Plant Morphology Final Exam
Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
* sporophyte morphology : evergreen trees * monoecious - find female and male cones on the same individual * wind pollinated - w/ sperm that lack flagella * economic uses: timber, pulp,turpentine and rosin from pine resin, taxol -water stress, thick cuticle, resin ducts -ex: Sequoia, redwoods, bristlecone pine
Genus Ephedra
- native to arid SW US - Euphedrine (medicine) -resembles horsetails -jointed stems, reduced leaves that attach at nodes
Genus Acetabularia
-"mermaids wine glass" -one giant multinucleate cell -radially symmetric -calcified -siphonous
Genus Welwitschia
-1 living species -Coastal Namib Desert in SW Africa -Long taproot and 2 very long leaves -Obtains water from coastal fog
Order Coleochaetales
-15 species -epiphytic on fw plants -disk-shaped with erect hairs -parenchymatous
Order Charales
-250 species -resemble plants most strongly -grow in clear lakes with sandy or muddy bottoms -some precipitate calcium carbonate on themselves -fossils to Silurian period (400-500 mya)
Genus Pleodorina
-32 or 64 cells -ball rolling motion due to structural polarity -larger cells on one side of the colony (small or no eyespot) -smaller cells w/ large eyespots cannot become new cells -oogamy
Genus Gonium
-4 or 16 cells -plate-shaped -all cells look the same -jerking motion due to lack of polarity -weak cellular matrix; will break apart during culture/transport -isogamy
Genus Ulva
-A truly multicellular alga with specialized structures. -membranous -Isogamous reproduction -Flagellated gametes -Isomorphic a of g
Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
-Ginkgo Biloba -mesozoic -dioecious -females smell -wind pollination -seeds eaten in asia
homosporous life cycle
-Produces only one type of spore -Bryophytes and Seedless Tracheophytes
complete
-all four whorls present
Phylum Monilophyta
-carboniferous -non-seedbearing vascular plants -shady, moist woodlands, tropical, many epiphytic -true roots leaves and stems -MEGAPHYLLS -compound division of leaves -leaf development circinate vernation -sori
All plants have
-chl a and b, xanthophylls, carotenoids -starch -cellulose in cell walls -a of g, heteromorphic -oogamous -embryo retention
Genus Volvox
-colonial spheres -has many synchronized flagella -asexual repro with specialized cells -oogamous repro -daughter colonies only form from one side of the cell
Genus Fritschiella
-colorless rhizoids holding it in the soil -closer relative to plants than any other green algae
Genus Botrichium
-compound leaves with compound fertile segment -forest floors, shade
Genus Chara
-dioecious or monoecious -reproduce vegetative or sexually -internodes, nodes
Genus Ophioglossum
-entire leaves -one fertile segment, cluster of sporangia -only one vegetative leaf
Class Marattiopsida
-eusporangiate -homosporous -ALL TROPICAL -ancient group carboniferous
Order Ophiloglossales
-eusporangiate -homosporous -old fields, meadows, cedar glades -relic species
Class Andreaeidae (granite mosses)
-exposed rock in mountains and the arctic -have rhizoids -dark red and black pigments
Class Selaginellaceae (spike mosses)
-floor of tropical rainforests -blueish iridescence, low light intensities -michrophylls of different sizes (anisophylly) -strobili -heterosporous SELAGINELLA = RESURRECTIN PLANT
Class Charophyceae
-fw or brackish -heavily calcified cell walls -haplontic -share large central vacuole -phytochrome
Family Marsileaceae Genus Marsilea
-heterosporous -4 leaf clover shape -in water, ponds with fluctuating levels -sporocarps, germinate in water to form chains of sori
Family Salviniaceae (hairy ones)
-heterosporous -lepto -floating ferns
Order Filicales
-includes ALL leptosporangiate -homosporous -indusium covers sori
Class Chlorophyceae
-largest class -mostly fw -haplontic -have 2, 4, or more flagella
Phylum Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
-mainly S hemisphere, tropical -Devonian period -in/beside running water, others epiphytic -simplest plants -rhizoids -thalloid (undifferentiated, not complex) - air pores allow constant gas exchange -gemmae splashed out of gemma cups for asexual rep
