PLTW Biomed Unit 2.1 Study Guide

Heart Rate

Heart rate is the number of times your heart beats in one minute. You can measure heart rate on the wrist, neck, or with medical equipment. A normal range is 60-100 beats per minute.

Glucose and Insulin levels for Type 1 Diabetes

If you have type one, your body does not produce much, if any insulin. Because of the insulin deficiency, those diagnosed have high blood glucose. (insulin is not produced so the body can't properly store glucose)

Type 1 Glucagon Levels

In type one the insulin deficiency greatly diminishes the ability of muscles to store glucose in the form of glycogen. When a person has type 1, no glucagon is released to insure that blood sugar doesn't drop too low.

Physical Signs

Pieces of evidence that indicate an illness that can be observed externally, such as a rash, coughing, or elevated temperature.

Red Blood Cells

The cells that transport oxygen around the body.

Medical History

A record of information about a patient's past and current health. Includes information about the patient's habits, lifestyle, and even the health of their family.

How does food choices impact Type 2 diabetes?

After eating a carb heavy meal, glucose levels spike and so does insulin. However, insulin does not lower by itself, it only does a little bit in comparison to a non-diabetic.

How does food choices impact type Type 1 levels?

After eating a carb heavy meal, glucose levels spike but insulin does not. Exercise lowers the glucose levels but not as much as a non-diabetic.

Symptoms

Any subjective evidence of a disease a patient perceives, such as aches, nausea, or fatigue. Symptoms allow the health care provider to narrow down the possible conditions that may be affecting the patient and then run tests to make a diagnosis.

White Blood Cells

The five types of cells that the body used to fight infection and injury and maintain our health.

Hemoglobin

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Chief Complaint

The patient's description of what they feel is their main health problem.

What does CBC measure?

The relative count ofc each type of cell or cell fragment in the sample.

What does HDL stand for?

high-density lipoprotein

What does LDL stand for?

low-density lipoprotein

Hematologist Responsibilities and Roles

A hematologist is a doctor that specializes in the research, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood disorders.

Protein (description, food found in, order used by the body)

A molecule made of building blocks called amino acids. A protiens form and function is also determined by a cell's nucleic acid sequence. Protien is a "last resort" source of energy for the cells. Eggs, chicken, chickpeas, soy beans, turkey, steak, etc. 3rd source of energy for our cells

Negative Feedback Loop

A negative feedback mechanism causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change. The goal of negative feedback is to prevent sudden, severe changes in the body. Most homeostasis control mechanisms are negative feedback.

Positive Feedback Loop

A positive feedback mechanism causes the variable to change inthe same direction as the original change, resulting in a greater deviation from the set point. Positive feedback mechanisms typically activate events that are self-perpetuating. Most positive feedback mechanisms are not related to the maintenance of homeostasis.

Nucleic Acids (description, order used by the body)

Biomlecules that carry the instructions for producing proteins. Both DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are not a soure of energy for our cells.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts upon the walls of blood vessels, especially arteries. It is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm HG). The normal range for blood pressure is less than 120 systolic pressure and less than 80 diastolic pressure.

Temperature

Body temperature is a measure of how warm your body is. It is important to measure a patient's temperature because it can help detect illness and also monitor whether or not treatment is working. It can be measured orally, by ear, or under armpit with a thermometer. A healthy range is 97.7 to 99 degrees fahrenheit.

Carbs (description, food found in, order used by the body)

Carbs are found in foods and living tissues. They are the primary source of energy for cells. Bread, noodles, vegetables, fruits, etc. 1st source of energy for our cells

Diabetes impacts about 34 million Americans. Below Identify what diabetes is and how food choices impact diabetics. Be sure to be detailed with your answers and include terms like carbohydrates, glucose, insulin, metabolized, pancreas, and cell receptors.

