation of generations life cycle, the gametophyte is ______, while the sporophyte is ______.

haploid; diploid

One reason that yeast is a good model organism for scientific research is that it:

has a short life cycle

All fungi are

heterotrophic

Both animals and fungi are , which means they are incapable of producing their own food and must obtain it from the environment.

heterotrophic

What is the term that describes an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain it from the environment?

heterotrophic

Trichomonas vaginalis is a metamonad. It is best described as a(n):

heterotrophic flagellate

The mitochondria-like structures of T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are

highly modified simple

T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are similar because:

horizontal gene transfer has greatly affected their genomes they lack the protein myosin

In an endosymbiotic association, the larger species is referred to as the

host

In an endosymbiotic relationship, a smaller species physically inhabits a larger species. The larger species is called the:

host

What are septate hyphae?

hyphae that contain perforated cross walls

What structures function as gametes during sexual reproduction in fungi?

hyphal branches

Select all of the features that apply to fungi:

hyphal growth processes heterotrophic intranuclear spindle fruiting bodies

In endosymbiosis, the endosymbiont lives the body of the host.

in

In conjugation, the transfer of genetic material:

is bidirectional

Trichomonas vaginalis has a genome that is 160 Mb with a core set of about 60,000 protein-coding genes. This is unusual because

it represents one of the largest coding capacities among eukaryotes. it is about 14 times as large as G. intestinalis.

The fusion of the nuclei of two mated gametes is called:

karyogamy

Giant brown algae that form extensive underwater forests are known as

kelp

This figure shows forests of giant , which are examples of stramenopiles.

kelp

What is true about chytrids?

killing frog populations

A large mass of DNA found in the single large mitochondrion of some protists is known as a(n):

kinetoplast

Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei are examples of:

kinetoplastids

The organisms shown in the photomicrograph are:

kinetoplastids

In the taxonomic hierarchy, the fungi make up a(n)

kingdom

What level of taxonomic designation is the group known as Fungi?

kingdom

The ascomycetes and basidiomycetes display many adaptations to life on

land

Photosynthetic protists with primary or secondary plastids that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular and may or may not possess flagella are close relatives of _______ ______.

land plants

In ciliates, the DNA that is transcribed and expressed is found in:

macronuclei

Dinoflagellates use flashes of blue light as a defense mechanism. It both startles the predator and also may

make the herbivores glow becoming visible to fish

Parasitic protists of the genus Plasmodium cause the disease

malaria

The release of merozoites from red blood cells causing fever and chills is a symptom of the disease , which is caused by the Plasmodium protist.

malaria

The parasite that causes the disease ______ is an example of a parasitic protist that uses multiple ______ for different life stages.

malaria; hosts

Match the structure in ascomycete fungi with the proper karyotype.

mated hyphae - dikaryotic zygote - diploid ascospores - haploid

What are fruiting bodies?

mated hyphae that release spores

Dinoflagellate blooms:

may result in enough toxin to cause poisoning in humans result in the production of toxins that impact aquatic wildlife

Members of the phylum Apicomplexa include:

medically important parasites

Haploid spores are produced when fungal zygotes undergo

meiosis

A diagnostic test for malaria includes seeing rings caused by the ______ stage of Plasmodium within red blood cells under the microscope.

merozoite

In ciliates, the function of ______ is to transmit the genome to the next generation during sexual reproduction.

micronuclei

Ciliates are unusual in having two type of nuclei. These are called and

micronucleus macronucleus

Malaria is responsible for ______ of human infections and deaths each year.

millions

An innovation that occurred early in protist evolutionary history was endosymbiotic bacterial cells giving rise to ______ -- organelles found in most modern protists.

mitochondria

It was once thought that T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis lacked , but it is now recognized that they posses simpler structures that have been highly modified.

mitochondria

Select all characteristics of chytrids.

mostly decomposers but can be parasites or pathogens found in water and moist soil

The slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has been used as a model organism for studying

movement development communication among cells

In general, red algae are

multicellular and aquatic.

