Political And Economic Changes And Development

Rentier State

- A country that has a large percentage of its government revenue comes either from exporting oil and/or natural gas from leasing the resource to foreign countries or MNCs. - Leasing of resources will be done because the expertise for extraction, production and distribution might not be available in the state. - Generate enormous wealth from natural resources but much of wealth is squandered due to corruption. - Iran, Nigeria, and Russia are all examples. This describes what?

Differences

- An international organization has member states working together towards common goals and interests. Decisions are made with all member states involved - A supranational organization has member states give up power and allow the organization to make decisions on behalf of member states. - Much more sovereignty is sacrificed when belonging to a supranational organization. These are the ___________________ between international and supranational organizations.

Positives

- Economic diversity - Technological advancement - Job creation - Wealth creation - Leads to infrastructure improvements. These are the ________________ of industrialization.

Economic Globalization

- Economic networks that are growing more interconnected. - Worldwide market. - Economic actors that are unconstrained by political borders. - Reduction in state control over economies. - Deepened cross-national connections among workers, goods, and capitol. - Spread of ideas, technology, and information across international borders. - Spread of jobs across international borders. This is...

Education For Iranian Women

- Educational opportunities and rights for women expanded greatly pre-revolution. Those rights have continued after the revolution. - Women have much more educational opportunities than their peers in neighboring countries. - Women can attend the country's universities. - There are more Iranian women enrolled in universities than men. - Limitations were placed on women in universities due to a conservative push during President Ahmadinejad time in power. - Policies were changed to prevent women from being admitted to certain degree programs. Many of the restricted programs were in the sciences. - These policies have continued with President Rouhani.

Positives

- Encourages cooperation between member states. - Can prevent future conflicts between member states. - More influence in world affairs as part of supranational organization than as an individual state. These are the _________________ of being a member of a supranational organization.

Negatives

- Give up sovereignty. - Pressure on leaders and political parties to meet the demands of supranational organizations. - Policies of supranational organizations do not always align with the local needs and wants. These are the ___________________ of being a member of a supranational organization.

Success

- Gross Domestic Product (GDP). - GDP per capita. - Economic growth rate - Human development index (HDI). - GINI index. - Inflation rate. - Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). These are ways to measure the _______________ of economic liberalization policies.

World Trade Organization

- Increase international trade between member states. - Reduce barriers to international trade. - Promote fairness and transparency in trade. These are the major goals of the _____________ _____________ ________________________.

Negatives

- International organizations that promote free trade can hurt domestic businesses and industries. - Potential loss of sovereignty for member states. - May not treat member states as equals. These are the ____________________ for member states for belonging to an international organization.

National Health Service

- Key part of the social welfare system in the UK. - Great civic pride in the NHS. - Debate point between the two major parties, Conservatives and Labour.

Negatives

- Massive pollution - Dependence on fossil fuels - Low paying jobs - Dangerous working conditions - Government corruption These are the _______________ of industrialization.

Positives

- More opportunities for global trade. - More opportunities to build relationships with other countries. - Can help provides stability and security. These are the _________________ for member states for belonging to an international organization.

Programs For The Elderly In The UK

- Pension programs for the elderly and retirees are important because of the aging population of the UK. - Politicians that threaten to reduce these plans could face major loss of votes because of the large elderly and soon to be elderly population.

Women's Rights In Iran

- Perception of little to no rights for women in Iran. Things could be much better for Iran but there are several key rights they have that have come from social policies adapting. - Major gains in women's rights prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and some carried over post revolution. - Many new restrictions were placed on women after the revolution. - Pushes for greater women's rights in the beginning of the 1990s and continuing into the 21st century often promoted through Islamic feminism. Supporters promote women's rights in the context of Islamic law and working within the Iranian system.

Sports And Athletics For Iranian Women

- Post revolution, conservative theocracy heavily restricted athletic opportunities for women as both participants and spectators. - Women had been banned from being a spectator at men's events. Men's soccer was the sport that gained the most attention for this ban. - Has been some loosening of this on a limited basis but when women have to sit in a special section and fans are segregated by gender. - Has been an increase in women participating in athletics and internal competition but still many cultural restrictions for female participation in sports as both athletes and spectators.

Ignored

- Prioritized profits and economic success over health and environmental safety. - Authoritarian states prioritizing benefits to leaders over harm to citizens. - Corruption of major industrial businesses bribing and lobbying government officials for favorable rules and regulations that allow for major pollution. - Ignorance of long-term effects of environmental damage. These are the primary reasons governments have _______________ environmental damage caused by industrialization.

World Bank

- Provide financial support to developing countries. - Promote shared prosperity. - End extreme poverty. These are the major goals of the ___________ ___________.

Sovereignty

- Supreme or independent authority. - Authority over a particular population or territory. - Recognition by other international actors. What is _____________________?