Diabetes is a disease in which the cells in your body cannot efficiently uptake glucose. In type one, insulin is barely produced. In type two, insulin is prodused but the body has created insulin resistance, therefore cannot property store excess glucose. Food can impact diabetics because if they consme a heavy carbohydrate and high sugar meal, their body cannot properly store or get rid of excess glucose in the body. This leads to high blood sugar. In a normal body, food is eaten, metabolized, and then the pancreas produces insulin to move glucose to the body's cells to provide energy or store excess glucose in the liver (in the form of glycogen). However, this does not happen in a diabetics body. After eating, they will metabolize food into glucose but the body cannot transport it to the cells for energy or the liver for storage. This leads to high blood sugar that can cause serious health problems.

Summarize four tips for how to effectively interview a patient? Be sure to include demeanor, tact, and empathy in your answer.

Establish rapport, or a sympathetic and positive relationship, and keep the conversation friendly Sit across from the patient and make eye contact. Be ready to take brief, concise notes, but avoid looking down at notes while asking questions or listening to answers. Take your questions one step at a time, and listen to the patient. Pay attention to their facial expression and gestures and take note of any that seem significant; they can provide clues that guide follow-up questions. Be respectful and open minded. Do not make any prejudgments or assumptions about the patient.

What is Glucagon

Glucagon is a hormone that raises a person's blood sugar, and is used to make sure blood sugar does drop to low

Type 2 Glucagon Levels

Glucagon release is no longer inhibited during the mealtime rise in blood glucose. This leads to elevated levels of glucagon in type two diabetes.

Is HDL good or bad?

HDL is good for the body because it helps get rid of excess cholesterol by absorbing it and carrying it back to the liver.

What does HDL do?

HDL picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to your liver. The liver then flushes it from the body.

Describe what HIPAA is and four of the most common violations

HIPAA stands for Health INsurance Portability and Accountability Act. It is a set of practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information. The four most common HIPAA violations include: Accessing the personal health information of celebrities, friends, family, coworkers, and neighbors. Failure to perform an office risk analysis. Improper disclosure of PHI (personal health information). Denying a patient access to their health records.

is LDL good or bad?

LDL is bad for the body because it can build up plaque, which is a fatty substance that builds up inside the arteries.

What does LDL do?

LDL transports cholesterol particles throughout the body. It can build up in the arteries, however, making them narrow.

Hematocrit

Measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.

Phlebotomist Responsibilities and Roles

Phlebotomists are trained to draw blood from patients who require testing as well as blood donors. They can work in hospitals, doctors offices, clinical labs, or other community health centers.

Lipids (description, food found in, order used by the body)

One of a family of compounds including fats phospolipids, anbd steroids, that are insoluble in water. Avocados, olive oil, canola oil, butter, coconut oil, etc. 2nd source of energy for our cells

Oxygen Saturation

Oxygen saturation is the amount of oxygen carried by the blood for use in the body. IT is measured using a device called a pulse oximeter. The unit of measurement is called SpO2 or peripheral oxygen saturation. A normal range is between 95-99%.

Respiration Rate

Respiratory rate is the measure of the number of breaths you take in a minute. The normal range is 12-20 breaths per minute. You can measure by counting the number of breaths you take each minute.

Causes & Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Some symptoms include fatigue, exhaustion, dizziness, etc. Type of diabetes that usually develops during childhood or adolescence because of family history and genetics.

Platelets

The cell fragments that assist with clotting.

Glucose and Insulin levels for Type 2 Diabetes

Those with type 2 bodies do not respond correctly to insulin (insulin resistance). As a result, blood sugar does not get into cells to be stored causing a high level of sugar in the blood. (insulin is produced but body does not respond correctly)

Causes & Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 usually develops in adults, most often obese adults. It usually develops in those who aren't physically active. Symptoms include fatigue, increased thirst & hunger, etc.

Role of Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes

Type one diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.

Role of Pancreas in Type 2 Diabetes

Type two diabetes still produced insulin from the pancreas, but the body cannot use the insulin correctly.

When dialoguing about a patient's history, what factors should be discussed to determine if they are more or less susceptible for disease/illness?

When dialoguing about a patient's history you should consider asking them about their medical history to determine if they are more or less susceptible for disease. You should also inquire about their family's medical history and if they have any history with certain diseases. Bloodwork could also be a useful tool in finding out if a patient is more or less susceptible.