Plan B
Diverse protists that possess saclike membrane vesicles at the cell periphery, and may have cilia or flagella for movement, are classified in the supergroup called
Alveolata
The phyla Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, and Dinozoa are contained within the eukaryotic supergroup
Alveolata
The following phylogenetic tree illustrates the close association between three eukaryotic supergroups. These are as follows: A = ; B = ; and C =
Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria
Based on this phylogenetic tree, the most closely related group are:
Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhizaria
According to the phylogenetic tree shown, which description best explains our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotic supergroups?
Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Rhizaria are the most closely related supergroups. Discoba are as closely related to amoebozoans as they are to land plants and their relatives.
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some dinoflagellates?
Alveoli contain cellulose plates Cause red tides Mutualistic with corals
movement occurs when cytoplasm flows into extended pseudopodia, causing the rest of the cell to follow.
Amoeboid
Protists that move via extension of pseudopodia are members of which eukaryotic supergroup?
Amoebozoa
Protists that possess pseudopodia, such as the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, are members of the eukaryotic supergroup
Amoebozoa
Which group of organisms is most closely related to the choanoflagellates?
Animals
In addition to humans, the malarial parasite spends part of its life cycle inside mosquitoes of the genus
Anopheles
The supergroup Alveolata contains which protist phyla?
Apicomplexa Dinozoa Ciliophora
Genomic study has suggested targeting which of the following for potential treatment of malaria?
Apicoplast enzymes
Select all late-diverging phyla of the Kingdom Fungi.
Ascomycota Mucoromycota Basidiomycota
Which type of reproductive strategy involves alternation between relatively fast population growth by repeated mitotic division and periods of dormancy facilitated by the formation of cysts?
Asexual
According to this phylogenetic tree, which of the following are the closest relatives of the Mucormycota?
Basidiomycota
Select the largely terrestrial fungal lineages among the following:
Basidiomycota Ascomycota Mucoromycota
Cladophora has walls composed of which of the following which gives it a potential to form fossil remains?
Cellulose
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata?
Cellulose plates Flagella or cilia Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Secondary or tertiary plastids
The Rhizaria supergroup includes which phyla?
Chlorarachniophyta Radiolaria Foraminifera
The majority of green algae belong to the Phylum
Chlorophyta
To which phylum do the majority of green algae belong?
Chlorophyta
Which of the following fungal phyla is considered early-diverging?
Chytridiomycota
What fungal group often produces flagellated gametes?
Chytrids
Members of the supergroup use a feeding groove to collect food particles, which are then ingested by phagocytosis, and digested into small molecules that can be used for energy.
Discoba
Which of the following refers to a relationship where a smaller species lives within the body of a larger species?
Endosymbiosis
What is the function of the flagellar hairs possessed by stramenopiles?
Enhancement of swimming efficiency
Identify the genus of the organism in the photo.
Euglena
Which of the following is true regarding the growth of a mycelium?
It grows from nutrient-poor areas to nutrient-rich areas.
Match each type of endosymbiosis with its description.
Primaryn - A prokaryote is engulfed and retained by a heterotrophic host cell. Secondary - A eukaryote that possesses a plastid that originated from a cyanobacterium is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell. Tertiary - A eukaryote with a secondary plastid is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell.
Which of the following best describes how many of the Discoba obtain nutrients for energy?
Small particles enter the feeding groove, are ingested through phagocytosis, and are digested into small molecules.
What is true regarding fungi and predation?
Some fungi prey on small soil animals like nematodes.
Protists that employ the haploid dominant life cycle may produce what pairs of gametes?
Sperm and eggs + and - mating types
The eukaryotic supergroup _______ includes a wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists that have secondary plastids and produce cells with flagellar hairs.
Stramenopila
Which two supergroups are most closely related to the alveolates?
Stramenopila Rhizaria
What happens to the conidia released by fungi?
The conidia germinate into new mycelia, which will produce more conidia.
What are basidiocarps?
The fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes
Why are the fossil shells of foraminiferans useful?
The ratio of oxygen isotopes in the fossils reflect past water temperatures
Which of the following are commercial uses of diatoms?
Their genomes may lend insight for industrial microfabrication applications. They can be mined for use in reflective paint and other industrial products.
What is the significance of coccolithophorids to ecosystems?
They affect climate by reflecting sunlight and producing compounds that foster cloud formation.
What is the function of the pores of ascomycete septate hyphae?
They allow transfer of material along the hyphae.
What statements describe the ecological and economic significance of the green algae? (Choose three)
They are a source of food for many aquatic animals. They are potential sources of renewable oil supplies. They can cause harmful algal blooms.