Gender Quota Election Law In Mexico

- The gender quote has changed and evolved over the past 20 years. - Push for more female representation in legislative positions. - Started with gender quotas for party candidate lists but this was not enforced by law. Had a positive effect but it still was not reaching the desired goal. - Adapted to be a law that was enforced by the IFE, still needed to be adapted. - By 2015, became part of the Constitution and required gender quota laws for both local and national elections for all registered political parties. - Require political parties to have a certain percentage of female candidates run for SMDP positions and/or have a required percentage of females placed in proportional representation seats based on what the party earned.

Major Goals

- To ensure stability of the international monetary and financial system. - Resolve global financial crises. - Promote global trade and economic growth. - Reduce poverty. These are the _____________ ____________ of the International Monetary Fund.

Education In Nigeria

- Unequal access for women in education in the north compared to the south. - More government funded schools in states below the Middle Belt. - Stronger cultural emphasis on female education in southern states. - Traditional Islamic culture of the north has not prioritized education for women. - Attempts made to put more government money towards education and programs to encourage girls going to and staying in school. - Have not had the desired effect of breaking down the inequality in female education between the north and south.

Female Representation In Iranian Government

- Women have been able to run for the Majles since the revolution. - The amount of women getting voted to the Majles is increasing. The current Majles has the most female representatives ever. - Despite these gains, many women are vetted by the Guardian Council and do not make it onto the ballot . - Can serve in the cabinet. It is rare for a woman to hold a cabinet position but it is allowed in the theocracy.

Voting Rights For Iranian Women

- Women have been allowed to vote in Iran since before the Islamic revolution of 1979. - Women continue to be allowed to vote in Iran and vote at close to the same rate as men.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

A corporation that has facilities and assets in at least one country other than its home country. Increasingly dominates global markets.

Purchase Power Parity

A metric used to analyze different countries' currencies and a way to compare economic productivity and standard of living between countries.

China

Air pollution due to heavy use of coal, smog in cities, river system pollution, soil contamination. These are the environmental issues for which country?

Mexico

Air pollution, smog in Mexico City, deforestation. These are the environmental issues in which country?

Iran

Air pollution, smog in Tehran, oil pollution in Persian Gulf. These are the environmental issues in which country?

United Kingdom

Air pollution, soil contamination, pollution to coastal water and marine life. These are the environmental issues in which country?

Russia

Air pollution, water pollution, nuclear waste. These are the environmental issues in which country?

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

An index that scores countries on their perceived levels of public sector corruption.

Mexico

Approval of NAFTA; joining the World Trade Organization, privatization of telecommunications and airline industries, cutting of subsidies to farms. This is economic liberalization in which country?

Can

Aspects of globalization __________ challenge regime sovereignty in several ways.

Criticisms

British ________________ of the EU (Euroskepticism): - Undemocratic. - Bloated bureaucracy. - Forcing continent beliefs upon British citizens. - Elitist and not caring about the average British citizen. - Did not like the common currency. - Rapid expansion of the EU included many countries of Eastern Europe. - The EU enabled more immigration into the UK.

Industry and Capital

China: - Special economic zones (SEZs) along the coast of China. Mexico: - Privatization and increased competition in Mexico's oil industry (PEMEX). Nigeria: - State-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) collaborating with foreign companies to extract and produce oil. Russia: - Putin's renationalization of oil/natural gas industries and imposition of foreign investment limitations. These are policies regarding private ownership of ______________ and ____________.

Emigration

Citizens leaving their home country to live in another country.

Immigration

Citizens moving to a foreign country to live.

Immigrant

Countries of Origin Of Some Of The Major ________________ Groups In The United Kingdom: - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - South Africa - Nigeria - Jamaica - China - Hong Kong - Ireland - Poland - Other EU member countries

Demographic Pressures

Data analysis can help us better understand state responses to ____________________ ______________ through policies that encourage or discourage population growth.

Resource Curse

Despite the benefits of oil or natural gas, many governments that have these valuable resources in their countries struggle with a variety of issues. - Lack of economic diversification, focus too much on the resource and not having a balanced economy. - Energy is a volatile industry, when the energy market takes a downturn the entire economy struggles. - Leads to a major imbalance in society between haves and have nots. Due to low paying jobs from industry and corrupt government officials profiting off of resources. - Lack of desire to generate new industries, businesses and ideas, easy money from natural resources creates stagnation and a lack of innovation. - Many rentier states will charge little to no taxes for citizens. Lack of accountability to citizens so governments will often be undemocratic. Many major oil producing states are run by authoritarian governments. This describes what?

Common Currency

ECOWAS has the potential to be an EU like supranational organization for West Africa: - There have been discussions on a _________________ ____________________.

Regime and Cultural Stability

Economic globalization has increased the interconnectedness of countries and has created challenges to ____________ and _________________ ______________.

Occurs

Economic liberalization _____________ when a state reduced its role in the economy and embraces more free market mechanisms.

Agricultural, Urban

Economic liberalization policies have caused major migration from _________________ communities to ___________ centers in both China and Mexico.