Coenocytic hyphae are

multinucleate

What are aseptate hyphae?

multinucleate hyphae that are not partitioned into cells

The fungal structure that is circled in this figure is a(n)

mycelium

The fungus structure that is circled in this figure is a:

mycelium

Protist classification continues to change because:

new species are still being discovered molecular genetic methods reveal previously unknown relationships

Select all advantages of asexual reproduction in fungi.

no need to find compatible mates no need to expend resources making fruiting bodies ability to spread very quickly by dispersing conidia

Humans use many products from obtained from red algae including:

nori agar carrageenan

How do aseptate fungi become multinucleate?

nuclear division without cytokinesis

A dikaryotic cell contains two different:

nuclei

In the image of Leishmania shown, A refers to the and B refers to the

nucleus kinetoplast

In what way are fungi and animals most similar?

nutrition

How many fungi comprise a single mycelium?

one

The significance of endosymbiosis in protist evolution centers on the origin of complex

organelles

When a heterotrophic host cell engulfs but does not consume a prokaryotic organism, retaining some of the prokaryote's useful traits, we refer to this as endosymbiosis.

primary

Select the characteristics of ascomycetes.

produce asci, ascospores and ascocarps produce a dikaryotic mycelium with two kinds of nuclei

What does a spore do when it settles in a proper environment?

produces a new mycelium

Fungi arose from:

protists

Sexual reproduction originated in:

protists

Amoebae are protist cells that move using structures called

pseudopodia

Temporary cytoplasmic extensions that assist in movement of amoebae across surfaces are known as

pseudopodia

When reproducing in response to low food supplies, Dictyostelium discoideum forms multicellular

slugs.

Fungal spores are an adaptation to a(n) habitat

soil

Sexual reproduction is found in ______ protists.

some

Fungal zygotes that undergo meiosis produce:

spores

What fungal structures germinate to produce new mycelia?

spores

are fungal reproductive cells that are produced by meiosis and protected by tough walls.

spores

What are conidia?

spores produced by asexual reproduction

The asexual life stage of Plasmodium is called the

sporozoite.

The array of organic compounds a fungus can use as food is termed its

substrate

What term describes the array of organic compounds used as food by a fungus?

substrate

A ______ includes one or more eukaryotic phyla that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.

supergroup

A(n) is a level of classification that includes one or more eukaryotic phyla (which may be in different kingdoms) that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.

supergroup

Members of the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta are characterized by possession of:

swimming cells with a single, posterior flagellum

Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have adaptations to live in a(n) ______ habitat.

terrestrial

The spores produced by fungi reflect a major adaptation to a(n):

terrestrial habitat

Fungi can not ingest food because:

they have rigid cell walls

A compound synthesized by some protists that inhibits animal physiology and may function to deter small herbivores is known as a(n):

toxin

True or False: Each cell of a dikaryotic mycelium possesses two nuclei, which are derived from the two parents.

true

True or false: Basidiomycetes can reproduce asexually.

true

True or false: Fungi are heterotrophic.

true

True or false: Many yeasts are ascomycetes.

true

True or false: Some ascomycetes form partnerships with plant roots, and have edible fruiting bodies.

true

true or false: The phylum Ascomycota includes decomposers and pathogens

true

A dikaryotic cell contains

two separate nuclei

Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype.

unfused hyphae - haploid fused hyphae - dikaryotic basidia - dikaryotic then diploid

What are yeasts?

unicellular fungi

Most trichomonads inhabit animal intestines but T. vaginalis has adapted to a different habitat, the:

urogenital tract

Select all suitable habitats for chytrids.

water moist soil

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called

yeast

Select all of the members of the kingdom Fungi from the list below.

yeast black bread molds wheat rust

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

1 - Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed. 2 - clamp connections distribute nuclei as the mycelium grows by mitosis 3 - A fruiting body is produced. 4 - Nuclei in basidia fuse, then undergo meiosis. 5 - Basidiospores are released

Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top.

1 - Hyphae mate by plasmogamy 2 - a dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp 3 - nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy 4 - meiosis occurs 5 - ascospores are released

Put the events that occur during the life cycle of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum in the correct order, beginning with fertilization at the top.

1. Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote 2. Zygote divides by meiosis to produce haploid sporozoites 3. Sporozoites enter human blood by a mosquito bite, then enter liver cells. 4. The merozoite stages of Plasmodium form; they are then released in the blood, where they enter red blood cells and reproduce. 5. Gamerocytes are formed and are taken up by a biting mosquito. 6. In mosquitos, gametocytes produce gametes.

Primary endosymbiosis is associated with a plastid that possesses ______ membranes.

2

Approximately what percentage of humans live in parts of the word where malaria occurs?

40%

Identify the morphological features of Euglena by matching each term to the letter indicated on the photomicrograph.