Some species of brown algae are economically and environmentally significant in what ways? Select all that apply.
They are a source of polysaccharide emulsifiers. They act as nurseries for commercially important fish and shellfish.
How are the hyphae of predatory fungi specialized for the role of capturing prey?
They are adhesive or form a loop.
Select all features of Cryptomycota.
They are found in both water and moist soil They are single or few-celled organisms
Fungi secrete enzymes that break down complex organic materials and absorb the resulting small food molecules into their cells. This is called nutrition.
absorptive
What type of nutrition do fungi have?
absorptive
Which of the following characters are shared by animals and fungi? (Select all that apply.)
absorptive nutrition store excess energy as glycogen heterotrophic
A toxin is a compound synthesized by some protists that deters small herbivores by:
affecting them physiologically
Multicellular green and brown seaweeds undergo a life cycle known as of
alternation generations
The life cycle employed by many multicellular green and brown algae that involves a switch between haploid gametophyte cells and diploid sporophyte cells is called the ______ life cycle.
alternation of generations
Members of the Alveolata possess saclike, membranous vesicles that lie just under the plasma membrane; these are called
alveoli
The saclike, membranous vesicles that are found under the plasma membrane of some protists are known as:
alveoli
Protist cells that move using pseudopodia are known as:
amoebae
This electron micrograph shows a type of protist known as a(n):
amoebozoan
Fungi are most closely related to the kingdom.
animal
The malarial agent Plasmodium falciparum and the related Cryptosporidium parvum are examples of:
apicomplexans
Cryptomonads are:
aquatic single-celled flagellates
The plastids of Cryptomonad are secondary because they:
are derived from a photosynthetic eukaryote
Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called
ascocarps
The most common fungal component of lichens is a(n):
ascomycete
Many yeasts are classified as
ascomycetes
The fungus, is the most common fungal element in lichens.
ascomycetes
Septate hyphae are only found in two fungal lineages: the and the
ascomycetes basidiomycetes
The two most recently evolved phyla of fungi are the and the
ascomycetes basidiomycetes
What are the two most recently evolved phyla of fungi?
ascomycetes basidiomycetes
What are the two most recently diverging phyla of fungi?
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
Ascomycete fungi produce sexual spores called
ascospores
What is the name of the sexual spores produced by ascomycetes?
ascospores
Ascomycetes produce sac-like sporangia called
ascus
In fungi, reproduction is a cloning process that produces genetically identical organisms, and reproduction generates new combinations of alleles.
asexual sexual
In diatoms, reproduction results in a decrease in average cell size of the population after each division, whereas reproduction restores the maximum cell size for the species.
asexual sexual
Both yeast budding and production of conidia are examples of:
asexual reproduction
Parasitic Discoba protists can feed by phagocytosis but they can also:
attack host cells absorbing food from them
Some Discoba protists can become parasites because they:
attack host cells to obtain food
Which of the following is not a feature of fungi?
autotrophic
In basidiomycetes, club-shaped cells known as ________ produce sexual spores and are usually located on the undersides of fruiting bodies.
basidia
The club-shaped cells in fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called
basidia
The name of the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes (often referred to as mushrooms) is
basidiocarp
Which phylum produces fruiting bodies known as mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts?
basidiomycetes
Which two fungal lineages have septate hyphae?
basidiomycetes ascomycetes
Which two groups of fungi diverged most recently?
basidiomycetes ascomycetes
Some species of marine dinoflagellates are able to use ______ as a defense mechanism, deterring herbivores by startling them or making them more visible to predators.
bioluminescence
Polysaccharide emulsifiers called alginates are isolated from algae.
brown
The polysaccharide emulsifiers known as alginates are produced by
brown algae
What are two forms of asexual reproduction in fungi? (Select all that apply.)
budding production of conidia
Carrageenan, agar, and agarose are complex that are extracted from red algae.
carbohydrates
The green alga Cladophora which grows in lakes and desert streams produces thick walls of the polysaccharide
cellulose
Fungal cell walls are made of
chitin
The cell walls of later-diverging fungi are composed of the polysaccharide
chitin
Based on this phylogenetic tree, a common feature of all fungi is:
chitin in cell wall
The are single-celled or colonial protists which possess a collar of cytoplasmic extensions that allows them to filter bacterial food from water currents generated by flagellar motion.
choanoflagellates
The protists that are most closely related to animals are:
choanoflagellates
What group of fungi often lives in aquatic habitats or moist soil?
chytrids
Among protists, ______ have one of the most complex sexual processes. Their reproductive cycle involves conjugation, division of micronuclei by meiosis, and production of macronuclei via mitosis.
