Poli 443- IR of East Asia and the Pacific Unit 3

Cairo Conference pt. 2

1 .In 1942, Roosevelt had approved a State Department initiated policy to create an international trustee for Korea. The reason is that Korea had been at the center of great power struggle throughout the history and was still considered to be a key strategic location. 2.How did the US seek international support for this proposal of international trusteeship for Korea? Backed up by China and UK, US proposed this plan to the Soviet Union, which approved it. 3. Why was the trusteeship idea eventually dropped? 4.How was the trusteeship idea formally approved by the Allied members in the 1943 Cairo Conference? (1) Roosevelt attended the Cairo conference with the intention of gaining formal approval; (2) UK and China formally approved the trusteeship idea and it was included in the Cairo Declaration; (3) Immediately after the Cairo conference, Roosevelt met with Stalin and discussed the trusteeship idea and Stalin reiterated Soviet's endorsement.

Strategic Interests of Korea Perceived by Soviet Union

1. Extend the Soviet security parameter outward 2. Japan would become further isolated 3. American resolve to support Japan would be tested 4. China would be pushed further into the Soviet orbit 5. Distracting Americans from Europe

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution

"Japanese people renounce and will forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. Right to belligerence is lost." Meaning that Japan cannot have any military what so ever. "In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized."

The Purpose of Economic Development

- For development itself and for modern wars Modern wars needed resources and a strong industrial base

Japan at War: Economic and Political Modernity

- Started in the mid-19th century However, here we see a rapid shift in Japan's foreign policy. In the mid-19th century due to pressures of imperialism, they turned from isolationist country to an imperialist

How did Japan justify its invasion into its Asian neighbors?

- The Japanese thought they were entitled to invade its Asian neighbors because the Western nations have been using the same imperial model. - By invading other countries, Japan was just exercising its right to survive as an independent nation in the modern world. - It is right and proper for Japan to seek an exclusive sphere of influence in its neighboring countries so as to secure its sources of raw materials.

The Loss of Legitimacy of the Rhee Regime

--National Security Law --Dictatorial rule --corrupt rule • Syngman Rhee resigned from office and in May 1960 he returned to Hawaii.

Rhee's election

--Rhee was elected president in August 15th, 1948. The ROK claimed legitimacy over the entire peninsula. --on Sep. 9th, the North announced the founding of DPRK with Kim II Sung was premier, who claimed authority over the entire peninsula. --late in 1948, the Soviets began to withdraw from North Korea and the Americans followed suit by removing troops from the South --set a scene for a civil war

What happened to Rhee?

--converted to Christianity --went to study in US after is release --formed the Korean National Association to lobby for foreign assistance for the Korean independence movement. --returned to Korea in 1910 when Korea was annexed by Japan --actively involved in politics in Korea and was forced to flee the country again and moved to Hawaii --Japan's repression unified the nationalist movement

What happened to the Korean Independence Club?

--government ordered the dissolution of the Club and arrested members of the club --Club members' protest --Suppression by the government and arrested club members in Nov. --government ordered the dissolution of the Club and arrested members of the club --Club members' protest --Suppression by the government and arrested club members in Nov.

What was Rhee's attitude towards the US?

--once Japan was defeated in 1945, Rhee began actively lobbying the US to become Korea's postcolonial leader. --criticized US advocacy of the partitioning of Korea rather than promoting unification. --Rhee intended to reunite Korea under an anti-communist banner. --US accepted the leadership of Rhee largely because of his anti-communism stance.

Ineffective multilateral alliances

--the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO): ineffective in producing a common position vis-à-vis the Soviet Union --the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was of little use during the Vietnam War, although some of its members did send token forces. • SEATO and CENTO no longer exist, the bilateral alliances with South Korea and Japan continue to thrive. --these two alliances were the centerpieces of American East Asia Strategy --The Korean and Japanese militaries continue to be equipped with American arms and American troops are still stationed in both countries.

In which the Japanese Empire's Economic Development would be tied to its' military conquests...

1) Planned Economic Development and State Capitalism 2) Tying Manchurian development to Japanese domestic production goals through the creation of the Japan-Manchuria bloc economy 3) Colonization • Relieve the social ills of its rural areas by sending the rural poor to colonize lands in Manchuria --5 million Japanese farmers --continental Japanese How to avoid being reigned in or overseen by the Emperor? --a puppet regime (1932, Manchukuo) with Chinese officials nominally in charge. --1933 Coup

Why was Japan not satisfied of just occupying Manchukuo?