GDP Per Capita

Economic output per person.

Changes

Examples Of _______________ That Governments Must Address Through Adapting New Social Policies: Political: - Voting rights - Representation - Civil rights - Education Economic: - Poverty - Wealth inequality - Unemployment - Development Cultural: - Women's rights - Societal norms - Family structure - Demographics

Globalization

Foreign direct investment and multinational corporations can pose a challenge to a government's foundational economic and political principles. - In Nigeria, multinational corporations have facilitated corruption and the government's dependency on money from oil. Cultural influences that accompany investment and trade can provoke domestic backlash. - In China, economic reform has led to judicial reform. Increased economic development can cause environmental degradation and accompanying health issues. - China's emphasis on economic growth over environmental protections has led to significant problems with pollution. Foreign governments can bring political and economic pressure on countries whose actions offend them. - Economic growth slowed in Iran after sanctions intended to stop Iran's uranium enrichment program were imposed by the United Nations. This is how __________________________ can challenge regime sovereignty?

Domestic

Global market forces often lead governments to consider __________________ forces.

Social Welfare Policies

Government policies that provide programs or services designed to improve the lives of citizens. - Many social welfare policies are focused on helping citizens who are below or at the poverty line. Provide an economic and societal safety net for the public. - To provide programs, government revenue needs to be spent. Typically the more social welfare programs offered, the greater the tax burden. - Can help promote regime legitimacy to show government care for citizens and provides them with necessary services.

Privatization

Government-owned industry transferred to privately-owned.

Will

Governments _________ modify social policies to address political, cultural, and economic changes. These social policies can lead to positive or negative outcomes.

Austerity

Governments making budget cuts to programs or raising taxes to balance its budget and decrease debt.

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

Helps develop rules of trade between nations with the goal of ensuring that trade flows smoothly and freely. 164 member countries (UK, Russia, Nigeria, China, Mexico).

Influence

How Does State Membership In An International Economic Organization _______________ Economic Policies In A Course Country? - Promotes economic liberalization policies. - Requires policy changes to be admitted. - Requires policy changes to receive financial assistance.

Import Substitution Industrialization Policies

ISI policies try to support domestic businesses and reduce foreign dependency: - Want to limit imports to prop up domestic goods and products (this is done by raising tariffs) - Encourage production of local industrialized products - Encourage purchase of local products by citizens because price is cheaper than foreign products. - Often states will set up new businesses under state control or partial state control to fill void by reduction of imports. - Local business and industry can perform well without foreign competition but typically they will not be innovative and will often produce substandard production. - Since states are propping these businesses and industries up, this takes a lot of state revenue away from other parts of the government.

Mexico, Nigeria, and UK

ISIs have been previously used by ______________, _______________, and _________.

Government

Implement Domestic Reform In Response To Internal Demands. - China's economic reforms and anti-corruption efforts. - Nigeria's attempts to reduce corruption in the oil industry. Control Domestic Policy Debates. - UK leaving the EU. - Iran's response to protests. Extend Regional Influence To Deflect Criticism And Improve Economic Conditions. - Russia's efforts to maintain trade relationships and influence with former Soviet countries. - Mexico's participation in NAFTA. This is the ________________________'s response to global market forces.

Mexico

In 2014, the oil industry opened up to direct foreign investment, creating some competition for PEMEX. Which country is this about?

Private Ownership

In response to economic globalization, course countries have experimented with various policies regarding _______________ ___________________ of industry and capital.

Inflation Rate

Increase in prices or decrease in purchasing power of currency.

Public Housing In The UK

Increased urbanization in the UK has created more of a demand for public housing assistance.

Industrialization

Increases in industry and manufacturing in an economy where industry is more dominant in an economy than agriculture.

National Sovereignty

International and supranational organizations have potential positive and negative influences on domestic policies and ______________ __________________.

European Union

Is a supranational organization that for decades has promoted greater European political and economic integration. - The Euro was introduced in the early 21st century and through the Eurozone was trying to reduce economic barriers and increase integration between member states. - Grew rapidly in the early 21st century when many new countries joined.

No

Is having a lot of oil/natural gas in your country good for governments? - Often leads to a singular focused economy that does not diversify. - Often leads to major corruption between government leaders and MNCs. - Often leads to major pollution. - Does not create high paying jobs for citizens. What part of the argument are these points (yes/no)?

Yes

Is having a lot of oil/natural gas in your country good for governments? - Provides easy money through exporting a desirable resource. - Provides cheap fuel for domestic business and society. - Can allow the government to have monetary resources to provide services. What part of the argument are these points (yes/no)?

Nigeria

Join ventures between Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and foreign oil companies. Which country is this about?

Economic Liberalization

Less government regulations and restrictions in an economy.

Maquiladora Zones

Major factory zones in northern states, many of the factories are controlled by American MNCs, major FDI in these zones.

GINI Index

Measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy, income inequality

International Economic Organizations

Membership in these organizations has affected member countries, and promotes economic globalization and liberalization for member countries.