ciliates
Because flagellar motion is not powerful enough to keep larger bodies afloat, ______ are typically larger than ______.
ciliates; flagellates
The basidiomycetes derive their name from:
club-shaped cells called basidia that produce sexual spores
The cliffs of Dover, England are deposits of calcium carbonate produced by __________
coccolithophorids
Aseptate hyphae carrying many nuclei are said to be
coenocytic
What are puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts?
common names for diverse basidiomycete fruiting bodies
Select all characterstics of basidiomycetes.
complex pores septate hyphae fruiting bodies
Select all features of the fungal cell wall.
composed of chitin facilitates osmotrophy
After germination of a spore, a fungal mycelium grows and produces asexual spores called
conidia
Asexual spores that form at the tips of fungal hyphae are called
conidia
Sexual reproduction in ciliates is accomplished via
conjugation
Unicellular flagellates that contain red, blue-green, or brown secondary plastids and are closely related to plants are:
cryptomonads
A thick-walled unicellular life stage produced by many protists as the result of asexual or sexual reproduction that can remain dormant during stressful periods is known as a(n)
cyst
Ciliate protists reproduce asexually by mitosis and formation of
cysts
Many species of protists produce unicellular by asexual or sexual reproduction so that they can remain dormant during periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability.
cysts
Aseptate hyphae are multinucleate because nuclear division occurs repeatedly without
cytokinesis
Fungal hyphae will be multinucleate if nuclear division is not followed by:
cytokinesis
During growth, ______ delivers vesicles to the hyphal tip.
cytoplasmic streaming
Select all cellular processes that are important for fungal tip growth.
cytoplasmic streaming osmosis
Over time, asexual reproduction ______ the average cell size in a population of diatoms.
decreases
Specialized cell covers of protists can help protists themselves from predators.
defend
Bioluminescence, toxins, and rigid cell walls composed of silica, cellulose, or calcium carbonate are just a few examples of adaptations used by protists for
defense.
Fungi that colonize the human epidermis are known as
dermatophytes
Accumulations of the walls of diatoms can be mined and used commercially. The product is known as
diatomaceous earth
Stramenopile protists with double silicate shells are commonly called
diatoms
Stramenopile protists with elaborately ornamented double shells made of silica are:
diatoms
Stramenopile protists with silicate glass cell walls are called
diatoms
About half of ______ species are heterotrophic, and half possess photosynthetic plastids that were derived by secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis.
dinoflagellates
Excess nutrients created by human activities and input into aquatic ecosystems may cause population explosions of ______, which may then produce sufficient concentrations of toxin to impact aquatic animals and humans that eat them.
dinoflagellates
In the ______ life cycle, diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce gametes, which are the only haploid cells in the life cycle
diploid dominant
In an intimate relationship between two organisms, the smaller species that lives within the body of the larger species is known as the:
endosymbiont
An association between two organisms in which a smaller species lives within the body of a larger species is known as
endosymbiosis
Which of the following fungi cause disease in crops?
ergot rusts
Although both are members of the supergroup Excavata, ______ may be heterotrophic or autotrophic whereas ______ are parasitic heterotrophs that possess kinetoplasts.
euglenoids; kinetoplastids
Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic host cell consumes another cell.
eukaryotic
Euglenoids are able to sense light-dark differences by means of a structure called a(n) found at the base of the flagellum.
eyespot
The conspicuous red structure with light-sensing abilities found at the base of a flagellum in many euglenoids is known as a(n):
eyespot
True or false: Terrestrial fungi produce male and female gametes.
false
Fungal hyphae are:
filaments composed of fungal cells
Many green algae possess ______ or the ability to produce them during the development of reproductive cells.
flagella
Red algae are characterized by the absence of . The lack of these structures is a feature that has strongly influenced the evolution of red algae and resulted in unusually complex life cycles.
flagella
Select all ways in which humans have harnessed fungal biochemistry.
flavoring of foods production of antibiotics manufacture of soft drinks
The fossil shells of ______ are widely used to infer past climatic conditions.
foraminiferans
The fungal mating structure composed of mated hyphae of fungi that often emerge from the substrate is known as a(n)
fruiting
What is a unique feature of fungal sexual reproduction not found in other eukaryotes?
fruiting bodies
What are ascocarps?
fruiting bodies of ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes are
fungi whose septate hyphae contain complex pores and reproduce asexually by various types of spores
Which of the following types of fungi are not included in the phylum Ascomycota?
fungi with flagellated gametes
What is plasmogamy?
fusion of the cytoplasms of gametes
The diploid dominant life cycle involves a zygote undergoing mitosis to produce a population of diploid cells, which then undergo meiosis to produce , which are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.
gametes
Land plants evolved directly from ______ ancestors.
green algal
G. intestinalis and T. vaginalis are both trichomonads but the size of their genomes differ. This may be due to their different
habitats.
