poli sci

We the people chptr 1

Direct Democracy is best defined as a system that allows citizens to vote directly for laws and policies Having some share or say in the composition of a government's leadership, how it is organized, or what its policies are going to be is called political power A government that is formally limited by laws and rules is called constitutional a government that is not constrained by legal limits and also seeks to eliminate any challanges to its authority is known as a(n) ___ government totalitarian between 1909 and 2016 the number of americans over 65 increased form 4% of the population to 15% of the population most americans of african descent were not officially citizens in the united states until 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution conferred citizenship on formally enslaved people i'm 1900 americans who treated their origin to latin america or asia accounted for less than 1% of the entire population Who said that the best government was the one that "governed least"? Thomas Jefferson the american population grew from approximately ___ million people in 1790 to approximately ___ million people in 2018 4 ; 327 which of the following statements accurately reflects data in americans political knowledge most americans do not have a lot of political knowledge the decline in political efficacy in the united states is likely to have negative effects on American democracy because it will lead to less citizen participation in government. the belief that ordinary citizens can affect what government does is referred to as political efficacy democracy functions best when citizens are informed it is important for americans to have political knowledge so that they will be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices. generally speaking in order to be a good citizen in the united states it is most critical to have political knowledge about the american system of government politics can be defined as conflicts over the character, membership, and policies of government the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government is called pluralism Republic (also known as a Representative Democracy) is a system of government that gives citizen a regular opportunity to elect top government officials government is best defined as the institutions and procedures by which a territory and its people are ruled

Governing California Chptr 2

the california constitution is much ___ and ___ to amend compared with the us constitution longer ; easier One major goal of the Progressive movement was to reduce the power of corporations what political party played a significant role in californias 1879 constitution Workingmen the initiative referendum and recall are all example of what? direct democracy which of the following is NOT a progressive era reform? ? which if the following is a common argument made AGAINST the initative process many initiatives are difficult to understand this process gives the citizens of California the power to remove elected officials from office recall from 2000 to 2020 the top contributor to the initiative ballot committees has been ? the primary goals of the progressive movement were to make government more responsive to what concerns of the people all of the above (social, economic, political) the process that gives citizens the power to enact constitutional amendments and legislation is called the initiative process

Governing California Chptr 7

the state supreme court is the only court in califonia with ____ ,which allows the justices to decide which cases they wish to review. judicial discretion what is the difference between civil courts and criminal courts? civil courts deal more with violations of contracts and liability; criminal courts deal with violations of the law such as robbery and assault. what is the purpose of the california court of appeals? to review the trial or superior court records for error. which courts hear cases involving disputes between individuals, such as breaches of contract? state civil courts in order to bring a civil suit in california, an individual must have standing to sue state courts help to ensure that citizens are guaranteed due process of law which of the following is one method of removing judges in california a recall election initiated by voters in california, judges serving on superior courts are elected in nonpartisan elections Judges selected by the governor to serve on the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal in California must be approved by the Commission on Judicial Appointments

We The People Chptr 15

the written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case opinion in ___ , an attorney for each side appears before the supreme court to present her clients position and answer the justices questions oral argument which of the following best describes the job of a law clerk who works in a federal court? assist federal judges by researching legal issues and helping prepare opinions which of the following best describes the role of the solicitor general? The solicitor general is the lawyer who represents the United States before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party. the power of the supreme court to review state actions and legislation is implied by the the supremacy clause of Article VI of the Constitution Through the exercise of ________, the Supreme Court has held actions or laws of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional. judicial review why has partisan conflict surrounded federal judicial appointments in recent years? The federal courts play an important role in shaping American law and politics. Once the president has formally nominated an individual for a federal judgeship, the nominee must be considered by the Senate Judiciary Committee and confirmed by a majority vote in the full Senate. the size of the us supreme court is set by Congress a writ of habeas corpus declares that the government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention. If a man is arrested because his home was searched by police without a legal warrant, he could argue in court that he had been denied ________. due process of law which of the following is true about the bias for federal court jurisdiction? congress has created several specialized courts that have nationwide original jurisdiction in certain types of cases ____ is the only federal court established by the constitution us supreme court Cases in which the U.S. government is a party are always heard in a federal court. the sphere of a court's power and authority jurisdiction ____ occurs when a criminal case is resolved through a negotiated agreement before a full trial is completed plea bargain Suppose a defendant is convicted at trial but believes that the judge made an error that impacted the decision. She would first ask her case be tried again at ________. If she were to lose at that court, she could still try again, if her argument were accepted, at the ________. Court of Appeals ; Supreme Court Prior cases whose principles are used by judges to decide current cases are called precedents the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties civil law in what type of law is the government always the plaintiff criminal law

