plant exam 1

what plants/ areas dont have that much root hair density?

-Gymnosperms -water plants. -root hairs that have mycrorrhizal associations often dont have as dense root hairs BC mycorrhizal serve the function of increased area. -a plant that is living in a high phosphorous area bc it has a lot of limiting resources

how do you distinguish true roots from the rhizoids?

-TRUE roots have an endogenous origin (aka from the inside... the pericycle) -they dont come from outside of the structure - they have a root cap & the presence of an endodermis layer and protostele layer *they are required aspects of a true root!

•Liverworts (Marchantia)

-theyre small and flat -theyre leafy -they aren't very thick -its largest species is the tall Dawsonia superba) from Australia (up to 40cm)

Bryophytes

-theyre the moses -theyre nonvascular. (lack vascular tissue.. aka no roots!) -they're the most primitive lines of land plant -theyre found in Wet or damp environments and on a rock or something. -they often grow close to substrate so they can absorb water.

water coming into the plant can travel via two pathways.

1 by the apoplastic (red arrow) or the symplastic pathway. Symplastic: -water and other minerals move by bulk flow. They enter into the root hair. -they move sim inside of the cell. *CELL TO CELL

what are the function of rhizoids

- help anchor non-vascular plants to the substrate. -water absorption using capillary action *they are seen in developing ferns.

what are the functions of roots?

1. Absorb water & nutrients.. BY: Active Transport Osmosis: water movement and bulk flow. They help absorb and pump ions. 2. Anchor plant in ground -provide support/stability 3. The roots hold soil in place -they reduce erosion 4. Often root biomass higher than rest of plant combined -aka there are sometimes more roots that the actual plant

What are the 2 main types of root system?

1. Taproots -they are more bigger thicker root -they are normally Dicot 2. Fibrous roots -they are thinner, and more roots. -they are monocot

what are factors that affect the water intake of roots?

1. root age 2. level of suberin (outer covering on root) 3. connection to soil. ---if there is an airgap, it is going to harder for the plant to take up minerals out of the soil -in order to take up water, it has to have a connection to the soil

sugar is produced in ____________ and then moves to _________________. -:The roots -the leaves A source; the stem A sink; a source The roots; the stem A source; a sink

A source; a sink

what is the earliest root "like structure"?

Rhizoids

what is the function of the apical meristem?

Site where the stem grow taller -source of primary growth (longitudinally)

Which of the following statements about fossil evidence from plants is true (select all that apply): Sporophytes were branched before the evolution of vascular tissues. In early land plants the gametophytes were branched and complex like the sporophytes. The earliest known fossil beds, the Rhynie Chert, dates to 360 mya. Since fossilized remains are often rock-like, it is only possible to observe large characteristics, not cellular ones.

Sporophytes were branched before the evolution of vascular tissues. In early land plants the gametophytes were branched and complex like the sporophytes.

FLIP!!!! --------- --------- ----- 11

The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents a diploid zygote? a. 3 b. 11 c. 1 d. 7

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of _____. a. carbohydrates b. energy c. lipids and steroids d. nitrogen and other minerals

d. nitrogen and other minerals

The fern gametophyte is typically _____________________. a. large and long-lived b. nonphotosynthetic and saprobic c. attached to the sporophyte d. small and photosynthetic e. used in landscaping

d. small and photosynthetic

Which of the following tissues has sugar conduction as a primary function? a. epidermis b. parenchyma c. sclerenchyma d. collenchyma e. phloem

e. phloem

How did plants evolve?

from green algae

The study of fossilized plants is called ____________. ethnobotany palynology paleobotany paleontology

paleobotany

The study of fossilized pollen is called ____________. paleontology palynology ethnobotany paleobotany

palynology

The main functions of shoots include the following: (select all that apply) Photosynthesis Water absorption Reproduction Carbohydrate storage

photosynthesis and reproduction

FLIP!!!!! ------ --------- ------------------------- A. Zone of Maturation B. Zone of Elongation. C. Root cap D. Apical meristem E. Pholem F. Xylem G. Root hairs H. cortex aka ground tissue J. endodermis I. Epidermis K. Vascular cylinder L . Endodermis M. Epidermis N. Ground tissue (cortex)

tell from A-N what are these? LABEL

what is inside the vascular cylinder?

the phloem and xylem

The study of root architecture/spatial distribution is called _______. tomography exogeny topology rhizophology

topology

What are rhizoids?

unicellular protuberances (things sticking out off) extending from a rhizome, or in the case of this liverwort the gametophyte structure -they aren't true roots

Lateral meristems, such as ________________, produce tissues that increase the girth of a plant. -vascular cambium -secondary phloem -periderm -parenchyma -collenchyma

vascular cambium

The combined pressure potentials that determine the overall direction of water movement in plants turgor pressure pressure potential water potential osmotic potential

water potential

_______ is where we see the root hairs beging to do absorption

zone of maturation

root hairs are found in ___

zone of maturation -they expend up the epidermis,

what are some things we have to chaneg to reduce the environmental impact?