1) occupy 5 provinces in North China as protection against China 2) control of Mongolian borderlands as security against the USSR 3) occupy islands in the South China Sea to guard against British attack on shipping

What kind of threats did the US envision under the containment doctrine by 1948?

1) surprise attack on the US itself 2) a conventional military assault against west Europe

Occupation and Administration of Korea Pt. 3

1. 1910 and 1930s Annexation by Japan 2. 1943 Cairo Declaration 3. 1945 Yalta Conference 4. 1945 Potsdam Conference

Ideological and Economic Differences

1. Firm alliance relationship: --alliance built upon shared strategic interest in international politics. --alliance nurtured by identical political, economic and ideological commonalities. 2. Alliance relationship between China and DPRK is in name only: 1) ideological differences between the two communist countries emerged in 1950 --DPRK: One for all and all for one --China: class struggle --China regard DPRK as leaning towards Soviet revisionism in ideology. --deepened difference after reform 3. Economic differences between China & DPRK --China tried to persuade DPRK to restructure its economy for improving economic performance and reducing its reliance on Chinese aid. --DPRK regarded China's well-intentioned persuasion as an economic rope to repress the socialist countries.

Core Strategic Value of North Korea to China

1. Provides a crucial buffer keeping US military presence away from the Chinese border. 2. Serves as a fault zone in the encirclement of China by the West and its allies. 3. Is the usefulness of this physical separation diminishing in the age of revolution in military affairs? -geographic and psychological comfort to the Chinese

What is the value of China to North Korea?

1. as a communication hub linking the DPRK and its hostile neighbors. - For example, China played an important role in the six-party talk regarding the North Korea nuclear proliferation issue. 2. As the only country maintains good working relations with both Koreas by serving as a good mediator in preventing some unexpected events from happening. 3. As the only country that is still under a treaty obligation to offer military assistance to North Korea—China as a military ally of DPRK. 4. As an indispensable provider of crucial aid to the people in DPRK

Armistice

1.Armistice was achieved in 1953 2.The war is still on and no peace treaty was achieved

Nuclear and Missile Dilemma

1.China: 1) do not provide nuclear protection for the DPRK 2) do not support North Korea in developing nuclear capability of its own 3) China's strategic interest in the Korean Peninsula is to maintain the status quo. 4) To the Chinese a nuclear DPRK can never be tolerated by the US

Strategic Bed-fellows

1.Isolation vs. Engagement 1)Why is an isolated North Korea in China's diplomatic interest? --China serves as the indispensable mediator --serve Sino-US relations well when they encounter difficulties in other areas --China hopes the DPRK maintains a minimum level of contact with its enemies 2) Why China does not want DPRK's complete isolation? --may give rise to serious confrontation in the Korean Peninsula 3) China has been trying to strike a fine balance in supporting DPRK's reach-out to the world and its being cut off from international contact

Historical Ties

1.What are the deep historical roots of the current problems in the bilateral relationship? 2.What were the unpleasant historical encounters? 1) The early pro-China elites in DPRK were purged by Kim II-sung and China offered refuge to some of them. 2) Mao's refusal to support the old Kim's succession plan for Kim Jong-il in the 1970s. 3) DPRK sensed a feeling of chauvinism of China.

Yalta Conference pt. 2

1.Why did the US request Soviet involvement in the Pacific at the Yalta conference? (1) with the hope of ending the conflict without an invasion of the Japanese homeland. 2.What was decided on Korea at the 1945 Yalta conference? (1) in a private meeting between Roosevelt and Stalin, it was decided that a four-way trusteeship of Korea should last about 30 to 40 years, and both orally agreed that no foreign troops would be stationed on the Korean peninsula; nor should there be a post-war occupation. 3.Was there a friendly US-Soviet relationship after the war? Roosevelt's death on April 12 ended any expectation of this friendly relationship. 4.When was Korea caught up in an ideological war? 1950

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting with FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Ideological and Economic Differences pt. 2

4. Why does China have to continue pouring money into the DPRK? --DPRK is valuable for China to maintain a balance in its overall diplomatic pursuits. --North Korea is an indispensable chip in China's dealing with the US, the ROK and Japan. --North Korea constantly raise the demand --China: more money just buys more mistrust 5. In order to rectify the free fall of the bilateral relations, China and North Korea reached an agreement to disagree about the other's position on reforms. --Juche: China stopped its persuasion due to its recognition of a crucial fact that reform may actually trigger the collapse of DPRK and thus harm China --China's reform: DPRK's open praise