We The People Chptr 9

to create the new deal coalition, franklin roosevelt: expnaded the democratic party's base From 1896 to 1932, the ________ Party was the nation's majority party. Republican after the civial war, african american men were more likely to vote for which party republican the first party system was characterized by conflict between the ___ and the ___ Federalists ; Jeffersonian Republicans ___ are independent, nonprofit groups that receive and distribute funds to influence the nomination, election, and/or defeat of a candidate super PACs the three most important tasks accomplished at a party's national convention are nominating the party's presidental and vice presidential candidates, drafting the party's campaign platform, and approving changes in the rules governing party procedures national party conventions are held every four years and attended by delegates from all 50 states. political parties hold primary elections or caucuses in order to select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election. a ____ is a meeting of a political groups members who gather to determine strategy and select candidates caucus the american system for electing members of congress is often referred to as "winner take all" because runners up do not gain seats in government one important cause of the two party system in the united states is single member, winner take all electoral districts at any given time in american politics, how many parties have tended to dominate politics two political scientists have founded that one economic issues, both the democratic and the republican parties are more responsive to the preferences of the upper and middle classes than the lower classes what is partisanship? identification with or support of a particular party a political party is an organization that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.

We the people chptr 2

A ________ vote by both houses of Congress and a ratification vote of ________ of the states are required to amend the U.S. Constitution. two-thirds ; three-fourths During the ratification debates, the anti federalists were those who opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government. During the ratification debates, the Federalists were those who supported the Constitution because it contained a strong national government. what does the supremacy clause assert? The Constitution and all laws made under it are superior to any state laws. what is the significance of the bill of rights? It ensured certain rights and liberties to the people. which of the following is the best definition of the elastic clause? a part of the Constitution that empowers Congress to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers federal judges are appointed by the __ and must be approved by the ___ president ; senate the three branches of government created by the constitution are Executive, Legislative, Judicial the electoral collage is designed to select the president of the united states the presidents power to veto a bill passed by congress is a good example of checks and balances under the constitution state governments are ? bicameral is mid a constitutional principle that represents the division of congress into two chambers shays rebellion was significant because It convinced many observers that the government under the Articles of Confederation had become dangerously inefficient and indecisive. the issue of representation was addressed in the great compromise by giving each state an equal number of senators but linking representation in the House of Representatives to population. What did the New Jersey Plan propose for Congress? Representation would be equal for each state. at the constitutional convention the proposed plan to create a congress where representation was distributed according to population was called the ___ plan Virginia Three-Fifths Compromise: determined that three out of every five slaves would be counted for purposes of representation and taxation. the boston tea party was largely a response to the British government's decision to grant the East India Company a monopoly on the export of tea from Britain. the united states first written constitution was called the Articles of Confederation A ________ is a system of government in which member states retain almost all of their sovereign authority and delegate limited powers to a weak central body. Confederation