Flagellate stramenopile cells have flagella with
hair
The sexual life cycles in protists are of three main ways: diploid dominant how is the sexual life cycle employed by many red algae different from the life cycle of other multicellular seaweeds, dominant, and of
haploid alternation generations
In the - life cycle, environmental conditions stimulate the development of haploid cells into gametes of two mating types. The gametes fuse to produce a dormant diploid zygote.
haploid dominant
The ______ life cycle involves the development of haploid cells into gametes that fuse to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes division by meiosis to yield four haploid cells, which increase in population by mitosis and may yield gametes when environmental conditions stimulate them to do so.
haploid-dominant
In the alternation of generations life cycle, the gametophyte is ______, while the sporophyte is ______.
haploid; diploid
One reason that yeast is a good model organism for scientific research is that it:
has a short life cycle
All fungi are
heterotrophic
Both animals and fungi are , which means they are incapable of producing their own food and must obtain it from the environment.
heterotrophic
What is the term that describes an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain it from the environment?
heterotrophic
Trichomonas vaginalis is a metamonad. It is best described as a(n):
heterotrophic flagellate
The mitochondria-like structures of T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are
highly modified simple
T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis are similar because:
horizontal gene transfer has greatly affected their genomes they lack the protein myosin
In an endosymbiotic association, the larger species is referred to as the
host
In an endosymbiotic relationship, a smaller species physically inhabits a larger species. The larger species is called the:
host
What are septate hyphae?
hyphae that contain perforated cross walls
What structures function as gametes during sexual reproduction in fungi?
hyphal branches
Select all of the features that apply to fungi:
hyphal growth processes heterotrophic intranuclear spindle fruiting bodies
In endosymbiosis, the endosymbiont lives the body of the host.
in
In conjugation, the transfer of genetic material:
is bidirectional
Trichomonas vaginalis has a genome that is 160 Mb with a core set of about 60,000 protein-coding genes. This is unusual because
it represents one of the largest coding capacities among eukaryotes. it is about 14 times as large as G. intestinalis.
The fusion of the nuclei of two mated gametes is called:
karyogamy
Giant brown algae that form extensive underwater forests are known as
kelp
This figure shows forests of giant , which are examples of stramenopiles.
kelp
What is true about chytrids?
killing frog populations
A large mass of DNA found in the single large mitochondrion of some protists is known as a(n):
kinetoplast
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma brucei are examples of:
kinetoplastids
The organisms shown in the photomicrograph are:
kinetoplastids
In the taxonomic hierarchy, the fungi make up a(n)
kingdom
What level of taxonomic designation is the group known as Fungi?
kingdom
The ascomycetes and basidiomycetes display many adaptations to life on
land
Photosynthetic protists with primary or secondary plastids that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular and may or may not possess flagella are close relatives of _______ ______.
land plants
In ciliates, the DNA that is transcribed and expressed is found in:
macronuclei
Dinoflagellates use flashes of blue light as a defense mechanism. It both startles the predator and also may
make the herbivores glow becoming visible to fish
Parasitic protists of the genus Plasmodium cause the disease
malaria
The release of merozoites from red blood cells causing fever and chills is a symptom of the disease , which is caused by the Plasmodium protist.
malaria
The parasite that causes the disease ______ is an example of a parasitic protist that uses multiple ______ for different life stages.
malaria; hosts
Match the structure in ascomycete fungi with the proper karyotype.
mated hyphae - dikaryotic zygote - diploid ascospores - haploid
What are fruiting bodies?
mated hyphae that release spores
Dinoflagellate blooms:
may result in enough toxin to cause poisoning in humans result in the production of toxins that impact aquatic wildlife
Members of the phylum Apicomplexa include:
medically important parasites
Haploid spores are produced when fungal zygotes undergo
meiosis
A diagnostic test for malaria includes seeing rings caused by the ______ stage of Plasmodium within red blood cells under the microscope.
merozoite
In ciliates, the function of ______ is to transmit the genome to the next generation during sexual reproduction.
micronuclei
Ciliates are unusual in having two type of nuclei. These are called and
micronucleus macronucleus
Malaria is responsible for ______ of human infections and deaths each year.
millions
An innovation that occurred early in protist evolutionary history was endosymbiotic bacterial cells giving rise to ______ -- organelles found in most modern protists.
mitochondria
It was once thought that T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis lacked , but it is now recognized that they posses simpler structures that have been highly modified.
mitochondria
Select all characteristics of chytrids.
mostly decomposers but can be parasites or pathogens found in water and moist soil
The slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has been used as a model organism for studying
movement development communication among cells
In general, red algae are
multicellular and aquatic.