Senkaku Islands/Diaoyutai Island/Diaoyudao Islands (SDD)

A collection of eight uninhabited islands and rock outcroppings located in the East China Sea and contentiously claimed by both Japan and China What's at the heart of the disputes? At the heart of the dispute is who claims them. They are 7 sq km and lie north-east of Taiwan, east of the Chinese mainland and south-west of Japan's southern-most prefecture, Okinawa. These islands are controlled by Japan. Why does it matter who controls the islands? - They are close to important shipping lanes - They offer rich fishing grounds - lie near potential oil and gas reserves - They are also in a strategically significant position, amid rising competition between US and China for military supremacy in the Asia-Pacific region.

Containment Doctrine

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.

Japan-Tawian Relations: Unofficial in name only

As a result of the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations in 1973, Japan cut of its diplomatic ties with the ROC (Taiwan). What followed was nearly two decades of diplomatic tepidity between Tokyo and Taipei. Since the 1990s, however Japan and Taiwan have been rapidly approaching each other again. This commingling process, which has elevated their relations to an "unofficial-in-name-only" status, is the result of three mutually reinforcing factors: 1) re-imagination of colonial ties 2) sharing of a democratic identity 3) and the permeating of popular culture.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence. This being due to a imperialistic system founded by Japan consisting of other Asian countries during the early 20th century. In which Japan reduced its members to puppet nations, taking their raw materials and using them as new markets.

Potsdam Conference

As this was the final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, Germany outside Berlin, in July 26, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe by setting up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. But their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

How did the goal of modernity impact Japan's foreign policy?

It went from isolationist country to imperialist country. It's foreign policy truly became if you can't beat your enemies, join them. So it did by justifying its invasion of neighboring countries, specifically its' Asian neighbors.

China and North Korea: a Fragile Relationship of Strategic Convenience

Common Interests Problems in Bilateral Relations 1.Historical ties 2.Ideological Stance 3.Political and Economic Programs 4.Diplomatic interactions

More Recent Developments pt. 2

Discussions between Japan and China to develop a crisis management mechanism tool begin in 2012. Talks stalled when tensions peaked in 2013 after China declared the establishment of an air defense idenitification zone, airspace over land in which the identification, location, and control of civil aircraft is perfomed in the interest of national security. After Japan and China signed a four-point consensus document laying out their differences concerning the disputed islands, bilateral discussions resumed in early 2015, aiming to implement the maritime and aerial communication mechanism After nine rounds of high-levels consultations, the mechanism was launched in 2018.

More Recent Developments pt. 3

How has the tensions escalated in the region recently? 1. Tensions escalated sharply in 2010 following the collision of Chinese fishing trawler with two Japanese Coast Guard vessels in contested territory. 2. In 2012, the right-wing governor of Tokyo, launched to a drive to purchase three of the islands from their "private" owners (the Kurihara family) and build structures on them. 3. To prevent this, Japan's central government instead bought them for roughly US $25 million and used the word "nationalize" to describe the purchase.

Taiwan and the Rising Tensions in the East China Sea

Examine Taiwan's policy toward the territorial dispute in the East China Sea and explains why it yielded some dividends. Suggest Taipei's diplomatic initiative, the East China Sea Peace Initiative - is the most sensible proposal advanced to reduce the potential for conflict in the region

Pearl Harbor

From 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - A Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii which destroyed 20 U.S. ships and 188 aircraft. - Eight battleships were damaged, with five sunk -- • Three light cruisers, three destroyers, three smaller vessels - American losses were 2,403 (2,335 service men and 68 civilians killed) 1,178 wounded. -- 1,104 men aboard the Battleship USS Arizona were killed after a 1,760-pound air bomb penetrated into the forward magazine causing catastrophic explosions. - Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. - Americans taken completely by surprise • The first attack wave targeted airfields and battleships • The second wave targeted other ships and shipyard facilities

From Colonial Occupation to Partition Occupation

Impact on the Economy South Korea 1) oppose to socialism, communism, and the ideal of trusteeship with Soviet included 2) UN approved the installation of a provisional democratic government in Korea in 1948.