Education In The UK

More emphasis on publicly funded schools in changing the economy. British citizens used to not need as much as school to get a union or manual labor job. As those jobs have dried up, more need to compete for 21st century jobs.

International Monetary Fund

Most countries of the world belong to this organization, including all AP6 countries. Promotes countries having stable economic and fiscal policies and manages exchange rates. - Provides loans to countries in need of financial assistance. These loans not only help the country in need but also provide global financial stability. - These loans come with strings attached, when countries receive money they need to agree with; Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs).

Migration

Movement of citizens within a country to resettle.

Environmentalism

Movement of rescuing, protecting, and preserving the environment.

Mixed

Neoliberal economic policies often cause _____________ effects for a country.

Have

Neoliberalism and MNCs __________ created conflicts and challenges for course countries.

Nigeria

Oil spills in Niger River Delta, deforestation, air pollution, lack of clean water. These are the environmental issues in which country?

Supranational Organizations

Organizations in which member states give the governing organization sovereignty over policies. These policies are often related to trade. Examples: - Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) - European Union (EU) - WTO (World Trade Organization)

International Organizations

Organizations joined by member states working toward a common interest. The organization will have its own rules and guidelines that member states are expected to follow. There is a goal of trying to promote a greater global community and build coalitions to solve problems. Examples: - International Monetary Fund (IMF) - United Nations (UN) - World Bank

Promote

Organizations like the IMF, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization ______________ economic liberalization policies in member countries.

Mexico

PEMEX has been the state controlled oil/natural gas company for decades. In this country's constitution, there is a clause indicating all natural resources underground are under state control. During the presidency of Pena Nieto, the government allowed some privatization of the oil industry and oil exploration. Under current president AMLO, there has been a return focus of nationalization.

Economic Growth Rate

Percentage change in GDP.

Structural Adjustment Program

Policies that create the privatization of state-owned companies to promote capitalism and reduction of corruption from government controlled industries, reduced or eliminate tariffs to stimulate free trade, reduce government subsidies for domestic industries to encourage free trade and capitalism as well as reducing favoritism of domestic industries by government.

Nationalization

Privately-owned industry transferred to government-owned.

The World Bank

Provides financial and technical assistance for developing countries to reduce poverty and support economic development. 189 member countries (UK, Russia, China, Mexico, Nigeria, Iran).

World Bank

Provides low interest loans to countries in financial need, provides grants to developing countries for projects, and provides financial advice to countries that ask for it. Most countries of the world belong to this organization, including all of AP6 countries.

Russia

Putin has renationalized the oil, (Rosneft) and natural gas (Gazprom industries.

Russia

Putin pushed out oligarchs and has continued to consolidate government control of natural resources during his time in power. Wealth generated from resources revenue is heavily concentrated at the top of the government hierarchy. Those that are loyal to Putin have benefited greatly.

Protect

Rapid industrialization has contributed to massive environmental problems that states have needed to address with new governmental policies to _____________ citizens from the damages of environmental pollution and destruction.

Governments

Reasons That __________________ Respond To Global Market Forces: - To improve domestic economic conditions. - To respond to domestic demands. - To control or influence domestic political debates in order to maintain or increase their own power. - To extend national influence regionally or internationally.

Resist

Reasons To _____________ Economic Liberalization: - Reduced government control may reduce sovereignty. - Widening income inequality. - Domestic firms unable to compete. - Environmental damage. - Increased unemployment.

Pursue

Reasons To ______________ Economic Liberalization: - To bring money into the country through foreign direct investment. - To make domestic firms more competitive and efficient. - To diversify the economy. - Lower prices and more options for consumers. - Compliance with structural adjustment policies. - Desire to join an international organization.

Neoliberal Economic Policies

Removal of barriers and restrictions on what internal and external economic actors can do.

Not

Rentier states are ill equipped to handle financial stagnation because they are states that are _____ economically diversified.

Global Financial Markets

Rentier states face economic challenges created by a reduction in revenue often caused by what?

Resource Curse

Rentier states often have many political and economic problems as a result of what?

Revenue

Resource nationalization can have benefits for citizens of countries like _______________ for social programs or tax reductions but often lead to massive corruption and wealth concentration.

Neoliberalism

Seeks to transfer the control of economic factors from the public sector to the private sector by reducing government involvement in the economy and promoting free-market capitalism.

Russia

Shock therapy, legalization of private property, invitations for foreign direct investment, privatization of state-owned industries.

Examples

Social Welfare _________________: - Direct relief via cash payments. - Public schools and education programs to improve literacy and access. - Public health care and programs. - Public housing. - Food distribution. - Support for elderly. - Pension plans.

Poorly Run And Very Inefficient

Social welfare programs in Iran are ___________ _________ and _________ __________________: - Iran does not tax its citizens very much because the massive oil revenues allow the government to operate its budget. - The oil revenue being connected to the government causes major corruption and contributes to the poor social services. - Fluctuating oil markets can create inconsistent government revenue and lead to the government from providing high level services.

