Pleural Cavity and Lungs
Are the pulmonary arteries and their branches related to the bronchial tree?
yes they are.
What veins drain the lungs?
- The bronchiole veins drain only part of the blood supply to the lungs by the bronchial arteries. - Some of the blood drains into the pulmonary veins.
What are the terminal bronchioles?
- They are smooth muscle that can narrow and can keep unwanted particles from entering. - bridge between conducting airway and respiratory airway
What is the difference between the bronchioles and bronchi?
- bronchioles are not cartilaginous
What is the area called that provides a potential space that the lungs can go into during heavy breathing or other times when the lungs need more room.
- costodiaphragmatic recess - costomediastinal recess
What produces surfactant?
- glucocorticoids (dex) - catecholamines
When is surfactant usually produced?
- production of surfactant begins at 20-24 weeks - babies born at 22 weeks will often not survive because have a difficult time breathing
Fetal breathing movements begin at about ___ weeks which is important for _____.
12 weeks, important for amniotic fluid production and lung development.
In development the lungs goes through _____ rounds of branching to produce 300 million alveoli)
23 rounds (after segmental branching)
What happens if you get stabbed in the pleural cavity region?
A hole is made in the pleural cavity and air gets sucked into the the pleural cavity which makes sit so that the lungs can not expand in the pleural cavity due to the air pushing against it. - becomes a collapsed lung. - you will need to patch the hole and get the air out!
What is TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
Air accumulates in the pleural space and becomes trapped because the injured tissue acts as a one-way valve. This causes complete collapse of the lung on the affected side and a shifting of the heart to the opposite side, thus compromising venous return and cardiac output. This mediastinal shift also compresses the opposite lung and impairs its ventilatory capacity.
What is PNEUMOTHORAX
Air enters the pleural space from a tear in the chest wall and parietal pleura (such as from a stab wound) or a tear of the visceral pleura (such as from a rupture of a pulmonary lesion). Air in the pleural space decreases the negative pressure that normally keeps the lungs inflated and leads to a partial or complete lung collapse.
What do the arteries and veins do in the lungs?
Arteries are always headed away from the heart. Normally arteries are oxygenated and red , but pulmonary arteries are actually blue because they are deoxygenated, leaving the heart to get oxygen from the lungs. When the vasculature comes out of the lungs it is considered veins because it is then headed back to the heart. Veins are always headed to the heart so the pulmonary veins have just received oxygen and are headed to heart after receiving the O2 from the lungs (Red)
Why is the diaphragm innervated by nerves that are from the cervical region (very superior of diaohragm)?
Because the diaphragm was high up during embryogenesis and made its way down during development and drug the nerves down with it.
Lungs do not have to be functional until when?
Birth
What supplies the diaphragm with blood?
Blood supply of diaphragm - musculophrenic artery from internal thoracic arte - inferior phrenic artery from abdominal aorta
What does smoking and alcohol do to breathing movements?
Breathing movements are reduced by smoking and alcohol.
Lungs develop as left and right primary ______ _______
Bronchial buds
What is it called when you have fewer and enlarged alveoli
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
What is the Visceral pleura innervated and vascularized by?
By the Vagal and sympathetic nerve fibers and bronchial arteries (not much pain felt in the visceral layer, but there is pain felt in the parietal layer)
Where does the phrenic nerve derive from?
C 3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.
What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?
Cervical pleura Costal pleura Diaphragmatic Pleura Mediastinal Pleura
What are the difference between conducting and respiratory bronchioles?
Conducting Bronchioles - just moving air in and out, just conducting the air (most of the bronchiole tree is conducting). Respiratory Bronchioles - has respiratory alveoli that are associate with it. It is here that oxygen and C02 are being exchange.
What are the two types of bronchioles?
Conducting and respiratory
The heart has to function starting day ____ after fertilization.
Day 21 (contrary to the lungs)
Remember that muscle is covered in _____ ______?
Deep fascia
What is the diaphragm an extent of
Extent of pleural cavity
What does the endothoracic fascia do?
It holds parietal pleura to thoracic wall
How is pleura named?
It is all the same pleura, but just named differently by region.
What is the space like between the parietal pleura and the Visceral Pleura and what is it called?
It is called the pleural cavity and in a normal breathing human is basically nonexistent because it is so small. It is normally just a thin layer of fluid.
What is the CUPOLA
It is the area where the parietal pleura and lung project above the level of rib 1 (little dome)
What is the Visceral pleura?
It is tightly bound to the surface of the lung and is the shiny layer on the the outside, the actual surface of the lung is dull.
What is hypoplasia?
It is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
What houses the heart?
Mediastinum
Is there muscles in the alveoli? If not what parts of the bronchioles is there muscles?