The East China Sea Peace Initiative (Soft Policies)

In August 2012, President Ma of Taiwan proposed an "East China Sea Peace Initiative" calling on all disputant to exercise restraint, shelve controversies, engage in peaceful dialogue, and observe international law. While sovereignty cannot be divided, the natural resources can be shared. Tokyo, Beijing, and Taipei should work together to explore and develop resources in the East China Sea.

Occupation and Administration of Korea

In seeking to expand its "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere", Japan made a serious strategic mistake by bombing the Pearl Harbor. This motivated the US to enter the wars Europe and Asia and began rolling back and destroying the Japanese Empire. By making enemy with US, Japan brought trouble to itself and eventually surrendered on August 15, 1945. Actually, realizing the war would end eventually with an anticipated victory, the allies had been making preparations for dealing with post-War Asia.

Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan's goal and organization to help all Asians escape Western colonial rule; but real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia However, it marketed as this necessary for the "greater good" for the region. That Asia should only be Asians.

Japan's Defense Policy Today

Japan's rearmament program worries a significant portion of the Japanese population and also worries Japan's neighbors including China and the Koreas. However, Japan's rearmament program worries Australia and Russia. Japan's remilitarization has taken many forms, including expanding military budgets, legitimizing the sending of military forces abroad, a commitment to join the American missile defense program, and a growing acceptance of military solutions to international problems.

Japanese Economic Miracle

Japan's transformation after World War II in to a major economic power; its emergence as a world economic power has been based mostly on innovation, work ethic and organization The quick recovery of Japanese economy after World War II (WWII) can be attributed to several factors. First, Japan was not burdened with heavy military expense after WWII. Second, Japan was relying on other countries for research and development right after WWII. Third, Japan's post-war development was concentrating on commercial success. Fourth, Japan had large amount of skilled labor force.

Syngman Rhee (1875-1965)

Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War. He was supported by the United States • Korea's involvement in the Cold War and the longstanding relationship between Korea and the US are intimately tied to the career of Syngman Rhee. --first as a leader of the Korean Independence Club, which served as a citizens' assembly and began to initiate direct social and political programs since 1898.

Nuclear and Missile Dilemma pt. 2

North Korea: 1) With the lose of the ally USSR and with the doubt of China's assistance, going nuclear is the best option for a poor and small country 2) nuclear creates the level of deterrence that no other weapons can. 3) What can China do with regards to a nuclear DPRK? --as an ally, it cannot threaten DPRK not to go nuclear --indirectly linked its increased aid to the maintenance of the non-nuclear DPRK. --support US's bribery and convince the DPRK that it is the best it can get anyway --China never regarded the DPRK's missile program to be of any practical combat value 4) How can DPRK's missile program adversely affect China's security ? --it gives the US and its allies a seemingly legitimate reason to develop the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in the Far East. --North Korea constructed some of its missile test sites just on the Sino-DPRK borders.

Cairo Conference

November, 1943 - A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan. They announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WWI.

More Recent Developments

Nowadays the nationalist party in Republic of China is more pro-Taiwan independence than the democratic progressive party. In April 2014, Former President Barack Obama became the first U.S. President to explicitly state the disputed islands are covered by the US-Japanese Security Treaty. However, the US did not take a formal position on their ultimate sovereignty. An accidental military incident or political miscalculation by China or Japan could embroil the US in armed conflict (hostilities) with China.

Japan vs. USSR

On Aug 8, the USSR declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria the next day

What kind of dilemma was Japan facing in its effort of achieving economic development?

Resources: Japan had no petroleum resources of its own and imported almost 80% of its needs from a single source- the US ---Japan depend on the US for the technology for a synthetic fuel industry. ---Dilemma: Japan's economic development requires resources. Acquiring resources needs a peaceful environment, which was not possible due to the resistance from the Chinese. Eliminating this resistance requires the Japanese use of military force, which delayed its economic progress.