A - Eyespot B - Carbohydrate storage particle C - Green plastids D - Protein strips

Identify the parts of a flagellate stramenopile cell by matching each letter to the structure indicated.

A - Flagellar hairs B - Plastids C - Nucleus D - Food Storage

Which of the following best describes amoeboid movement?

A creeping motion caused by the flow of cytoplasm into pseudopodia

What type of microbe is shown in this electron micrograph?

A diatom

What is a dermatophyte?

A fungus that colonizes the human epidermis

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some euglenoids?

A light-sensing system at the base of the flagellum Flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane Conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles

______ of the eukaryotic supergroups include phyla of protists.

All

Match the phyla of fungi with the description of their reproduction.

Chytrids - flagellate spores or gametes Zygomycetes - asexual spores in sporangia Mucoromycota - large, multinucleate asexual spores Ascomycetes - sexual spores in sacs on fruiting bodies Basidiomycetes - sexual spores on club shaped fruiting bodies

Which of the following life cycles is characterized by the absence of gametes?

Ciliate

What makes ciliates different than other protists?

Ciliates possess two types of nuclei

Which of the following are characteristics of choanoflagellates?

Closely related to fungi and animals Can be single-celled or colonial Have a collar of cytoplasmic extensions

What are basidia?

Club-shaped cells that produce basidiospores

Microsporidia are included among the:

Cryptomycota

Why are some fungal hyphae multinucleate?

Cytokinesis does not occur following nuclear division.

What statement describes mating in terrestrial fungi?

Different biochemical mating types of the same species are attracted to each other.

Which of the following groups of protists is well-known for production of toxins for defense?

Dinoflagellates

are protists well-known for production of toxins for defense, often having negative effects on water quality and large animals when found in high densities.

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are members of what phylum?

Dinozoa

The three major types of sexual life cycles in protists are:

Diploid dominant Alternation of generations Haploid dominant

______ are often photosynthetic with a unique light-sensing system and conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles. They use flagella and flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane for locomotion.

Euglenoids

True or false: All protists undergo sexual reproduction.

False

True or false: Euglenoids and kinetoplastids are both excavates, but euglenoids are parasitic heterotrophs, and kinetoplastids are typically autotrophic.

False

True or false: The flagellar hairs of stramenopiles are used in defense.

False

Select all ways in which sexual reproduction in fungi is similar to that in plants.

Fertilization produces zygotes Meiosis produces spores Gametes unite to produce the next generation

Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim?

Flagella Cilia

Select all of the characteristics that can be found in members of the supergroup Stramenopila.

Flagellar hairs Silica cell walls Multicellularity

Sexual reproduction in fungi differs from that in plants because:

Fungi do not produce eggs and sperm

Many protists undergo an alternation of generations life cycle. What are these two generations called?

Gametophyte Sporophyte

What was discovered in sequencing the genome of the choanoflagellates?

Genes shared by choanoflagellates and animals played a role in the evolution of animal multicellularity

Which statement is false regarding asexual reproduction in fungi?

Genetic recombination allows for greater diversity of offspring

Which of the following is a member of the Metamonads of the supergroup Discoba?

Giardia

Match each life cycle with how gametes are produced by organisms that employ that life cycle. Instructions

Haploid-dominant matches - Haploid cells develop into gametes, which fuse to produce a thick-walled diploid zygote. Alternation of generations matches - The multicellular haploid gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis. Diploid-dominant matches - Gametes are produced by meiosis, and are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.

Select the statement that best describes the events involved in asexual reproduction in fungi.

Hyphal tips produce genetically identical spores, which are dispersed and form new mycelia when they land in a suitable environment

Where does the sexual reproductive stage of Plasmodium occur?

In the mosquito gut

How does the presence of cilia affect protist body size relative to that of flagellates?

It allows them to be larger and still remain buoyant in water.

Why is asexual reproduction advantageous to fungi?

It allows them to spread very rapidly.

Why do many types of protists form cysts?

It helps them to survive in adverse environmental conditions.

How is the sexual life cycle employed by many red algae different from the life cycle of other multicellular seaweeds?

It includes a second sporophyte stage.

What limitation does a cell wall impose on fungal cells?

It prevents them from engulfing food particles.

______ are heterotrophic, often parasitic, flagellate protists that obtain nutrition through phagocytosis and possess a large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion.

Kinetoplastids

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the relationships between land plants and protists?

Land plants are descended from green algal ancestors and are also closely related to red algae.

