Policing Exam 2
According to a study of 437 deputy-involved shootings that occurred in the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, suicide by cop incidents accounted for ____________________ percent of deputy-involved police shootings.
11
According to a BJS report, in 2013, ____________________ percent of full-time local law enforcement officers were African Americans.
12.2
Some studies have indicated that police officers are ____________________ percent more likely to suffer from alcoholism than the average citizen.
300
Based on 2015 statistics, approximately ____________________ people were killed justifiably by police in a four-year period.
439
In a 2016 Gallup poll, when asked to rate the standards of various occupations, ____________________ percent of respondents rated the police either very high or high in honesty and ethical standards.
58
Which of the following is an example of the standards governing police ethics?
ALL OF THE ABOVE (U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Case law as determined by appellate courts and the U.S. Supreme Court)
According to research, which subgroup was more likely to use constructive coping relating to stress?
African-American males and African-American females
Which of the following does John Violanti offer as a factor that might explain the high rates of suicide among police officers as a result of stress?
All of the above: Access to firearms Constantly being exposed to human misery Shift work, social strain, and marital difficulties
Which of the following is an example of police corruption?
All of the above: A police officer receives $15 from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for speeding. A police officer receives sexual favors from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for speeding. An off-duty police officer escorts a drug dealer as he or she delivers illegal drugs to customers and receives $100 per delivery.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972
All of the above: Expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, applicable to state and local governments.
Which of the following is an example of biased-based policing?
All of the above: The term "driving while black" Using ethnicity or race as the determining factor for stopping and searching individuals Racial profiling
The Greek philosopher who wrote the classic Nicomachean Ethics was ___________.
Aristotle
The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968. They were the first females to be armed, wear a uniform, and drive a marked car on an equal basis with men.
Betty Blankenship; Elizabeth Coffal
____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement.
California
In the case of ____________________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that to be liable, police departments must be deliberately indifferent to the needs of the people with whom police come in contact.
Canton v. Harris
Dr. Neal Trautman proposes a solution to the problem of the Code of Silence with his ___________.
Code of Silence Antidote
____________________ is an administrative action coordinated through the state police standards organization that will determine if cause exists to strip an officer of his or her state certification to be a police officer.
Decertification
Noble cause corruption is also known as ____________.
Dirty Harry Syndrome
Which of the following terms refers to the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African American community who consider black officers to be traitors to their race?
Double marginality
Which of the following is not one of Broderick's police operational styles?
Dreamers
Which of the following is not one of the factors leading to stress in police work?
Early retirement
According to the text, which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African American police officers in the early 1900s?
Establishment of job-related standards
Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in New York City?
Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.
Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code was originally enacted by Congress as a means of enforcing the ____________________ Amendment guarantee of rights to the newly freed slaves.
Fourteenth
Which Constitutional Amendment is the primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society?
Fourteenth Amendment
The New York City plainclothes officer whose revelations about police corruption led to the legendary Knapp Commission was ___________.
Frank Serpico
What is the first step in testing a rookie officer's loyalty to the group that models the academy's psychological preparation and early socialization with fellow officers??
Free meals
Which of the following is not an argument in favor of citizen review?
It will make police officers more aggressive in enforcing the law.
Who coined the term the "working personality" of the police?
Jerome Skolnick
The Supreme Court case that eliminated participation in criminal activity as a reason not to hire gays or to discriminate against them was
Lawrence v. Texas
Which is not a trait of the police personality?
Liberalism
A recent longitudinal study that showed officers becoming more cynical, paranoid, depressed, and angrier the longer they were exposed to police work. Which of the following personality tests was used in that study?:
MMPI
In the 1970s, the American Law Institute proposed a(n) ____________________, which included new policies on the use of deadly force.
Model Penal Code
What commission was formed to investigate New York City police corruption in the 1990s?
Mollen Commission
The first African American police officers were appointed in which of the following cities?
New Orleans
What is the most prevalent type of corruption in law enforcement today?
Noble cause corruption
What stems from ends-oriented policing and involves police officers bending the rules to achieve the "right" goal of putting a criminal in jail?
Noble cause corruption
Which act was established with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system?
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
Which is not indicative of the police culture?
Openness
Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?
Patrolling
In 1996, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and the NYPD Patrolman's Benevolent Association (PBA), responding to the fact that 26 NYPD officers had committed suicide in the previous two years, created the ____________________ to address the problems of police stress and suicide.
Police Organization Providing Peer Assistance (POPPA) program
Which is not a cause of police resistance to the use of civilian review boards?
Police realize the value of the citizen review process's effect on public perception of the department.
In 1985, the fleeing felon rule was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of ___________.
Tennessee v. Garner
What was the end result of the arrest of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (a Harvard University scholar) by a Cambridge, Massachusetts, police sergeant?
The charges were dropped against Gates and a meeting took place between the sergeant, the president of the United States, and Gates.