Class Bacillariophycae (Diatoms)
-marine, fw -leading ps producers in ocean -common in cold waters -pigments = Chl a and c, fucoxanthin, carotenes, xanthophylls -stores food as chrysolaminarin -uc or filamentous chains -most abundant during cretaceous -taxonomy reliant on cell structure -bilateral (vertical, pennate) or radial (centric) symmetry
All seed plants
-monopodial branches -secondary growth -megaphylls -eusporangia -heterosporous -megagametophyte -sperm not reliant on water
Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)
-most successful plant -youngest phylum -jurassic -range in size, habitats, lifestyles
Class Ulvophyceae
-mostly marine -2,4, or + flagella -Alternation of Generations or diplontic -siphonous, membranous, or filamentous
Mosses
-nontrachephytes = lack xylem and phloem, under developed vascular tissue -limited in height -increase rate of diffusion by having large surface areas -moist envs, water required for reproduction -GAMETOPHYTE (N) DOMINANT GENERATION
incomplete
-not all four whorls present
Genus Coleochaete
-parenchymatous -sexual and asexual -plasmodesmata -sterile jackets surrounding gametangia and zygotes for protection
Desmids
-peat bogs and low nutrient waters -uc or filamentous -fancy cell walls -2 semicells with an isthmus
Class Sphagnidae Genus Sphagnum
-peat moss -boggy areas of N hemisphere -used for soil conditioner, fuel, diapers, wound packing -spore ejection by air pressure -NO RHIZOIDS
commonalities
-produce flowers -ovules are produced in carpel -vessels in xylem and sieve tubes in phloem
Class Bryidae
-rhizoids
Genus Salivina
-root structure is a leaf used as weight
Genus Spirogyra
-sex rep by conjugation, one of four products survive and becomes its own filament -asexual rep = fragmentation
Class Lycopodiaceae
-shady, moist deciduous forests, tropical, epiphytic -true roots, leaves and stems -dichotomous branching -micorphylls -homosporous
Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
-slow growing -tropics, all endangered -living fossils, neurotoxic and carcinogenic -pinnately compound, short thick trunk -circinate vernation -dioecious, heterosporous, eusporangiate -coralloid roots = grow up into air like coral -nitrogen fixing bacteria
Genus Fontinalis
-streams -have peristome teeth for sport ejection
Phylum Lycopodiophyta- Club Mosses
-tracheophytes have xylem and phloem -spores are agent of dispersal -sporophyte generation dominant -water needed
Genus Gnetum
-tropical -trees, shrubs, vines -asia, africa SA, CA
Genus Chlamydomonas
-unicellular -2 flagella = motile -isogamous repro -usually exists as a haploid, repro by mitosis, will undergo sexual repro under adverse conditions
all 3 share
-vessels in xylem -opposite leaves -tube on micropyle -dioecious -double fertilization
Genus Hydrodictyon
-water net alga. -non-motile colonial -consists of a network of multinucleate cells separated from one another by cross walls -the young cells are uninucleate, but become multinucleate by repeated nuclear divisions as cell enlargement occurs
BIG PICTURE OF GYMNOSPERMS
-wind pollination -monoecious -female gametophyte never free living -sperm non-motile -pollen = immature male gametophyte -several year process -no antheridia -unit of dispersal now seeds
fern life cycle
1). Zygote develops into leafy fern plant. 2) the sporophyte. 3) Spores are released from spore cases and grow into tiny, heart-shaped gametophytes. Each gametophyte has both male and female structures. 4) Sperm swim to another gametophyte to fertilize eggs.
pyrenoid
A structure in the chloroplast of some algae that serves as a center for starch production
Genus Azolla
Contains anabaena in pockets for nitrogen fixation
floral morphology
Flowers are important components of most botanical keys and the positive identification of various plants is based on some aspect of floral morphology. This approach is acceptable but only allows for positive ID on a short period time of the year ( the flowering periods of woody plats would average 7 to 14 days).