•Change agricultural practices •Render pollutants harmless •Recycle •Replace pesticides with biological pest controls •Conserve water and energy •Preserve habitats and species

what are some major impacts caused to the environment bc of us:

•Drained wetlands •Cleared natural vegetation •Dumped wastes and pollution •Used pesticides and herbicides (that runoff and affect the plants)

•All plants share what traits?

•Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus) •Cells have cell walls made of cellulose •Cells are specialized •Outer protective cover of cutin •Embryophytes --Protect the developing embryo • Photosynthetic (most) ----Photosynthesize using chlorophyll ----Some plants are parasitic or saprophytic

what are some products we use that come from plants?

•Food •Flavoring (spices, oils) •Perfumes •Dyes -beverages (coffee) -lumber -paper -Clothing -Medicines -Coal and oil -Alternate energy sources (algae for energy)

what are the three main Bryophytes?

•Liverworts (Marchantia) -hornworts (Anthoceros) mosses (Polytrichum)

how do rhizoids bring water in

capillary action -water is moved south to south trough diffusion

Hornwort, Anthoceros

-leaf like structure that are tall -they are photosynthetic

explain why humans and animals depend on plants?

-bc plants convert the energy of the sun into energy used by animals and plants. -also, they produce oxygen and remove CO2 from the air we breathe.

roots can have secondary growth

-closer to the stem

where do early root structures come from?

-from stems that grew under or along the ground (rhizomes) and behaved physiologically as roots.

what factors affect the intake of minerals?

-it is affected by plant metabolism & is largely controlled by the plant.

The Steel

-it is located in the center of the root - protects the interconnected xylem and phloem of the coarse root

in both monocot and dicot, they have two major root types in their root system. What are they?

-osea within the roots itself (both fibrous and taproots): Coarse Roots: part of root located closer to stem - stability, storage & transport *these may not mean that they are closer to the surface.. it just closer to the plant. Fine Roots: more distal - water and mineral uptake

in moss, the fuzzy, green area is what?

-the gametophyte

how does adding fertilizer affect root growth/ how much roots there are?

-there would be less roots bc they dont have to reach that much to get nutrients.. they just have them already.

What are some negative things about root hairs?

-they are a gateway for pathogens bc they dont have the wax coating that protects them. *remember that to have high levels of absorption, they cant have waxy layer. -but this makes them more vulnerable.

moss

-they have fuzzy, green area. 1. This is the gametophyte. The gametophyte it is dominant. Theyre haploid structures. 2. sporangia is produced and it is diploid. -it is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. 3. sporangea will grow up after reproduction. -inside of each of these, meiosis is occuring to produce haploid spores that disperse -these spores get release and spread. -spore is slightly protected.

which of the following is NOT a true statement? A. Fine roots are located in distal portions of the root. B. Coarse roots are critical to absorption. C. Uptake of minerals is largely controlled by the plant. D. Coarse roots are well equipped for transporting water, nutrients and minerals.

B

Which of the following is responsible for providing proteins to the sieve-tube members in plants? Palisade mesophyll Tracheids Companion cells Spongy mesophyll Vessel elements

Companion cells

FLIP!!! ------------------- ------------------ 4

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)? a. 2 b. 4 c. 2 and 8 d. 10 and 12

primary growth

Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots. -the first year of growth

Which of the following is true of the heartwood of a tree? Heartwood is located between the secondary xylem and phloem. Heartwood is the phloem tissue that has been compressed to the center of the stem. Heartwood is the old xylem tissue. Heartwood is the active layer of vascular tissue.

Heartwood is the old xylem tissue.

why do they live in tough environments (like rock)?

bc they get stuck with whatever is left and they have found ways to adapt to these tough environments.

What is the primary function of stems? -Water absorption and movement -Facilitation of gas exchange -Reproduction -Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

Cells produced by the vascular cambium do NOT include a. tracheids b, vessel elements c, phelloderm d sieve-tube elements e companion cells.

c, phelloderm

pericycle

The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.

zone of elongation

The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length. -they are elongating and growing and differentiating into three major tissue systems: 1. epidermal -root hairs 2. Ground tissue (cortex) -a lot of functional activities -where minerals are stored, carbs -where they are activalety transport cells 3. Endodermis -protecs the vascular cylinder in the middle.. its called the steel

Simard's research shows that underground networks a. don't have an effect on forest resiliency b. decrease forest resiliency c. increase forest resiliency d. are only found in a few forests

c.