How do protists such as Plasmodium falciparum and many diatoms glide along surfaces?

Like a snail, they secrete a protein or carbohydrate slime.

Ciliate asexual reproduction involves what steps?

Mitotic division of the macronucleus Mitotic division of the micronucleus Cyst formation

Which of the following serve as the malarial parasite's alternate host?

Mosquitoes

Which of the following are characteristics of the green algae?

Most possess primary plastids Many possess flagella

Select all of the examples of defensive adaptations in protists.

Mucilage secretion Toxins Cellulose cell walls Silica cell walls

The earliest fungi arose from protists related to the modern genus:

Nuclearia

Which of the following is not in the kingdom Fungi?

Nuclearia

Diatoms have a rather unusual mitotic division. How so?

One daughter cell is the same size as the parent but the other is somewhat smaller.

which of the following protists move by secreting a protein or carbohydrate slime for gliding along surfaces?

Plasmodium falciparum Some diatom species

What is the origin of the two nuclei in a dikaryotic mycelium?

One nucleus was inherited from each parent.

Protists and related organisms that are characterized by a single posterior flagellum on swimming cells are classified in which eukaryotic supergroup?

Opisthokonta

Which eukaryotic supergroup includes multicellular animals, fungi, and related protists?

Opisthokonta

is the eukaryotic supergroup that includes true fungi, all multicellular animals, and the protists to which they are closely related.

Opisthokonta

The organism in the electron micrograph is a member of what genus?

Paramecium (a ciliate)

fungi help to maintain population levels of other organisms.

Pathogenic

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some kinetoplastids?

Pathogenic A large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion

An example of a medically important species of Apicomplexa is ___________, that causes malaria.

Plasmodium

Which of the following causes malaria?

Plasmodium

Identify the structure indicated by the line label.

Pseudopod

What protists are used to produce carrageenan (a common food additive) and nori (sushi wrappers)?

Red algae

In what ways does malaria affect the human body?

Red blood cells are destroyed when merozoites cause them to burst Sporozoites invade liver cells Merozoites invade red blood cells

Flagellate or amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia are members of what eukaryotic supergroup?

Rhizaria

The phyla Chlorarachniophyta, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera are members of the eukaryotic supergroup

Rhizaria

Three supergroups seem to form a cluster in phylogenetic studies. These include:

Rhizaria Stramenopila Alveolata

Match the eukaryotic supergroup with the characteristics of organisms it includes.

Rhizaria - have thin, spiky cytoplasmic extensions called filose pseudopodia Alveolata - have saclike membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Stramenopila - have strawlike hair on their flagella

The red algae are classified in the Phylum

Rhodophyta

To which phylum do the red algae belong?

Rhodophyta

Which fungus is a widely used model organism for fundamental biological studies?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Rhizaria?

Secondary green plastids Filose pseudopodia

Which of the following statements is false regarding fungal gametes?

They are produced by mitosis.

Which of the following is true regarding decomposer fungi?

They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae

What benefit is conferred to protists that are able to reproduce sexually?

They can adapt more quickly to environmental change

Which of the following statements is true regarding basidiomycete relationships with plants?

They can be beneficial partners such as mycorrhizae or pathogens such as rusts and smuts.

What is the ecological role of basidiomycetes in forests?

They can be decomposers and form mycorrhizal partnerships in forests.

Select all true statements about the gametes of terrestrial fungi.

They exhibit biochemical mating types. They are composed of cells of hyphal branches.

Which of the following is false regarding the cell walls of fungi?

They prevent the formation of gametes.

Select all ecological benefits of decomposer fungi.

They remove organic debris. They release minerals into the soil. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae.

How do predatory fungi use hyphae to capture prey such as soil nematodes?

They trap them.

True or False: All protists can reproduce asexually.

True

True or false: Sexual reproduction originated among protists.

True

True or false: Some eukaryotic supergroups contain only protist phyla.

True

True or false: Some parasitic protists use more than one host to complete their life cycles.

True

Examples of pathogenic kinetoplastids are:

Trypanosoma Leishmania

Sleeping sickness is caused by:

Trypanosoma brucei

Which of the following steps are included in sexual reproduction in ciliates?

Two rounds of cytokinesis Division of micronuclei by meiosis Conjugation Fusion of micronuclei to produce a diploid nucleus

What type of protist is likely to display a haploid dominant life cycle?

Unicellular green algae

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some of the close protist relatives of land plants?