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers on September 27, 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US What was the goal of the Tripartite Pact? --new world order --authoritarian-fascist model of the state

Japan National Defense Program Outline

Since 1951, a mutual security treaty with the US has shielded Japan from potential aggressors. During the Cold War Period, in spite of the tension between US and USSR, US encouraged the rearmament of Japan's "Self Defense Force (SDF) and Japan took steps to revise its defense policy and military doctrine. In 1976, Japan adopted a National Defense Program Outline (NDPO) that provided for the establishment of a "standard defense force" with an ability to "cope effectively with situations up to the point of limited and small scale aggression." With many in Japan seeing this program to this day, illegal and unconstitutional, but the program continues and in has since been expanded. In 1995, In 1995 Japan embraced a new National Defense Program Outline (NDPO) that called on the Japanese self-defense force to cooperate with the US in areas surrounding Japan and stated that the military could contribute to the international peacekeeping operations and international disaster relief activities.

Potsdam Conference pt. 2

So what happened? 1. In 1945, nations from around the world met to discuss the possibility of founding what is now the United Nations. 2. US was highly suspicious of Stalin and his push for hegemony in Europe. Truman and his advisers suspected that the Soviets intended to conquer Asia. 3. On arriving at the conference, Truman was informed that US had successfully tested a nuclear bomb. Truman and his adviser had decided that the use of this nuclear weapon would end the war early. Without revealing this news, Truman steered the conference away from talk of a trusteeship for Korea. 4. On August 5, 1945, nuclear bombs were dropped in Japan. Two days later, Soviet entered the Pacific War and the Red Army moved into the northern portion of Korea. 5. Concerning about the liberation of Korea, the Truman administration proposed a temporary division of the peninsula along the 38th parallel without any real reason to expect the USSR would accepted it given their superior military position. 6. Tensions in the region mounted as occupation forces moved into the divided peninsula.

Taiwan's position on the SDD Islands

Taipei calls the islands, Diaoyutais, argues they belong to the ROC (Republic of China). - That they were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shiminoseki, which stipulated that China gave up "the whole of island of Formosa (Taiwan), together with each of all the islands appertaining to it [emphasis added]. "At that point, Japan changed the name of the islands - a move that would confuse Chinese authorities in coming years. Second reason: by the Cairo Declaration (1943), an accord declaring that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa [Taiwan], and the Pescadores [Penghu], shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which has she has taken by violence and greed.

Taiwan's two-pronged policy towards the quarrel

Taiwan has advanced a diplomatic proposal that could conceivably shelve the issue if adopted- the East China Sea Peace Initiative. Taipei has appeared to throw its support behind activists (described by as some as fanatics) claiming that the SDD belonged to the Chinese People, and seemed to inch closer to the People's Republic of China (PRC or China)

THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense)

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), formerly Theater High Altitude Area Defense, is an American anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to shoot down short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase (descent or reentry) by intercepting with a hit-to-kill approach

Occupation and Administration of Korea Pt. 2

The 1943 Cairo Declaration, the US., UK, and China announced their intention to return all lands that Japan had acquired since WWI. What does this mean to Korea? (1) Japan will be expelled from Korea; (2) the independence of the peninsula would have to wait; (3) there would be a temporary trusteeship of Korea for an undermined amount of time in order to ensure the future freedom of the nation. 1945 Yalta Conference addressed the status of Korea: (1) Korea will be administered by an interim government under international jurisdiction until such time as the Koreans were able to govern themselves. (2) The conferees wanted to avoid a single-power occupation and administration of Korea and wanted to keep Korea intact as a single political unit.

Japan's position on the SDD islands

The Chinese had not incorporated the Senkaku Islands into their territory during the late Qing period (1644-1912). The Senkaku Island were never a part of the Chinese mainland, nor were they a part of the Formosan Islands, as Beijing asserts. Therefore, these islands were not a part of the Treaty of Shimonoseki discussions, and they were not included in the Formosan territory ceded by China. In sum, Japan embraces the position that there is no dispute over the islands located in the East China Sea.

"Asia for Asians"

The Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia had been accomplished under this slogan. Many Japanese sincerely believed that their government was bringing about the liberation of Asians from European colonial rule. • How did Japan's super-nationalist ideology impact Asia? --Asian countries' desire to end European colonialism --Japanese: more abusive of their Asian brothers than the Europeans had been --Indian National Army under Bose fought with Japanese forces against their own people in the British army --Ne Win of Burma worked closely with Japanese force