Epiphytes often live on tree branches, using the tree for support, but taking no nutrients from the trees, this is an example of a. herbivory b. allelopathy c. commensalism d. mutualism

c. commensalism

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that are true. a. Mycorrhizal associations improve plant competitive ability when nutrients are scarce, but they may reduce a plant's competitive ability if nutrients become abundant. b. Plants such as alfalfa and clover are planted as cover crops because their mycorrhizal associations help replenish soil nitrogen after a harvest. c. Nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with root nodules of plants are typically involved in a mutualistic relationship. d. Legumes, members of the family Fabaceae, often produce root nodules that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

a, c and d

In order to study trees that "speak to one another," Suzanne Simard used a. radioactive isotopes of carbon b. radioactive isotopes of nitrogen c. radioactive isotopes of Oxygen d. radioactive isotopes of phosphorous

a.

Which of the following are true regarding parasitic plants? a. Some parasitic plants use an modified root, called a haustorium, to attach to and penetrate the host, accessing it's vascular tissue. b. Most parasitic plants are pale to white in color. c. Pitcher plants are parasitic, feeding on the dead insects trapped inside their modified leaves. d. Parasitic plants are more common in the Bryophytes.

a. Some parasitic plants use an modified root, called a haustorium, to attach to and penetrate the host, accessing it's vascular tissue.

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of herbaceous stems is that _____. a. a waxy cuticle covers herbaceous stems but is absent from roots b. root cells have cell walls and stem cells do not c. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from stems d. only stems have phloem and only roots have xylem e. stems have epidermal tissue but roots do not

a. a waxy cuticle covers herbaceous stems but is absent from roots

The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth and found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in dicot stems is termed the: a. Vascular cambium b. Root meristem c. Apical meristem d. Bark cambium e. Cork cambium

a. vascular cambium

what mechanisms do roots use to absorbs water and nutrients?

active transport and osmosis

________ are produced by orchids and other epiphytes, allowing them to absorb water and nutrients from the air, rather than from soil. pneumatophores propagative roots support roots aerial roots

aerial roots

What is suberin?

an inert impermeable waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues. -its the cover of roots

The whorl of a flower that contains the male reproductive parts is called the

androecium

-most of the plants are ___

angiosperms aka flowering plant. 90%

The suppression of the growth of axillary or lateral buds is called metabolic inhibition apical dominance dioxin-toxic syndrome cytokinin degeneration

apical dominance

Select the TRUE statements regarding the two main forces that determine a plants root architecture: a. Exogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup b. Endogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup c. Plants can adjust their growth in response to the environment. d. Exogenous forces are those that are a response to the biotic and abiotic environment.

b,c,d

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? a. the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem b. root hairs c. storage roots d. root cap

b. root hairs

why is there some water leaving in the root cap area?

bc there is no endodermis. -region of maturation and

why are bryophytes normally found close to the surface?

bc they dont have roots.. -they use diffusion to move water through their tissues.

The whorl of a flower that contains the female reproductive parts is called the

gynoecium

endodermis

has protective layer called the CAS -it protects the steel -it avoids water loss.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a human use of roots? licorice henna (a dye) sweet potatoes for food rotenone (a biodegradable insecticide)

henna

where is the vascular cylinder found?

in the steel

root hairs

increase surface area for absorption -they are very tiny and dense -extend in the epidermis -root hair density/appearence is more in higher levels of plants aka further along in the genetic tree

What are factors that affect coarse root function?

it a lot of their carbon intake to have strong course roots -bc they have to allocate a lot of photosynthase to have lingin, etc.

Secondary growth of plants results from cell division in which type of meristem? stele meristem secondary meristem primary meristem lateral meristem intercalary meristem

lateral meristem

Root hair density is more or less in gymnosperms?

less.. not so much -this is because gymnosperms are adapted to lower moisture levels and dont support large vessel elements in the angiosperms so, dont need that much absorption.

are rhizoids true roots?

no thye dont have vascular tissue or other things. -they just help anchor and water absorption

Specialized roots that permit aquatic plants to facilitate gas exchange are called a. velamen roots b. water-storage roots c. buttress roots d. pneumatophores e. prop roots.

pneumatophores.

what is the function of the root cap?

protect apical meristem and root tip. -they are expendable

Which of these associations is incorrect? a. root hairs - protection for growing root tip b. vascular tissue - transport c. Epidermal cells-protection d. meristem cells - growth e. Ground tissue - collenchyma cells

root hairs - protection for growing root tip

secondary growth

secondary growth increases the growth of the plant root or stem, rather than its length. -it is caused by two lateral meristems, the cork cambium and vascular cambium

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from lateral meristem activity? dermal tissue flowers secondary xylem leaves

secondary xylem

how do Bryophytes reproduce?

sexually by having swimming sperm. Reproduce/disperse by releasing small spores into the environment

root ratio

sometimes more roots that the actual plant -this is actually good.

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____. spores are unicellular; seeds are not spores have an embryo; seeds do not spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

coarse roots funtion:

stability, storage & transport water and nutrients -they have interconnected xylem and phloem

________ allow plants to have increased support in shallow soils or aquatic environments. aerial roots pneumatophores support roots propagative roots

support roots