Programs, Services

Social welfare programs provide _______________ or ______________ designed to improve the lives of citizens.

Legitimacy

Social welfare programs provide a social safety net for citizens and can improve the _________________ of regimes.

UK

The _________ has been outside the EU mainstream: - Not an original member and has a history of independence. - Did not adopt the Euro. - Frustrations by citizens toward the EU led to the Brexit referendum vote in 2016.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The summary measure of average achievement using life expectancy, education, and per capita income.

Different

There are many _________________ ways to measure and compare the effects of economic liberalization.

UK

There have been a nationalization of natural resources in all ap6 countries except which one?

Health

These are __________ issues and _____________ care challenges from systematic pollution: - Birth defects. - Cancer. - Heart Disease. - Nerve Damage. - Respiratory Illnesses. - Reproductive Challenges. - State run health care systems are taxed trying to care for a high amount of illnesses related to systematic pollution. - Causes extra expenses to the system. - Education and prevention programs are produced by the state to warn of dangers of systematic pollution.

State

These are ___________ responses to demographic pressures: - Population stresses (rapidly aging population). - Population stresses (rapidly increasing population). - Religious minorities.

Budget

These are ______________ deficits and austerity: - Government spending is often much more than revenue from taxes or resources. - Developing countries seeking loans are often forces to adopt budget balancing policies. - Austerity is when governments are making budget cuts or raising taxes to reduce debt or balance budget.

Iran

These are causes of emigration in ___________: History Of Brain Drain: - Highly educated members of society see greater economic opportunities abroad. - Highly educated members of society feel threatened by conservative theocratic states and do not want to risk incarceration or worse. Other Causes: - Frustrated by highly corrupt government officials. - See the government as undemocratic with little hope of democratization. - See the government as hostile to women, homosexuals, ethnic minorities and religious minorities.

Government Solution

These are examples of ___________________ _______________ to environmental and political problems to address citizens concerns: - Moving factories. - Promoting green energy and technology via government subsidies. - Increase the development of infrastructure. - Increase of environmental regulations. - Air Pollution Is a Major Problems In All Our Case Study Countries But Is Especially Problematic In China, Iran, And Mexico. - To Try To Help Reduce Emissions, Some States Are Promoting The Use Of Hybrid And Battery Powered Automobiles INstead Of Gasoline Powered Automobiles. - Greater Emphasis On Developing Public Transportation That Does Not Rely On Gasoline.

Migration

These are limits placed on _________________ to cities. Hukou System: - Like a domestic passport that restricts where citizens can live. - Helps to control population distribution. - With major demand to move to coastal cities, this system puts a limit on that migration. - Those that follow internal migration rules are rewarded with government plans for housing and direct relief. - Those that migrate without approval are not provided these services as a major deterrent.

Iran

These are resources in __________. - One of largest oil producing states in the world. - Key member of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). - Also a major producer of natural gas. - Most oil and natural gas are located near the Persian gulf and the border with Iraq. - Classic example of rentier state. - Has traditionally been sought by MNCs to help extract oil. - With off and on sanctions, Iran has looked to MNCs from China for oil extraction.

Nigeria

These are resources in _____________. - Major oil producer in the world and largest oil producer in Africa. - Member of OPEC. - Most of the oil resources are in and along the Niger River Delta. - Also massive amounts of natural gas. - Massive corruption is fueled by rentier status. Money does not get to the people, it's mostly squandered. - Multinational Energy companies have controlled industry and influenced through policies and also during the times of military rule. - Shell Oil wielded major influence in the 1990s. Worked with the government to have activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and his supporters falsely arrested, tried and executed.

Causes

These are the ___________ of emigration: - Poor economy. - Lack of job opportunities. - Lack of educational opportunities. - Persecution. - Authoritarian government.

Effects

These are the _____________ of trade liberalization: - Increases global trade. - Attracts foreign business. - Increases foreign direct investment (FDI). - Influences foreign exchange rates. - Population movements in the country for jobs. - Can lead to improved technology. - Can cause environmental damage. - Can lead to poor conditions for workers. - Less government spending.

Positives

These are the _______________ of privatization of natural resources: - Decreases government control. - Increases innovation in industry. - Provides market price to consumers. - Increases capital for further resource exploration.

Positives

These are the _______________ of the nationalization of natural resources. - Provides government revenue. - Reduces political influence of foreign governments. - Reduce political influence of MNCs. - Reinforce political legitimacy.

Negatives

These are the _______________ of the nationalization of natural resources: - Heavy government control. - Increases in corruption. - Wealth concentration among government officials. - No competition.

Negatives

These are the _______________ of the privatization of natural resources: - Increases wealth inequality. - Bribes and kickbacks to government officials to secure contracts. - Can lead to loss of sovereignty. - Increases wealth inequality.