Coenocytic hyphae are
multinucleate
What are aseptate hyphae?
multinucleate hyphae that are not partitioned into cells
The fungal structure that is circled in this figure is a(n)
mycelium
The fungus structure that is circled in this figure is a:
mycelium
Protist classification continues to change because:
new species are still being discovered molecular genetic methods reveal previously unknown relationships
Select all advantages of asexual reproduction in fungi.
no need to find compatible mates no need to expend resources making fruiting bodies ability to spread very quickly by dispersing conidia
Humans use many products from obtained from red algae including:
nori agar carrageenan
How do aseptate fungi become multinucleate?
nuclear division without cytokinesis
A dikaryotic cell contains two different:
nuclei
In the image of Leishmania shown, A refers to the and B refers to the
nucleus kinetoplast
In what way are fungi and animals most similar?
nutrition
How many fungi comprise a single mycelium?
one
The significance of endosymbiosis in protist evolution centers on the origin of complex
organelles
When a heterotrophic host cell engulfs but does not consume a prokaryotic organism, retaining some of the prokaryote's useful traits, we refer to this as endosymbiosis.
primary
Select the characteristics of ascomycetes.
produce asci, ascospores and ascocarps produce a dikaryotic mycelium with two kinds of nuclei
What does a spore do when it settles in a proper environment?
produces a new mycelium
Fungi arose from:
protists
Sexual reproduction originated in:
protists
Amoebae are protist cells that move using structures called
pseudopodia
Temporary cytoplasmic extensions that assist in movement of amoebae across surfaces are known as
pseudopodia
When reproducing in response to low food supplies, Dictyostelium discoideum forms multicellular
slugs.
Fungal spores are an adaptation to a(n) habitat
soil
Sexual reproduction is found in ______ protists.
some
Fungal zygotes that undergo meiosis produce:
spores
What fungal structures germinate to produce new mycelia?
spores
are fungal reproductive cells that are produced by meiosis and protected by tough walls.
spores
What are conidia?
spores produced by asexual reproduction
The asexual life stage of Plasmodium is called the
sporozoite.
The array of organic compounds a fungus can use as food is termed its
substrate
What term describes the array of organic compounds used as food by a fungus?
substrate
A ______ includes one or more eukaryotic phyla that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.
supergroup
A(n) is a level of classification that includes one or more eukaryotic phyla (which may be in different kingdoms) that share distinctive morphological and ecological characteristics.
supergroup
Members of the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta are characterized by possession of:
swimming cells with a single, posterior flagellum
Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have adaptations to live in a(n) ______ habitat.
terrestrial
The spores produced by fungi reflect a major adaptation to a(n):
terrestrial habitat
Fungi can not ingest food because:
they have rigid cell walls
A compound synthesized by some protists that inhibits animal physiology and may function to deter small herbivores is known as a(n):
toxin
True or False: Each cell of a dikaryotic mycelium possesses two nuclei, which are derived from the two parents.
true
True or false: Basidiomycetes can reproduce asexually.
true
True or false: Fungi are heterotrophic.
true
True or false: Many yeasts are ascomycetes.
true
True or false: Some ascomycetes form partnerships with plant roots, and have edible fruiting bodies.
true
true or false: The phylum Ascomycota includes decomposers and pathogens
true
A dikaryotic cell contains
two separate nuclei
Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype.
unfused hyphae - haploid fused hyphae - dikaryotic basidia - dikaryotic then diploid
What are yeasts?
unicellular fungi
Most trichomonads inhabit animal intestines but T. vaginalis has adapted to a different habitat, the:
urogenital tract
Select all suitable habitats for chytrids.
water moist soil
Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called
yeast
Select all of the members of the kingdom Fungi from the list below.
yeast black bread molds wheat rust
Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.
1 - Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed. 2 - clamp connections distribute nuclei as the mycelium grows by mitosis 3 - A fruiting body is produced. 4 - Nuclei in basidia fuse, then undergo meiosis. 5 - Basidiospores are released
Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top.
1 - Hyphae mate by plasmogamy 2 - a dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp 3 - nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy 4 - meiosis occurs 5 - ascospores are released
Put the events that occur during the life cycle of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum in the correct order, beginning with fertilization at the top.
1. Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote 2. Zygote divides by meiosis to produce haploid sporozoites 3. Sporozoites enter human blood by a mosquito bite, then enter liver cells. 4. The merozoite stages of Plasmodium form; they are then released in the blood, where they enter red blood cells and reproduce. 5. Gamerocytes are formed and are taken up by a biting mosquito. 6. In mosquitos, gametocytes produce gametes.
Primary endosymbiosis is associated with a plastid that possesses ______ membranes.
2
Approximately what percentage of humans live in parts of the word where malaria occurs?
40%
Identify the morphological features of Euglena by matching each term to the letter indicated on the photomicrograph.
A - Eyespot B - Carbohydrate storage particle C - Green plastids D - Protein strips
Identify the parts of a flagellate stramenopile cell by matching each letter to the structure indicated.
A - Flagellar hairs B - Plastids C - Nucleus D - Food Storage
Which of the following best describes amoeboid movement?
A creeping motion caused by the flow of cytoplasm into pseudopodia
What type of microbe is shown in this electron micrograph?
A diatom
What is a dermatophyte?
A fungus that colonizes the human epidermis
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some euglenoids?
A light-sensing system at the base of the flagellum Flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane Conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles
______ of the eukaryotic supergroups include phyla of protists.
All
Match the phyla of fungi with the description of their reproduction.
Chytrids - flagellate spores or gametes Zygomycetes - asexual spores in sporangia Mucoromycota - large, multinucleate asexual spores Ascomycetes - sexual spores in sacs on fruiting bodies Basidiomycetes - sexual spores on club shaped fruiting bodies
Which of the following life cycles is characterized by the absence of gametes?
Ciliate
What makes ciliates different than other protists?
Ciliates possess two types of nuclei
Which of the following are characteristics of choanoflagellates?
Closely related to fungi and animals Can be single-celled or colonial Have a collar of cytoplasmic extensions
What are basidia?
Club-shaped cells that produce basidiospores
Microsporidia are included among the:
Cryptomycota
Why are some fungal hyphae multinucleate?
Cytokinesis does not occur following nuclear division.
What statement describes mating in terrestrial fungi?
Different biochemical mating types of the same species are attracted to each other.
Which of the following groups of protists is well-known for production of toxins for defense?
Dinoflagellates
are protists well-known for production of toxins for defense, often having negative effects on water quality and large animals when found in high densities.
Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are members of what phylum?
Dinozoa
The three major types of sexual life cycles in protists are:
Diploid dominant Alternation of generations Haploid dominant
______ are often photosynthetic with a unique light-sensing system and conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles. They use flagella and flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane for locomotion.
Euglenoids
True or false: All protists undergo sexual reproduction.
False
True or false: Euglenoids and kinetoplastids are both excavates, but euglenoids are parasitic heterotrophs, and kinetoplastids are typically autotrophic.
False
True or false: The flagellar hairs of stramenopiles are used in defense.
False
Select all ways in which sexual reproduction in fungi is similar to that in plants.
Fertilization produces zygotes Meiosis produces spores Gametes unite to produce the next generation
Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim?
Flagella Cilia
Select all of the characteristics that can be found in members of the supergroup Stramenopila.
Flagellar hairs Silica cell walls Multicellularity
Sexual reproduction in fungi differs from that in plants because:
Fungi do not produce eggs and sperm
Many protists undergo an alternation of generations life cycle. What are these two generations called?
Gametophyte Sporophyte
What was discovered in sequencing the genome of the choanoflagellates?
Genes shared by choanoflagellates and animals played a role in the evolution of animal multicellularity
Which statement is false regarding asexual reproduction in fungi?
Genetic recombination allows for greater diversity of offspring
Which of the following is a member of the Metamonads of the supergroup Discoba?
Giardia
Match each life cycle with how gametes are produced by organisms that employ that life cycle. Instructions
Haploid-dominant matches - Haploid cells develop into gametes, which fuse to produce a thick-walled diploid zygote. Alternation of generations matches - The multicellular haploid gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis. Diploid-dominant matches - Gametes are produced by meiosis, and are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.
Select the statement that best describes the events involved in asexual reproduction in fungi.
Hyphal tips produce genetically identical spores, which are dispersed and form new mycelia when they land in a suitable environment
Where does the sexual reproductive stage of Plasmodium occur?
In the mosquito gut
How does the presence of cilia affect protist body size relative to that of flagellates?
It allows them to be larger and still remain buoyant in water.
Why is asexual reproduction advantageous to fungi?
It allows them to spread very rapidly.
Why do many types of protists form cysts?
It helps them to survive in adverse environmental conditions.
How is the sexual life cycle employed by many red algae different from the life cycle of other multicellular seaweeds?
It includes a second sporophyte stage.
What limitation does a cell wall impose on fungal cells?