Unicellularity Primary plastids Multicellularity Flagella

How do predatory fungi attack their prey?

With specialized hyphae that act as snares.

How does sexual reproduction affect diatom size?

Zygotes are able to produce new cells that have the maximal size for the species.

What is wheat rust?

a common crop disease caused by fungi

Newly discovered species and results from molecular genetic methods have resulted in:

a constantly changing classification of the protists

saccharomyces cerevisiae is a good model organism because it is:

a eukaryote with a short life cycle

What is a mycelium?

a fungal body form composed of branched hyphae

The presence of apicoplasts in P. falciparum and their absence from mammalian cells makes the enzymes present in the apicoplasts:

a good drug target for treating malaria

In protists, a cyst is:

a life stage that can remain dormant during periods of physiological stress

In addition to increasing genetic diversity, the diploid-dominant life style offers diatoms:

a mechanism to attain maximal cell size

Which of the following best describes the mycelium?

a structure made of branched hyphae

The reproductive adaptations that have made it possible for protists to thrive include:

a variety of sexual life cycles specialized asexual reproductive cells tough-walled dormant cells for periods of environmental stress

Studies shown that the choanoflagellate carry genes that it shared only with animals. These included genes for

p53 protein, a cell cycle regulator cell adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins

The cellular process by which an organism obtains energy from a food particle by digesting the particle with enzymes inside a cytoplasmic vesicle is known as

phagocytosis

The process in which an organism consumes an object by surrounding the object in a vesicle of plasma membrane, which then pinches off within the cytoplasm, and digesting the object by secreting enzymes within the vesicle is known as:

phagocytosis

Primary plastids are organelles that evolved via endosymbiosis; they possess ______ capabilities.

photosynthetic

Truffles and morels are the edible fruiting bodies of ascomycetes that associate with:

plant roots

Organelles found in plant and algal cells that were acquired evolutionarily through endosymbiosis and are distinguished by their synthetic abilities are:

plastids

Some protists possess green ______, which are photosynthetic organelles that were acquired evolutionarily via endosymbiosis.

plastids

Fungal hyphae grow from areas where nutrients are to areas where nutrients are .

poor rich

Fungal hyphae grow from areas that are ______ into areas that are ______.

poor in nutrients rich in nutrients

What is one advantage of fungal pathogens in nature?

population control

What structures in ascomycete septate hyphae allow material to pass through the hyphae?

pores

Phagocytosis without digestion of a bacterial cell by a simple protist (one that lacks a plastid) can result in endosymbiosis.

primary

The process by which a prokaryotic organism, such as a cyanobacterium, is engulfed and retained within a heterotrophic host cell, providing it with useful traits, is known as ______ endosymbiosis.

primary

Select all characteristics of hyphal growth in fungi.

rapid growth growth toward nutrient-rich areas growth at the tips

Some species of ______ algae display a variation of the alternation of generation life cycle that involves ______ distinct multicellular generations.

red; three

Faster evolutionary response to environmental change is an advantage of the ability of some protists to:

reproduce sexually

Meiosis and the production of cysts, spores, gametes, and zygotes are all adaptations employed by protists for

reproduction

What are spores?

reproductive cells produced by meiosis

Some green algae are important in medicine because they produce channel ______, which are light-activated ion channels.

rhodopsins

Select human diseases caused by fungi.

ringworm athlete's foot

A common group of pathogenic crop fungi named for their reddish spores are

rusts

Cryptomonads and haptophytes have ______ plastids.

secondary

The plastids of Cryptomonads and Haptophytes originated from endosymbiosis.

secondary

The process by which organisms possessing plastids derived from cyanobacteria are retained and become endosymbiotic in another organism is known as ______ endosymbiosis.

secondary

This figure highlights the process of ______ endosymbiosis.

secondary

endosymbiosis occurs when an organism possessing primary plastids is retained after being consumed by a host organism.

secondary

Haptophytes have plastids that arose from __________ of red algae plastids.

secondary endosymbiosis

The process in which a eukaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryotic cell that possesses plastids derived from cyanobacteria is

secondary endosymbiosis

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it

serves as a model organism for research studies

Basidiomycetes can reproduce:

sexually and asexually

How do fungi reproduce?

sexually and asexually

Select the features that make S. cerevisiae a good model organism.

short life cycle genomes are similar to those of humans easy and safe to maintain

Specialized cell coverings used by protists for defense include:

silica cellulose spiny cell walls slimy mucilage