China

These are the causes and effects of demographic change in _____________: Economic Change: - Primary agrarian society to industrial based economy over the past several decades. - People want to migrate from small villages in the interior to major cities on or near the coast. - Major demographic shifts have only enhanced urbanization in China. - Already massive cities continue to increase their populations. Urban Opportunities: - Another cause for migration to the coast is the creation of the SEZs (special economic zones). - These have drawn many MNCs which have set up factories creating many job opportunities. - Urban centers have more job and educational opportunities. - Much more opportunities than the farming communities in the interior. - Services and infrastructure is much better in the city. - Not everyone rises to great success in urban China but many more opportunities to do so.

Mexico

These are the causes and effects of demographic change in ______________: Economic Change: - Increase in industrialization and urbanization for several decades. - Many citizens leave smaller communities for more densely populated urban settings especially in Mexico City and the northern Mexican states. - The North has greater industrialization and manufacturing centers than other parts of the country. - Maquiladora Zones: major factory zeons in northern states, many of the factories are controlled by American MNCs, major FDI in Maquiladora Zones. - Close proximity to the U.S. encourages more financial opportunities. This has resulted in major internal migration from southern to northern Mexico. Free Trade: - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 also increased migration to northern states. - Economic liberalization broke down tariffs within North American and made trade easier and opened up additional opportunities. - Eliminated agricultural subsidies, hurt farm workers and encouraged migration to Maquiladora zones. - Government supported northern economic growth more than in other areas.

Nigeria

These are the causes of emigration in ____________: History Of Brain Drain: - Highly educated members of society see greater economic opportunities abroad in more prosperous economic systems. - Highly educated members of society are nervous about instability in the 4th Republic. Fear a potential return to military rule. Other Causes: - Instability in regime makes some leave for a mole stable situation. - Massive corruption in Nigeria makes some citizens think nothing will ever change. - Religious and ethnic minorities can feel oppressed or denied opportunities. - Dear of violence and terrorism by Boko Haram. - This exodus has led to Nigerian Diaspora with people of Nigerian descent living all over the world.

United Kingdom

These are the causes of immigration to the ____________ _________________: - Democracy. - Job opportunities. - Educational opportunities. - Social welfare programs. - Open civil society. - Civil rights, liberties and freedoms. - Peace and stability. - Diversity has increased greatly in the UK in the past fifty years. - Much of the ethnic and religious diversity can be seen in the urban centers. - Many immigrants to the UK have come from former British colonies. - Has developed multiculturalism where immigrant communities maintain many of their traditions and culture and coexist in British society.

High

These are the challenges of a ________ birth rate in Nigeria: - Resources. - Providing enough social services. - Housing. - Jobs. - Managing potential unrest.

Aging Population

These are the challenges of an _________ __________________ on the United Kingdom: - Life expectancy of the UK is high. - Aging population puts stress on the health care system. - Birth rate has slowed down for several decades. - System needs more money to pay for healthcare via the NHS. - Battle between Conservatives and Labour. - People don't like to pay more taxes but they cherish the NHS. - Creates major challenges for whatever government is in charge. - Immigrants help replenish the need for workers.

Migration Patterns

These are the consequences of ______________ ____________. - A higher population density can lead to increases in crime. - Concentration of highly trained individuals in one area and no highly trained individuals in others. Creates imbalance and inequity. - Demands and competition for housing. - Demands and competition for jobs. - Political parties emerge that are anti-immigrant or anti-supranational organizations. - Can threaten the legitimacy of the government.

Increasing

These are the consequences of _______________ tariffs: - Hurts foreign trade. - Benefits domestic business and industries. - Protects existing jobs. - Can offer consumers inferior products or services. - Deterrent to FDI.

Decreasing

These are the consequences of _________________ tariffs. - Helps foreign trade. - Can hurt domestic business and industries competing with foreign competitors. - Leads to creation of new jobs. - Can lower prices for goods and services for the consumer. - Leads to greater FDI.

Russia

These are the resources in ____________. - Major producer of oil, natural gas, and coal. - Aggressive under Putin in searching for additional resources. - Seek to build trade connections with other major energy producers. - Economy heavily dependent on revenue from fossil fuels. - Heavy corruption of the energy industry tied to Putin and United Russia. - Government and energy pre-Putin. - Government and energy under Putin's control.

Demographic

These can cause _________________ changes: - Growing or decreasing populations. - Changing land use. - Changing values. - Changing opportunities.

China

This countries natural resource industries are controlled by the Communist government.

Nigeria

This country's oil industry is technically controlled by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) but manages joint ventures with major MNCs such as Shell, Chevron, and Exxon Mobil.

Iran

This country's resources are controlled by the theocracy. The Revolutionary Guard has exerted control over some elements of the oil and gas industries and this enhances their power and corruption.