We The People Chptr 6

In order for a survey to accurately generalize the entire population, the survey must select respondents randomly, and everyone in the target population must have an equal chance of being selected. If a national survey finds candidate A leads candidate B by 5% in the upcoming election and the margin of error in the survey is 3%, it means that candidate A leads candidate B by anywhere between 2 and 8 percentage points If a person supports a candidate because he or she is the front-runner in a poll, it is an example of the bandwagon effect A frequent cause of measurement error in polls is due to poorly worded questions a push pull involves asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondents opinion what is the social desirability effect the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable, rather than what they actually believe a(n) ___ sample is a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent simple random The small group selected by pollsters to represent the entire population is called the ________. sample political leaders may prefer communicating through social media because they can directly control the content of their communication and speak to the public directly which of the following statements about public opinion in america is most accurate? Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs. according to john Zalles model of opinion formation, the "sample" stage occurs when a(n) individual selects the most relevant or most recently acquired and accepted information from his or her "bucket" of information in response to a survey question What are the agents of socialization? social institutions, like family and school, that shape an individual's basic political beliefs and values the process by which political values are formed is known as political socialization a vast majority of americans describe themselves as liberals, conservatives, or moderates. ________ is the core political value most highly prioritized by American conservatives. liberty ________ generally support abortion rights and oppose state involvement with religious institutions. Liberals Bernie Sanders is best described as a ___, while rand paul is best described as a ___ democratic socialist ; libertarian Libertarianism is a political ideology that emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government A political ideology is best defined as a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about government The term public opinion is used to describe beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

We The People Chptr 13

The President plays a major role in the early law making process through the use of legislative initiatives a singing statement is an announcement the president makes about his or her interpretation of a congressional enactment he or she is singing into law an executive order has the effect and formal status of legislation in the last few decades, executive orders have become routine instruments of presidential governance rather than emergency wartime measures . When presidents use popular appeals in an attempt to create a mass base of support that will allow them to accomplish their goals, it is referred to as going public the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in the case of death, resignation, or, incapacitation, is to cast tiebreaker votes in the Senate the main political value of the vice president is to bring the president votes in the election he or she might otherwise not win the presidents group of advisors and analysts is collectively called the White House staff The president has the power to appoint which of the following positions? cabinet secretaries In order to be President, a person must be 35 years or older the presidents military powers are most expressed in the role of the commander in chief which of the following statements about the presidential veto is most accurate? Use of the veto varies considerably across presidential administrations, and vetoes are seldom overridden. The power to receive ambassadors is an example of ________. an expressed power the state of the union address is mandated by the Constitution Richard Nixon claimed ______ when he refused to turn over secret White House tapes to congressional investigators. executive privilege what is required for congress to override a presidential veto two-thirds of both houses of Congress in order to get around the need for senate approval of treaties, many contemporary presidents have made use of ___ in foreign affairs executive agreements when a president recognizes a country it means that the united states acknowledges the legitimacy of that country's government is a state government makes a formal request that the president deploy federal troops, the president can refuse to send troops at his or her discretion ____ powers are specifically established by the language of the constitution expressed

We The People Chptr 7

Which media source is regulated by the federal government? television the term "fake news" is most accurately characterized as false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political candidate or oarty over another social media usage tends to exaggerate partisan polarization among the mass public because people pick their own friend networks and can avoid disagreeable ideas. Google News, Reddit, and Real Clear Politics are good examples of news aggregators Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________. Associated Press which of the following is the best definition of media? print and digital forms of communication that include everything from websites, newspapers, television, and radio in the united states, freedom of the press is protected by First Amendment to the Constitution the ___ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages equal time rule which agency regulates broadcast media? Federal Communications Commission reporting in which the media adopts a skeptical or even a hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as adversarial journalism In recent years, ________ has released thousands of secret government documents, exposing government corruption, torture, and war crimes. WikiLeaks Priming refers to the process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue ________ is the power the media have to shape what issues Americans think about and ________ is the power the media have to influence how Americans think about those issues. agenda setting ; framing News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalists is called citizen journalism which of the following statements best describes where younger and older americans get their news? Social media tend to be a secondary news source after television for most Americans, but a primary news source for the young. individuals with home high speed internet access and the technology and literacy skills to use it are called digital citizens Large media conglomerates own approximately ________ percent of daily newspapers. 75% which if the following statements best characterizes media ownership in the united states? a small number of giant privately owned corporations control most of the country's television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channelsX book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites privately owned media companies in the united states earn most of their revenue from advertising public broadcasting in the united states accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