What was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v. DeStefano?
The city's decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Which of the following is not a job-related issue that contributes to family dysfunction in police families, according to Ellen Scrivner?
The constant exposure of police officers to members of the opposite gender
Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion?
The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community.
Which of the following is not a reason for the recent disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans in police departments, according to Stephen Leinen?
The urban riots of the 1960s
The 193l National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement was more popularly known as the ___________.
Wickersham Commission
The first national commission to discuss police brutality was the ___________.
Wickersham Commission
One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is
affirmative action
Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson's operating styles?
aggressive
In a seminal 2004 article, Cross and Ashley assert that the police culture often makes __________________appear as an accepted practice to promote camaraderie and interaction among officers, but it can evolve into a coping mechanism to camouflage daily stress and trauma.
alcohol consumption
A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are
almost identical
Jerome Skolnick wrote that police deception usually occurs at three stages of the police detection process. Which of the following is not one of those stages?
arrest
Most police patrol time is spent ___________.
as uncommitted time
The police code of silence is often referred to as the blue curtain or __________
blue wall
All of the following are examples of traits of the Police Personality except ___________.
compassion
The most prevalent form of discrimination has been
de facto discrimination
The ____________________ standard allows police officers to use deadly force against people who are using deadly force against an officer or another person, as well as in certain violent felony situations.
defense of life
Statistics clearly indicate that police officers ___________.
do not overuse force
The most dangerous aspect of the "rotten apple" theory of police corruption is that police commanders ______.
don't take strong proactive measures to eradicate corruption throughout the department or precinct
The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from
double marginality
Police testimony that narcotics found on the ground were dropped by persons they arrested has been called ______.
dropsy testimony
Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n) ____________.
enforcer
The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that police departments
examine their promotional policies.
Stress produced by real threats and dangers, such as responding to gun runs and other dangerous assignments, is classified as __________.
external stress
In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the ____________________ rule unconstitutional.
fleeing felon
Police officers who participate in more passive types of police corruption are referred to as _________.
grass-eaters
The Knapp Commission was created __________.
in response to a series of articles in the New York Times detailing widespread corruption
Robert Lilly's research concluded that the majority of police calls are in reference to __________.
information
The Knapp Commission was a(n) ____________________ commission.
local
Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are ____________.
maintaining order and protecting life and property
According to research, which is the leading problem among police officers?
marital problems
Officers who participate in more aggressive types of corruption by seeking out and taking advantage of opportunities for corruption are called ___________.
meat-eaters
Most police contacts involve ___________.
motor vehicle or traffic related issues
According to the text, the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of ____________.
omnipresence
The stress produced by the daily need to confront the tragedies of urban life, such as the need to deal with derelicts, criminals, and the mentally disturbed, and the need to engage in dangerous activity to protect a public that appears to be unappreciative of the police is classified as ____________.
operational stress
Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n) _____________.
optimist
The stress produced by elements inherent in the quasi-military character of the police service, such as adjusting to changing tours of duty, odd working hours, and working holidays, is classified as __________.
organizational stress
The stress produced by the relational characteristics of belonging to the police organization, such as difficulties in getting along with other officers, is classified as __________.
personal stress
When excessive force is used with the public and there is a significant disparity between the level of compliance by the person and the level of force used by the officer, the use of force is considered to be ______.
police brutality
The attitude that there is no hope for the world and a view of humanity at its worst called __________.
police cynicism
According to the text, the legality and morality of the "fleeing felon" rule have been challenged because of the U.S. legal concept of ____________.
presumption of innocence
Dorothy Bracey found that due to a poor diet and lack of exercise, a significant sample of American police possessed a body composition, blood chemistry, and general level of physical fitness greatly inferior to that of a similarly sized sample of _____________.
prison convicts
A tort is a ___________.
private wrong
Of the following, the police make more arrests for ____________________ crimes than for the other types.
property
Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n) _________.
realist
Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the ___________.
seriousness of the offense committed
The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
service
The majority of recent studies have found that the law enforcement "working personality" stems from the officer's ___________.
socialization process in the police academy, field training, and patrol experience
Choke holds, carotid holds, and neck restraints became a source of controversy after _____.
some deaths
A 1981 report by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights emphasized the need to provide ____________________ programs and services for police.
stress management
Egon Bittner has stated that police work has, from its earliest origins, been a _______.
tainted occupation
Strategies employed by successful female police officers to address workplace discrimination and harassment include avoiding negativity, defining themselves according to their own views, and ____________________.
taking formal action
The refusal of some police officers to report fellow officers' misconduct is called __________.
the blue wall of silence
Some people believe that consent decrees are no longer necessary to increase the numbers of women in law enforcement because
the percentage of women in law enforcement is a result of self-selection.
Police officers have ____________________ discretion.
tremendous
The Magic City Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including persuasion and threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
watchman
Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law enforcement role.
women