United Kingdom

This is austerity in the ___________ _______________: - From 2010-2019 the Conservative governments of Cameron, May and Johnson have adopted austerity measures. - It was utilized in response to the rising budget deficit caused by the global economic meltdown the previous decade. - Slash social welfare programs and raise taxes. - Limited cuts on NHS and education but significant cuts to public housing, welfare payments, social services and QUANGOS. - Austerity programs have been controversial and turned people against Conservatives. - Led to increases in poverty, homelessness and unemployment. - Despite austerity, the Conservatives have won the last 3 parliamentary elections in 2015, 2017, and 2019.

ECOWAS

This organization has the goal of building better connections between member states, breaking down barriers to trade, and has an economic/peacekeeping focus.

World Trade Organization

This organization regulates international trade, oversees trade agreements, mediates trade disputes, and lowers or eliminates tariffs. Most countries belong to the WTO but; - China joined in 2001. - Iran does not have full status, but as been an observer since 2005. - Mexico joined in 1995. - Nigeria joined in 1995. - Russia joined in 2012. - UK joined in 1995.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Total market value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.

False

True Or False: That Iran and Nigeria, as OPEC members, are the only major oil producing countries of the AP6.

False

True Or False: That oil rich states in the Middle East and North Africa have a consistent revenue stream that generates constant wealth.

False

True or False All course countries have moved toward more private ownership of industry as a result of global market forces.

False

True or False Economic globalization does not affect domestic policy.

False

True or False Economic globalization has had only positive consequences.

False

True or False Economic globalization has only had positive consequences.

True

True or False Economic liberalization policies affect all countries in various ways.

True

True or False Global market forces do influence domestic policy.

True

True or False: Economic liberalization does not always have a positive impact on a country's economic indicators.

False

True or False: Neoliberal economic policies always led to positive consequences.

False

True or False: Only liberal/substantive democracies implement economic liberalization policies.

True

True or False: Social welfare programs are not always embraced and accepted by the public.

True

True or False: That Brexit was not supported by the majority of the population and the majority of the members of the House of Commons.

True

True or False: That governments do not only focus on trying to limit population growth rate.

False

True or False: That joining supranational organizations always leads to positive outcomes for member states.

False

True or False: That the Chinese government continues to ignore environmental damage and has not developed policies to address the issue.

False

True or False: That the best and brightest citizens, from Iran and Nigeria, will remain in their countries because they will have the most opportunities for success in business and government.

True

True or False: That there are negative and positive economic outcomes for countries with vast oil or natural gas resources.

True

True or False: The Chinese economy is not communist and does support economic liberalization and foreign direct investment.

False

True or False: Women in Iran are not allowed to vote or be elected to the Majles.

MNCs

What Challenges Or Conflicts Do __________ Create For Course Countries? - Conflict over labor and pay. - Challenges with environmental damage. - Conflict over land rights. Conflict over taxation.

Conflicts

What _______________ Does Neoliberalism Provoke Within States? - Increased demands on government by civil society groups. - Protests by students and disenfranchised groups. - Arrests of protestors and impositions of social media restrictions. - Empowerment of once-marginal nationalist and populist groups that blame the government for changes in culture and economic conditions.

Trade Liberalization

When a government reduces rules and regulations on foreign trade, making trade free from barriers like tariffs.

Diaspora

When a group of people disperse in mass from their original homeland.

Economic Liberalization

When a state reduces its role in the economy and embraces free market mechanisms such as eliminating subsidies and tariffs, privatizing government-owned industries, and opening the economy to foreign direct investment.

Brain Drain

When the best and brightest of a society emigrates from their homeland for political or economic reasons.

Reduced, Eliminated

When these countries joined supranational organizations, they have _________________ or __________________ ISIs: - EU for the UK. - ECOWAS for Nigeria. - Free trade agreement NAFTA for Mexico.

C)

Which of the following best describes gender equity in the authoritarian states of China and Iran? A) Women are prohibited from running legislative office in Iran, while female candidates in China benefit from a quota system. B) Women are encouraged to pursue advanced degrees at Iranian universities, while women in China are prohibited from attending a state funded university. C) Women have prohibitions on attending make sporting events as spectators in Iran, while no such restrictions exist in China. D) Women have recently earned freedom of expression in Iran and can dress as they please, while women in China face dress code restrictions based on cultural norms.

B)

Which of the following best explains the causes of emigration for Iranian and Nigerian citizens? A) Years of civil war in Iran have caused citizens to emigrate, while in Nigeria the presence of an authoritarian state has caused citizens to emigrate. B) Fear of persecution by an authoritarian regime has caused citizens to emigrate from Iran, while in Nigeria citizens emigrate for greater economic opportunities. C) Persecution of Shia Muslims has caused Iranian citizens to emigrate, while Nigerian Christians have emigrated to escape oppression. D) A communist economy has limited economic opportunity for Iranian citizens and caused them to emigrate, while in Nigeria the absence of democratic elections has caused citizens to emigrate.

D) Barriers to trade and to the flow of capital and labor between countries.