It prevents them from engulfing food particles.
______ are heterotrophic, often parasitic, flagellate protists that obtain nutrition through phagocytosis and possess a large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion.
Kinetoplastids
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the relationships between land plants and protists?
Land plants are descended from green algal ancestors and are also closely related to red algae.
How do protists such as Plasmodium falciparum and many diatoms glide along surfaces?
Like a snail, they secrete a protein or carbohydrate slime.
Ciliate asexual reproduction involves what steps?
Mitotic division of the macronucleus Mitotic division of the micronucleus Cyst formation
Which of the following serve as the malarial parasite's alternate host?
Mosquitoes
Which of the following are characteristics of the green algae?
Most possess primary plastids Many possess flagella
Select all of the examples of defensive adaptations in protists.
Mucilage secretion Toxins Cellulose cell walls Silica cell walls
The earliest fungi arose from protists related to the modern genus:
Nuclearia
Which of the following is not in the kingdom Fungi?
Nuclearia
Diatoms have a rather unusual mitotic division. How so?
One daughter cell is the same size as the parent but the other is somewhat smaller.
which of the following protists move by secreting a protein or carbohydrate slime for gliding along surfaces?
Plasmodium falciparum Some diatom species
What is the origin of the two nuclei in a dikaryotic mycelium?
One nucleus was inherited from each parent.
Protists and related organisms that are characterized by a single posterior flagellum on swimming cells are classified in which eukaryotic supergroup?
Opisthokonta
Which eukaryotic supergroup includes multicellular animals, fungi, and related protists?
Opisthokonta
is the eukaryotic supergroup that includes true fungi, all multicellular animals, and the protists to which they are closely related.
Opisthokonta
The organism in the electron micrograph is a member of what genus?
Paramecium (a ciliate)
fungi help to maintain population levels of other organisms.
Pathogenic
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some kinetoplastids?
Pathogenic A large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion
An example of a medically important species of Apicomplexa is ___________, that causes malaria.
Plasmodium
Which of the following causes malaria?
Plasmodium
Identify the structure indicated by the line label.
Pseudopod
What protists are used to produce carrageenan (a common food additive) and nori (sushi wrappers)?
Red algae
In what ways does malaria affect the human body?
Red blood cells are destroyed when merozoites cause them to burst Sporozoites invade liver cells Merozoites invade red blood cells
Flagellate or amoeboid protists with filose pseudopodia are members of what eukaryotic supergroup?
Rhizaria
The phyla Chlorarachniophyta, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera are members of the eukaryotic supergroup
Rhizaria
Three supergroups seem to form a cluster in phylogenetic studies. These include:
Rhizaria Stramenopila Alveolata
Match the eukaryotic supergroup with the characteristics of organisms it includes.
Rhizaria - have thin, spiky cytoplasmic extensions called filose pseudopodia Alveolata - have saclike membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Stramenopila - have strawlike hair on their flagella
The red algae are classified in the Phylum
Rhodophyta
To which phylum do the red algae belong?
Rhodophyta
Which fungus is a widely used model organism for fundamental biological studies?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Rhizaria?
Secondary green plastids Filose pseudopodia
Which of the following statements is false regarding fungal gametes?
They are produced by mitosis.
Which of the following is true regarding decomposer fungi?
They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae
What benefit is conferred to protists that are able to reproduce sexually?
They can adapt more quickly to environmental change
Which of the following statements is true regarding basidiomycete relationships with plants?
They can be beneficial partners such as mycorrhizae or pathogens such as rusts and smuts.
What is the ecological role of basidiomycetes in forests?
They can be decomposers and form mycorrhizal partnerships in forests.
Select all true statements about the gametes of terrestrial fungi.
They exhibit biochemical mating types. They are composed of cells of hyphal branches.
Which of the following is false regarding the cell walls of fungi?
They prevent the formation of gametes.
Select all ecological benefits of decomposer fungi.
They remove organic debris. They release minerals into the soil. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae.
How do predatory fungi use hyphae to capture prey such as soil nematodes?
They trap them.
True or False: All protists can reproduce asexually.
True
True or false: Sexual reproduction originated among protists.
True
True or false: Some eukaryotic supergroups contain only protist phyla.
True
True or false: Some parasitic protists use more than one host to complete their life cycles.
True
Examples of pathogenic kinetoplastids are:
Trypanosoma Leishmania
Sleeping sickness is caused by:
Trypanosoma brucei
Which of the following steps are included in sexual reproduction in ciliates?
Two rounds of cytokinesis Division of micronuclei by meiosis Conjugation Fusion of micronuclei to produce a diploid nucleus
What type of protist is likely to display a haploid dominant life cycle?