Volvocine line
Group of modern species of algae that reflects an easily recognized sequence of changes as their common ancestors evolved
Order Volvocales
Includes the following
Heterosporous Alternation of Generation
Two types of spores produced (Microspore and Macrospore)
heterocysts
a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria
palmellar stage
became fixed at some point in the life cycle to create colonial forms of green algae
Genus Hapalosiphon
branched cyanobacteria
Genus Schistostega
caves, entrances -upper surface of cells are curved to concentrate light into chloroplasts
Genus Merismopedia
colonial ---> cells grow together in mucilaginous sheath; shape of colony determined by plane(s) and cell division
Phylum Cyanophyta
cyanobacteria, reason for O2 in the atmosphere, use photosystem 2, mucilaginous sheath, hormogonia (section of filament between 2 dead cells that breaks off and becomes its own segment)
adnation
different flower parts fused to each other (stamen to petal)
Genus Oscillatoria
example of a motile, unbranched filamentous cyanobacteria; can sway back and forth, allowing it to move towards light ---> thylakoids ps
Genus Nostoc
example of unbranched filamentous cyanobacteria, found in 2% of lakes, common name "star jelly" or "witches butter"
Genus Tolypothrix
falsely branched cyanobacteria, "branches" formed from pressure in the sheath, causing a portion to break out
Angiosperms
flowering plants
Phylum Chlorophyta
green algae -90 % fw -free floating, free swimming, attached to substrates ---> endozoic -uc, colonies, or mc -motile and non-motile -filamentous (branched and un) -parenchymatous = tissue-like -siphonous (tubular) - large multinucleate cells -flagella of equal length -cell wall = cellulose -pigments = chl a and b, beta-carotene, xanthophylls -storage product = starch
Genus Splachnum
grow in or on dung
Genus Grimmia
grow on bare rock
imperfect
has either stamen or carpels
Moss life cycle
heteromorphic a of g
akinetes
large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that allow blue-green bacteria to survive adverse conditions; resistant to cold and desiccation
Genus Anabaena
lives in water, has heterocysts and akinetes
leptosporangiate
origin of sporogenous tissue in ferns, an external cell gives rise to sporangium and sporangeous tissue
eusporangiate
origin of sporogenous tissue in seed plants where internal tissues give rise to sporangium and sporogenous tissue
symmetry
radial = actinomorphic (daisy) bilaterial = zygomorphic (orchid)
Phylum Gnetophyta
resemblance to flowering plants
Genus Ulothrix
ring like chloroplasts, large nucleus -filamentous
connation
same flower parts fused (petals to petals)
Diatomeceous earth
sediment made of diatom cell wall that is mined for insecticides, filtration and to reinforce rubber and toughen plastics
perfect
stamen and carpels
alternation of generations
the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle
haplontic life cycle
the mature organism is haploid and the zygote is the only diploid stage
diplontic life cycle
the organism is diploid and the gametes are the only haploid stage
Phylum Bryophyta
true mosses -10,000 species -moist, fw -mc rhizoids anchoring to substrate -cuticle=waxy layer preventing water loss -stomata, hydroids to transport water, leptoids conduct carbohydrates
epitheca and hypotheca
two overlapping cell walls, pectic material w/ silica, withstand crushing and resistant to decomposition. epitheca splits for reproduction -sex. rep (diplontic) and auxospore formation to keep from getting too small
Genus Gloeocapsa
unicellular, colonial (small groups), binary fission
placentation
where the ovules attach to the ovary wall