Which of the following has decreased as a consequence of globalization? A) The interdependence of states. B) Avenues of access to information. C) The average citizens' ability to access information from around the world. D) Barriers to trade and to the flow of capital and labor between countries. E) The influence of multinational corporations on domestic policy.

D)

Which of the following is true about the current legal system in China? A) It is still largely based on Confucianism. B) The judiciary is independent. C) Capital punishment is not allowed under the constitution. D) Economic reform has led to judicial reform. E) It is based on common law.

Join

Why Do These Countries Choose To __________ These International Economic Organizations? - To increase global trade. (WTO for Russia and China) - To be accepted into the international community. (WTO for Russia) - To gain easier access to markets. (WTO for all member countries) - To grow their economy/grow per capita GDP. (IMF for Mexico and WTO for China)

International Monetary Fund

Works to foster global monetary cooperation and the stability of the international monetary system. 189 member countries (UK, Russia, China, Mexico, Nigeria, Iran).

Push And Pull

_________ and ________ factors can result in emigration from countries and immigration to countries.

Iran And Nigeria

_________ and ______________ have major push factors causing migration whereas the UK has pull factors causing immigration from all over the world.

Social

__________ Tensions Between Immigrant Communities And Anglo Establishment: - Housing - Schools - Jobs - Religion - Societal norms - Women's rights - Traditional British culture vs. Immigrant culture

Russia

___________ has encouraged people to have larger families: - Declining birth rate. - Russia, under Putin, is encouraging citizens to have larger birth rates, citing nationalism. - Literally do it for your country.

NGOs

___________ in Iran that contribute to social welfare programs: - They exist and one common type are Bonyads. - These are charitable organizations often designed to help the less fortunate. - Receive oil money to carry out their services and are often sponsored by the most powerful families in Iran. - Lack of oversight has led to many Bonyads being corrupt and not helping citizens as much as they could.

Goals

____________ Of Economic Liberalization Policies: To remedy undesirable economic circumstances: - Rising unemployment. - Reduced productivity. To remedy undesirable external situations: - Trade deficits. - Decreasing demand for raw materials, like petroleum and natural gas.

Global Market

____________ ______________ forces often push course countries toward privatizing control of national resources.

Chinese Communist Party

_____________ _________________ _____________ Response To Global Market Forces: - Expanding the socialist market economy. - Expanding privatization. - Expanding foreign direct investment. - Incorporating legal protections for private property. Expanding global international influence. Why it has changed its ideology? - To maximize economic growth. - To reduce income inequality and poverty. - To balance economic development. - To deal with a slowing economy. - To ensure legitimacy. - To exercise greater international influence.

Mexican

_______________ Government Response To Global Market Forces: - Participation in NAFTA (regional bilateral trade agreement). - Liberalization of the economy. - Privatization of industries. - Legislation that is more friendly to foreign business. - Diversification of the economy. - Creation of maquiladoras and export promotion zones. How has the citizens responded to economic globalization? - Chiapas movement. - Teachers protested in Oaxaca over PAN's probusiness policy in 2006. - Election of probusiness party PAN in 2000 and 2006. Creation of international unions.

Political

_______________ Tensions Between Immigrant Communities And Anglo Establishment: - Political UKIP and lter the Brexit party have been very anti-immigrant. - These parties have been anti-multiculturalism. - They see immigrants as having a negative effect on government services and causing changes in established British culture. - UKIP tied anti-immigrant and anti-multiculturalism into the Brexit campaign.

Nigeria

_________________ is the major leader of ECOWAS: - Largest population and economy. - Democratic country. - Strong military. - Massive oil reserves.

Brexit

_________________: - Led to a referendum vote in 2016 for the people to decide if the UK would stay or leave the EU. - Most of the leadership of the Conservative, Labour, and Liberal Democrats supported STAY. - Populist movement led by UKIP to a narrow victory for LEAVE. - Forced PM David Cameron to resign in disgrace and a period of confusion over how the UK would officially leave the EU. - Cameron's successor PM Theresa May also was forced to resign after failing to successfully execute a leave plan. - The UK left the EU in January 2020. - British government, under PM Boris Johnson, is still finalizing the last steps of transition out of the EU that will end in December of 2020.

Consequences

__________________ Of Neoliberal Economic Policies: - Reduction in inflation. - Increase in national income. - Growing inequality in wealth distribution. - Political corruption (Nigeria). - Environmental pollution (China). - Urban sprawl. - Uneven economic development. - Poor infrastructure. - Regional Migration (Mexico: South/North and Rural/Urban; China: East/West and Rural/Urban).

Euroskepticism

______________________ leads to political action in the UK: - Citizens participation grew with the rise of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). - UKIP was anti-EU and advocated for the UK to leave EU. - Seen as a fringe party and clashed with Conservative and Labour. - Couldn't win House of Commons seats but had sizable support throughout the country. - Were able to win seats in EU parliamentary elections when the singular focus of leaving the EU brought attention. - This allowed the UKIP a platform to lobby for a referendum vote on whether the UK should stay in the EU or leave.