No there are not Everything above the alveoli have muscles to help (smooth muscles)
Where are the pleural cavity, visceral pleura, and parietal pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, and cervical pleura located?
Note difference between the lung before it has taken its first breath and after, it fills up to stop all of the pleural cavity once air comes in.
What are the superior and inferior lobe separated by?
Oblique fissure
Where is the lingula?
On the left lung
How can you tell is it is the right or left lung by just looking at the hilum?
On the left lung the arteries are superior to the Bronchi and on the right lung the arteries are lateral to the bronchi.
Lungs sit _________ the pleural cavity and occupies the _______ cavity
Outside, pulmonary
Phrenic nerve accompanies _____________ artery.
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Phrenic nerve is _____________ to pericardium and mediastinal pleura - and ___________ to skeletal muscle of diaphragm
Phrenic nerve is SENSORY to pericardium and mediastinal pleura - and MOTOR to skeletal muscle of diaphragm
What happens if you damage nerves below C5?
Phrenic nerves are intact and you are breathing just fine...
Where are lungs housed?
Pleural cavities
The lungs push into the _____ ______.
Pleural membrane
What comprises the root of the lung and comes out of the hilum of the lung
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Bronchus
What bronchioles gives rise to alveolar ducts which lead to alveolar sacs?
Respiratory bronchioles
The pleura does not usually run inferior to rib ____.
Rib 11
Lobes of the lungs
Right - Superior, Middle, and Inferior Left - Superior and Inferior
Left lung and right lung have how many lobes?
Right has 3 left has 2
What does the serous membrane do?
Secretes fluid to help lungs move
The endothoracic fascia forms the _________ ___________, a distinct layer over the lateral portions of the superior thoracic aperture
Suprapleural membrane
What is surfactant?
Surfactant- Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of phosphlipids and proteins which is secreted into the alveolar space by epithelial type II cells. The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.
What is alveoli like before birth?
The alveoli are closed, but at first breath the volume fills up. It is able to do this because of the surfactant layer. If it was anything else the pressure to separate the layers would be too great for the infant muscle to open it. So the surfactant breaks the surface tension between the layers of alveoli and allows it to expand.
Where is the visceral pleura that demarcates the hilum of the lung?
The blue area
What is the blood supply to the lungs?
The bronchial arteries supply the lungs and visceral pleura as far distally as the respiratory bronchioles where a they anastomose with branches of the pulmonary arteries.
What is the inferior border of the pleural cavities?
The diaphragm
Where is the cardiac notch and which lung is it in?
The left lung, where the heart indents into in.
What are the pleural reflections?
The lines along which the pleura changes direction from one surface to another (i.e. where the costal pleura becomes mediastinal, diaphragmatic, etc.)
How do the lungs form in the pleura?
The lungs push into the pleura like a fist into a balloon.
Compared to the left side, the right bronchus is....
The main (primary bronchus) and is wider, shorter and more vertical If something fell into the bronchus is would most likely do into the ride side. Right has a steeper angle. (Note that this picture is a posterior view)
What is the Carina?
The part that splits the right and left bronchus
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
The phrenic nerves.
What do the lymphatic vessels in the lung run with?
The pulmonary veins
What is the Parietal Pleura?
The shiny layer on the wall of the thoracic cavity
How does the surpapleural membrane relate to the cupula?
The suprapleural membrane protects the cupula & prevents it from bulging into the neck
What do the pleural reflections do?
They demarcate the limit of the pleural cavities. The inferior border of lung is usually 2 ribs higher than the extent of the parietal pleura (costodiaphragmatic recess). These are areas where you could access the pleural cavity without damaging other tissues.
Are both pleural cavities together or separate?
They two different cavities (non communicating) and separated by the mediastinum
Why would you ever need to stick a needle into the pleural cavity without puncturing the lung tissues?
To drain fluid from infection out of the pleural cavity.
What happens if you damage C2 or C3?
YOu wont be able to breath (innervation to diaphragm)
Is the Parietal Pleura Innervated and vasculated? By what?
Yes it is innervated and vascularized from nearby structures such as>>> Costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura - intercostal nerves and vessels (somatic innervation) Mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura - phrenic nerve and musculophrenic vessels (branch of internal thoracic artery)
What happens when there are issues with C3, 4, & 5??
You dead boy
What happens if you damage C4?
You still have innervation from C3 to the diaphragm
What is the double layer of pleura that hangs below the root of the lungs? Reflection of Visceral to parietal pleura. In lab know whether they are marking the parietal or visceral part....
pulmonary ligament
What does a lack of surfactant cause?
respiratory distress syndrome
Which is more superior the left or right lung?
the left lung