China's Position on the SDD Islands

The PRC Position: - The PRC government agrees with Taipei that the SDD islands are Chinese territories that were stolen by Tokyo after the first Sino-Japanese War and should have been returned after WWII, in keeping with terms of the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation Beijing claims the SDD islands belong to the PRC, not the ROC as the SDD islands are a part of Taiwan and Taiwan is a part of the PRC. They claim this because Beijing claims that ROC ceased to exist in 1949, and that some legal arguments advanced by Taipei cannot be endorsed by the PRC. Finally, Beijing's public position towards the SDD differs from Taipei's on another important aspect. Unlike Taiwan, the PRC claims to see the "hidden hand" [the cause] behind many of the East China Sea problems to be the US's fault/influence. They loudly criticize the US for actions it took in the 1940's. China's Foreign Ministry has said this statement: "Diaoyu Dao (SDD) was returned to China after WWII. However, the US arbitrarily included Diaoyu Dao under its' trusteeship in the 1950's and "returned" the "power of administration" over Diaoyu Dao to Japan in the 1970's. The backroom deals between the US and Japan concerning Diaoyu Dao are acts of grave violations of China's territorial sovereignty. They are illegal and invalid. They have not and cannot change the fact that Diaoyu Dao belongs to China."

More background on the SDD islands

The Senkaku/Diaoyu islands were formally claimed by Japan in 1895 and have been privately owned by a series of Japanese citizens for most of the past 120 years. Aside from a brief period after World War II (WWII) when the US controlled the territory, Japan has exercised effective control over the islands since 1895. China began to reassert claims over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands in the 1970's, citing historic rights to the area. Tensions resurfaced in September 2012 when Japan purchased three of the disputed islands from a private owner.

For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan

The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on 17 April 1895. The Qing Empire recognized the total independence of Korea and ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and Penghu Islands to Japan "in perpetuity". The Qing government also signed a commercial treaty permitting Japanese ships to operate on the Yangtze River, to operate manufacturing factories in treaty ports and to open four more ports to foreign trade. Russia, Germany and France in a few days made the Triple Intervention, however, and forced Japan to give up the Liaodong Peninsula in exchange for another 30 million taels of silver (equivalent to about 450 million yen).

A little background on the current state of the West Pacific

The West Pacific is more peaceful now than any time since the 19th century. A variety of territorial disputes threatens the peace and stability of East Asia. quarrel among the PRC, Taiwan, and Japan over a handful of uninhabited islands located about midway between Taiwan and Okinawa (where the U.S. has important military bases) in the East China Sea.

Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ)

The area or zone of the world in which each country due to international law, can claim to have exclusive economic rights. Can be seen as an informational border, these border extends two hundred nautical miles from its coast, but that space overlaps the sea separating China and Japan spans three hundred and sixty nautical miles After China discovered natural gas near the overlapping EEZ-claimed area in 1995, Japan objected to any drilling in the area due to the fact the gas fields could extend into the disputed zone.

Korean War (1950-1953)

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

The Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239) • In the early 1940s, America had started an atomic weapons development program code named the "Manhattan Project" • A successful test was conducted at Alamogordo in New Mexico in July 1945

Japan's First Major Success in War

The first Sino-Japanese War was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily over influence in Joseon Dynasty Korea. • The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing dynasty's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Japan's successful Meiji Restoration.

Taiwan's position on the SDD Islands pt. 2

Third reason, the Potsdam Proclamation (1945) stated that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out" and the Japanese government "accepted the Potsdam Proclamation by signing the instrument of Surrender" Additionally, both the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and the 1952 Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty between Taipei and Tokyo stipulate that "Japan has renounced all the rights, title and claims to Taiwan (Formosa) and the Penghu (the Pescadores)." Authorities contend the ROC Government did not press the issue because of confusion over a new name by Japanese Government (Senkaku), a moved that had "masked the islands' original Chinese ownership and identity". Taipei argues that it did not press its territorial claims until the 1970s because it "from 1945 to 1971, the Diaoyutai Islands were under US administration, not Japanese." The ruling party of Taiwan, the DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), argues the islands are an extension of Taiwan's portion of the continental shelf.

Korean Independence Club's Goals

Three main goals of the club: 1) to promote Korean independence 2) to promote the self-strengthening movement 3) to increase citizen participation in politics while limiting autocratic power

Responses to Taipei's Two-Pronged Policy

Tokyo and Beijing have yet to officially responded to Taipei's East China Sea Peace Initiative 1) Tokyo will not respond directly because it claims there is no dispute over the sovereignty of the SDD. 2) Beijing contends that the government making the proposal no longer legally exists. 3) However, American scholars and former American officials are more openly supportive.