We The People Chptr 11

a grassroots mobilization occurs when an interest group monilized its menbers throughout the country to write their representatives in support if the groups position interest groups use litigation as a strategy of influence by filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency. the practice of lobbying is fundamentally protected by the first amendment A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on government officials is called lobbying a national park which everyone can use is a good example of a collective good "Selective benefits" are incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations. Members of interest groups in the United States are typically people with higher levels of income and education. those who enjoy the benefits of collective goods but did not participate in acquiring or providing them are best described as free riders which of the following is a theoretical assumption of pluralism? Competition among interests will produce balance, with all interests moderating each other. Interest groups are concerned with the ________ of government, while political parties are concerned with the ________ of government. policies ; personnel the teamsters and the american federation of labor and congress of industrial organizations (AFL-CIO) are examples of ___ groups labor public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests. a physician looking out for the interest of physicians is more likely to be represented by which type of interest group? professional association

Governing California Chptr 4

as of 2020 the 25th congressional district (which includes santa clarita) held by katie hill and then mike garcia is considered what color (based on political party)? purple a mail in ballot is now available to any voter who wants one on the november 2020 ballot, proposition 16 was an affirmative action measure that would have allowed the consideration of race, sex, and ethnicity decisions related to public employment and education. study the data presented in the table and determine which county was least likely to vote for prop 16. kern county in june 2010, voters passed proposition 14, the "open primary" initiative. the primary system is known as the "top two vote getters@ (TTVG) and is a modified version of which primary type? a blanket primary in california, what was one reason that the 2020 election was historic in its transformation of the voting practices? all voters were automatically sent a mail in ballot among these political parties, which has the most party registrants in the state? democratic which if the following statements about the 2020 presidential elections is accurate? turnout surged to levels not seen since the 1960s which of the following counties in claifornia is considered to be the most liberal? san francisco which of the following is a benefit of having third parties in california third parties help focus public attention on important political issues in california, what are the two ways political parties can qualify to get in the ballot? registration and petition

We The People Chptr 4

due process of law is generally defined by the ___ amendments Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth the eight amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment a grand jury determines whether or not there is enough evidence to justify a trial McDonald v. Chicago (2010) was significant because it applied the Second Amendment to state governments. the second amendment to the us constitution deals with Right to bear arms the main difference between libel and slander is that libel refers to written statements, while slander refers to oral statements. which of the following forms of speech received the greatest level of first amendment protection political speech that does not incite violence freedom of speech and of the press have a special place in the american system because free and open debate is an essential mechanism for determining the quality and validity of competing ideas . the ___ clause of the first amendment protects an individuals right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses free exercise The Lemon test involves what part of the Constitution? establishment clause the supreme court case Burrell v Hobby Lobby Stores addressed the affordable care acts requirement that employers provide their female employees with free contraceptive coverage the constitutional basis for the nationalization of the bill of rights is the ___ amendment fourteenth During the Founding era, ________ were the strongest supporters of adding a bill of rights to the Constitution . Antifederalists ________ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering. civil liberties the bill of rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution

We The People Chptr 5

in Lawrence b Texas (2003) the supreme court extended the right to privacy to sexual minorities Before 1924, Native Americans were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations. which group was not permitted to immigrate to the united states from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s Chinese ___ was the leader of the united farm workers union in the 1960s César Chávez which of the following best summarizes the supreme courts ruling in Brown v Board of Eduction (1954) racially segregated schools can never be equal What is redlining? the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods. which government institution would most likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination Equal Employment Opportunity Commission State laws banning interracial marriage were struck down as unconstitutional in which Supreme Court case Loving v Virginia the ruling in Plessy v Ferguson (1896) established the separate but equal rule. When racial segregation in schools is the result of housing choices made by individuals and families rather than the result of law, it is referred to as de facto Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ________ Amendment in 1920. nineteenth the equal protection clause is found in the fourteenth amendment and ensures that all citizens must be treated equally by the law the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery the fifteenth amendment to the constitution guarantees African American men the right to vote civil rights are obligations imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens

We The People Chptr 3 + Governing California Chptr 9

in order to deal with issues that can affect large areas of the state such as air pollution which of the following have been formed to counter such problems? regional governments in this system a number of candidates may compete for one of the three vacant seats in the council and the top three vote getters are declared the winners at large elections what was the purpose of californias open meetings law (the Brown Act) to support transparency and prevent secret meetings of local government most of californias largest cities have which form of city government mayor council system progressive era reformers made several structural reforms replacing big city political machines including all of the above (strong managers and weak mayors, nonpartisan elections, the tools of direct democracy) all local elections in california are nonpartisan what do local agency formation commissions (LAFCo) do? they create, merge, or dissolve new local government in terms of land area, what is the largest county in california san bernardino what is the constitutional doctrine that gives state governments ultimate authority over local governments Dillon's Rule in claifornia school districts are governed by locally elected school boards a state governments authority regulate the safety health and morals of its citizens is called a(n) ___ power police block grants are designed to give the states more control in how they spend federal funds. ___ delegates authority to a lower level of government devolution regulated federalism is a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards ___ is evidenced when national officials fund a project that is actually implemented by state governments cooperative federalism "Marble cake federalism" is associated with the pattern of intergovernmental cooperation that has blurred the lines between the states and the national governments. suppose the government wanted to develop a national high speed rail network. the federal government supplies states with the money to do so, but imposes very strict laws on how it will be spent. this type of funding is likely to come from a categorical grant which of the following events was most influential in triggering the rise of a more active national government Great Depression which of the following parts of the us constitution has been most important in allowing the froth of national power commerce clause the traditional system of american federalism refers to a period when the national government was quite small and carried out only a narrow and very specialized set of responsibilities. the main function of the privledges and immunities clause of the article IV is that it prevents states from discriminating against nonresidents the 1996 defense of marriage act was most closely related to which of the following constitutional clauses full faith and credit clause State laws banning interracial marriage were successfully challenged in which Supreme Court case? Loving v. Virginia Which powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment, are neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states? reserved ________ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations but does not reimburse those costs. an unfunded mandate the full faith and credit clause of the constitution requires the states to honor each other's public acts and legal decisions. the process by which local state and federal governments negotiate and compromise over policy responsibilities is called intergovernmental relations the specific powers granted to congress in article I section 8 of the us constitution are called the ___ powers expressed federalism is best described as a system of government in which power is divided between a national government and lower-level governments. the ___ clause in the us constitution affirms that national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land supremacy

Governing California Chptr 3

independent committee expenditures are not subject to contribution limits if they ___ do not coordinate with a candidate or campaign which proposition resulted in campaign finance reforms in california in the year 2000? prop 34 the three California state senators indicted on various charges in 2014 were from which political party? democratic what is one reason that the power of interest groups has increased in california over the last three decades? growth of government what is a political committee (PAC)? an interest group that gathers campaign contributions from donors and gives them to candidates for political office the passage of term limits has ___ the power of lobbyists in sacramento increased interest groups are often referred to as ___ in sacramento the third house the number of lobbyists in Sacramento has ___ in recent years increased the list of top employers who have lobbyists has ___ over the last several years remained relatively stable lobbying or ___ is a major part of many organizations in california advocacy

We The People Chptr 10

political scientists call voters choices that focus on future behavior ____ voting, while those based on past performances are called ___ voting prospective ; retrospective in order to win the presidency, a candidate must win at least 270 electoral votes Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because they can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support. the idea behind micro targeting is to send different campaign messages to different demographic groups of voters a(n) ___ occurs when a voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election open primary The boundaries of legislative districts in the United States are to be redrawn every ________ years. 10 the advent of the american ballot in the early twentieth century was significant because it enables voters to make their choices on the basis of the individual candidate rather than the list of party's candidates congressional elections are held in the united states on the first tuesday of november ____ years every other when an American voter puppets only one party's candidates, he or she is said to be voting a ___ ticket straight the first caucus in the presidential primary campaign is held in ___ , while the first primary election in the presidential primary campaign is held in Iowa ; New Hampshire a runoff election is most likely to occur in. which kind of electoral system? majority system in the so called top two primary system candidates from all parties run against one another and the top two face each other in the general election. ___ involves intentionally manipulating districts boundaries to unfairly advantage one party over the other partisan gerrymandering in a ___ election, voters choose the nominees for their parties. in a ___ election, voters choose who they want to be officeholders primary ; general An election where the winner is the person who receives the most votes, regardless of the percentage of votes received, is called a ________ system. plurality