Unicellular green algae
Which of the following are characteristics of at least some of the close protist relatives of land plants?
Unicellularity Primary plastids Multicellularity Flagella
How do predatory fungi attack their prey?
With specialized hyphae that act as snares.
How does sexual reproduction affect diatom size?
Zygotes are able to produce new cells that have the maximal size for the species.
What is wheat rust?
a common crop disease caused by fungi
Newly discovered species and results from molecular genetic methods have resulted in:
a constantly changing classification of the protists
saccharomyces cerevisiae is a good model organism because it is:
a eukaryote with a short life cycle
What is a mycelium?
a fungal body form composed of branched hyphae
The presence of apicoplasts in P. falciparum and their absence from mammalian cells makes the enzymes present in the apicoplasts:
a good drug target for treating malaria
In protists, a cyst is:
a life stage that can remain dormant during periods of physiological stress
In addition to increasing genetic diversity, the diploid-dominant life style offers diatoms:
a mechanism to attain maximal cell size
Which of the following best describes the mycelium?
a structure made of branched hyphae
The reproductive adaptations that have made it possible for protists to thrive include:
a variety of sexual life cycles specialized asexual reproductive cells tough-walled dormant cells for periods of environmental stress
Studies shown that the choanoflagellate carry genes that it shared only with animals. These included genes for
p53 protein, a cell cycle regulator cell adhesion and extracellular matrix proteins
The cellular process by which an organism obtains energy from a food particle by digesting the particle with enzymes inside a cytoplasmic vesicle is known as
phagocytosis
The process in which an organism consumes an object by surrounding the object in a vesicle of plasma membrane, which then pinches off within the cytoplasm, and digesting the object by secreting enzymes within the vesicle is known as:
phagocytosis
Primary plastids are organelles that evolved via endosymbiosis; they possess ______ capabilities.
photosynthetic
Truffles and morels are the edible fruiting bodies of ascomycetes that associate with:
plant roots
Organelles found in plant and algal cells that were acquired evolutionarily through endosymbiosis and are distinguished by their synthetic abilities are:
plastids
Some protists possess green ______, which are photosynthetic organelles that were acquired evolutionarily via endosymbiosis.
plastids
Fungal hyphae grow from areas where nutrients are to areas where nutrients are .
poor rich
Fungal hyphae grow from areas that are ______ into areas that are ______.
poor in nutrients rich in nutrients
What is one advantage of fungal pathogens in nature?
population control
What structures in ascomycete septate hyphae allow material to pass through the hyphae?
pores
Phagocytosis without digestion of a bacterial cell by a simple protist (one that lacks a plastid) can result in endosymbiosis.
primary
The process by which a prokaryotic organism, such as a cyanobacterium, is engulfed and retained within a heterotrophic host cell, providing it with useful traits, is known as ______ endosymbiosis.
primary
Select all characteristics of hyphal growth in fungi.
rapid growth growth toward nutrient-rich areas growth at the tips
Some species of ______ algae display a variation of the alternation of generation life cycle that involves ______ distinct multicellular generations.
red; three
Faster evolutionary response to environmental change is an advantage of the ability of some protists to:
reproduce sexually
Meiosis and the production of cysts, spores, gametes, and zygotes are all adaptations employed by protists for
reproduction
What are spores?
reproductive cells produced by meiosis
Some green algae are important in medicine because they produce channel ______, which are light-activated ion channels.
rhodopsins
Select human diseases caused by fungi.
ringworm athlete's foot
A common group of pathogenic crop fungi named for their reddish spores are
rusts
Cryptomonads and haptophytes have ______ plastids.
secondary
The plastids of Cryptomonads and Haptophytes originated from endosymbiosis.
secondary
The process by which organisms possessing plastids derived from cyanobacteria are retained and become endosymbiotic in another organism is known as ______ endosymbiosis.
secondary
This figure highlights the process of ______ endosymbiosis.
secondary
endosymbiosis occurs when an organism possessing primary plastids is retained after being consumed by a host organism.
secondary
Haptophytes have plastids that arose from __________ of red algae plastids.
secondary endosymbiosis
The process in which a eukaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryotic cell that possesses plastids derived from cyanobacteria is
secondary endosymbiosis
An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it
serves as a model organism for research studies
Basidiomycetes can reproduce:
sexually and asexually
How do fungi reproduce?
sexually and asexually
Select the features that make S. cerevisiae a good model organism.
short life cycle genomes are similar to those of humans easy and safe to maintain
Specialized cell coverings used by protists for defense include:
silica cellulose spiny cell walls slimy mucilage