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

Treaty signed to officially end the Sino-Japanese War - China had to recognize Korea as an independent state - The Liaotung peninsula, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands were given to Japan - 4 new Chinese ports opened to Japanese traders - Japan gained most-favoured nation rights on China - China (the Qing Empire) had to pay an indemnity of 200 million taels (8,000,000 kg/17,600,000 lb) of silver as war reparations.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II. • Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 - 90,000 killed • Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945 - 35,000 killed • Okinawa had been much more costly than Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Hiroshima, vicinity of ground zero

Japanese Early Success in WWII

What explains this early success? - Pearl Harbor Attack: Japan saw the US and others as a threat to its influence in Asia and in 1940 the Japanese began developing plans to destroy the US Navy in Hawaii • On Dec 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor

Hard Policies

Working with Chinese Mainland and working with Activists

Sunshine Policy

current policy of active engagement and reconciliation by the government of South Korea towards North Korea and was created in 2000. In which this policy was created to achieve greater "transparency" and thereby reduce nepotism, corruption, collusion, cronyism, conflicts of interest, etc. It comes for a famous quote by Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, "Sunshine is the best disinfectant", meaning that transparency will prevent dishonesty and conflicts of interest. • US military operations to bring about regime change in North Korea would be a disaster. --a large number of refugees leaving North Korea for the South and also for China. --when President Bush began pressuring North Korea, including the threat of economic sanctions, South Korean president Kim Dae-Jung, advocate of a sunshine policy favoring engagement with the North.

Triple Intervention

the combination of Russia, France, and Germany that pressured Japan to renounce the Liaodong peninsula in Manchuria in 1895

The plan to Invade Japan

• Codenamed Operation Downfall • US planned to invade Japan with eleven Army and Marine divisions (650,000 troops) • Casualty estimates for the operation were as high as 1,400,000 • Truman decided to use the atomic bomb to avoid such losses

Final Campaigns of the Pacific Theater

• From Feb 19 to Mar 11, 1945 the Marines captured Iwo Jima • From Apr to June Americans captured Okinawa - Total American battle casualties were 49,151, of which 12,520 were killed or missing and 36,631 wounded - Approximately 110,000 Japanese were killed and 7,400 more were taken prisoners - Okinawa showed how costly an invasion of the Japanese home islands would be

Broader Results of Pearl Harbor

• In spite of the tactical success, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an operational and strategic failure for the Japanese - The attack failed to destroy the American aircraft carriers, fleet repair facilities, or fuel reserves - The "sneak attack" galvanized American support for entry into the war

The Dimensions of the Japanese Empire

• Military Conquest • Economic Development • Mass Migration (Colonization)

Further development of the nationalist movement

• Nationalists attempted to create a government in exile" with a provisional government of the Republic of Korea. • In 1919, in order to establish its legitimacy, the republic elected as its ministers the absent leaders of all established independence groups abroad -- Syngman Rhee was elected president and "traveled yearly to Shanghai to attend the annual conventions of the government-in-exile."

Greatest Extent of Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere (In Summary)

• The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - Marketed as Liberation from Western imperialism and Communism, but it was a ploy/illusion. - Take the scene from Megamind: The people of the city when seeing the new supposed hero: "Ah we are saved." The hero, now actually a villain says "More like under new management."

The Aftermath of WWII in the Pacific

• The Japanese still refuse to apologize unequivocally for the war and deny that some atrocities even happened. • Unresolved issues : --the partition of Korea --the political future of French Indochina - Japan vs. the USSR

US-Japanese Relationship before Pearl Harbor Attack

• The struggle for naval supremacy --American Plan: hold out until rescued by the Pacific fleet --Japanese Plan: US ships would be met by submarine and carrier-based air strikes • American restrictions on Japanese immigration—latent racism

US-South Korea Relations

• US formed alliance to counter the threat of Soviet aggression: --multilateral alliance: NATO --bilateral alliances: US-Korea alliance --an attack on one would be an attack on all • Purposes of the alliances: --pool resources --serve as a link between alliance members and the US --develop a common military doctrine allowing for the integration of forces --alliances served as a conduit for American military assistance --the alliances made possible the stationing of American forces abroad

Characteristics of Japanese Political Evolution in the early 1930s

• Unsophisticated in the business of foreign relations • Uninformed by experience • Little appreciation for what they were getting into • Substitution of violence and emotion for reason (lack of rationality)