PLT (K-12 Study Guide)
Schemas
A child's understanding of the world organized into groups of similar ideas or actions
Instructional goal
A desired long-term outcome of instruction.
Intelligence
Ability to modify and adjust behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully; involves many different mental processes and may vary in nature depending on one's culture.
Internalized motivation
Adoption of others' priorities and values as one's own.
IRE cycle
Adult-child interaction marked by adult initiation (e.g., a question), child response, and adult evaluation.
Instructional objective
Also a desired outcome of a lesson or unit.
Learner-centered instruction
Approach to teaching in which instructional strategies are chosen largely on the basis of students' existing abilities, predispositions, and needs, as opposed to on the teacher's desires for instruction.
Discontinuous theories
Assume that stages are reached more abruptly, with each stage characterized by qualitative changes in behavior
Sensorimotor
Birth to age 2. Y
Least restrictive environment
Educational setting for special needs child that most closely resembles a regular school program and also meets child's special educational needs.
Cognitive development
Emphasize different approaches to studying a child's patterns of thinking and learning
Intelligence test
General measure of current cognitive functioning, used primarily to predict academic achievement over the short run.
Learned helplessness
General, fairly pervasive belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control over the environment.
Jean Piaget, Arnold Gesellschaft, Eric Erikson
Major theorist of cognitive development
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation resulting from personal characteristics/desires or inherent in the task being performed.
Principles of development
Physical, cognitive, and social emotional changes
Intrinsic reinforcer
Reinforcer provided by oneself or inherent in a task being performed.
IQ score
Score on an intelligence test, determined by comparing a student's performance on the test with the performance of others in the same age group. For most tests, it is a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
Continuous theories
See development occurring as a constant and gradual process of building upon earlier skills and abilities
Principles of learning
Short term and long term changes in how information is received and stored
Constructivism
The idea that new knowledge is built on a foundation of what a person already knows
Nature vs Nurture
The issue of whether development is predetermined at birth by heredity and biological factors or whether experience and environmental factors are important