We The People Chptr 8

what is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes? education level what was notable about the 2018 midterm elections? turnout was up significantly and was more akin to turnout in presidential elections what are permanent absentee ballots? a voting option available in some states in which voters are automatically send a ballot for each election rather than requesting an absentee ballot Laws that automatically register residents to vote in elections have been enacted in 19 states and the district of columbia gerrymandering may reduce voter turnout by creating fewer competitive elections. voting rights for black men were established in the constitution by the ___ amendment fifteenth women won the right to vote in 1920 sufferage is the right to vote what is the gender gap the difference in support for republicans and democrats among men and women which of the following statements about socioeconomic status and political participation is accurate Americans of higher socioeconomic status participate more in politics, including voting compared to other developed countries, voter turnout in the united states is lower The main goal of the group Rock the Vote is to encourage young people to vote. what is turnout? the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote ___ is the single most important political act for most americans voting which if the following is a so-called traditional form of political activity? volunteering for a campaign

Governing California Chptr 5

which of the following statements best describes state senate districts? senate districts represent roughly twice as many people as assembly districts california legislators are term limited to a maximum of how many years in the legislature 12 years after proposition 140 passed, many believed term limits would remove career politicians and enhance representation. how did power shift? from the legislature to the bureaucracy and interest groups what type of legislature does california have? bicameral Bills in the state legislature can only be introduced by legislators the committee system in the state legislature allows for specialization and attention to detail on the part of legislators. california is divided into 80 state assembly districts and 40 state senate districts, and in each district a single representative is elected by local voters what are two primary jobs of a legislature? representing the district and making policy the california legislature is modeled on the us congress a representative may intervene with the bureaucracy to assist a constituent who is not receiving their disability check. this is an example of casework

Governing California Chptr 6

which officeholder is legal counsel to the state of California and defends the state in lawsuits? attoreny general the california constitution delegates the power of preparing the budget to the governor what is one of the most notable features of california's government compared with other states? the number of statewide elected administrative offices the governors most significant legislative powers are preparing the state budget and using the line-item veto how can governors use their powers to influence legislature all of the above (preparing the budget, vetoing bills or provisions of bills, making legislative recommendations) the governor is the commander in chief of the california national guard what state official enforces state laws and oversees district attorney's in california? attorney general all of the following are formal powers of the governor except developing a vision for the state what is the treasurer responsible for? managing the investment of state money and the sale of bonds when there is a vacancy in a statewide plural executive office between regular elections (e.g. due to appointment of federal office) that vacancy is normally filled by appointment by the governor

We The People Chptr 12

who were the only presidents to be impeached by the us house of representatives? andrew johnson, bill clinton, and donald trump Compared to the rest of American history, recent congresses have been ________ polarized and ________ productive in terms of passing laws. more ; less A filibuster allows members of the Senate to prevent a vote on a bill by speaking continuously on the floor. What is cloture? the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster. approximately ___ of the ___ bills introduced in a typical congressional session due in committee 85% ; 10,000 a congressional caucus is a(n) unofficial group of representatives or senators sharing similar interests or opinions. which congressional staff agency assessed the economic implications and likely costs of proposed federal programs? the congressional budget office one advantage of seniority in congress is it makes a congress person more likely to get leadership in a committee congressional leaders from ___ committees when they want to take up an issue that falls between the jurisdiction of existing committees, to highlight an issue, or to investigate a particular problem select a ____ committee remains in existence from one session of congress to the next, and has the power to write legislation that covers a particular subject, in most cases paralleling a major department agency of the executive branch standing suppose that a major piece of legislation is being considered by congress. the house and the senate have passed mostly similar versions of the bill, but information differences remain. which committee would be in charge of working out a compromise between the two chambers? conference committee in congress, the term chip refers to a party member in the house or senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes How is the Speaker of the House determined? The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker. who elects the minority leader? the minority party Holding a political office for which one is running is known as incumbency The kind of representation that takes place when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representatives is called ___ representation substantive Which sort of representation is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one could correctly represent the other's views? descriptive All of the people living in a congressional district are the ________ of their member of Congress. constituency Congress is a ______ legislature with ______ members. bicameral ; 535 A U.S. senator has a ________-year term. six