LABS 8-

means end or tip.

acro

means bone

oste

The diaphysis of a long bone is covered by ________.

periosteum

Arbor vitae refers to the ________.

white matter in the cerebellum

means tongue

gloss

means body

somato

Sensory or afferent neurons are typically of this type.

unipolar

How many bones are found in the leg?

2

Cartilage has a covering made of dense connective tissue called a periosteum.

False

This type of sensory neuron is quite rare.

bipolar

means around or enclosing.

peri

Name the bone or bones of the forearm.

radius and ulna

This facial bone forms part of the nasal septum.

vomer

Functional classification of neurons is based on ________.

whether the signal carried is traveling toward or away from the CNS

What true about cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?

They move the eyeball

Bones of the skeleton are connected at junctions called ________.

articulations

The __________ of a typical vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.

body

means head

cephal

means brain or cerebrum.

cerebr

This cranial nerve operates the muscles of the tongue.

hypoglossal

When both muscles of this pair are contracted simultaneously, they flex the neck forward.

sternocleidomastoid

The __________ musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs.

trunk

There are ________ pairs of cervical spinal nerves and ________ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.

8, 5

Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?

Lacrimal bone

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

The following represents a collection of spinal nerve roots hanging from the inferior end of the spinal cord.

cauda equina

At an axon terminal, the electrical signal from one cell ________.

causes the release of chemical neurotransmitter molecules that cause an electrical signal in the next cell

means one that breaks or destroys.

clast

These fiber tracts carry signals about voluntary movement to the spinal cord.

corticospinal tracts

means blood

hema

Blood cells are formed by the process of

hematopoiesis

This deep muscle flexes the trunk on the thigh.

iliopsoas

means ischium or hip joint.

ischi

The ________ is the only facial bone with a sinus.

maxilla

means after, along, or behind.

meta

These abdominal muscles are responsible for giving me my "six-pack." They also stabilize my pelvis when walking. They are the ___________ muscles.

rectus abdominis

This muscle originates on the spinous processes of C7 and T1 - T5, and inserts on the medial border of the scapula

rhomboids

A synergist to zygomaticus, this muscle aids in smiling.

risorius

means partial or half

semi

The hole above the eye orbit is the

supraorbital foramen.

This bone bears the medial malleolus.

tibia

Nervous tissue is made up of __________ main cell types.

two

The odd tingling sensation that you experiences when you hit the funny bone is due to trauma to the ________ nerve.

ulnar

This muscle is used in smiling.

zygomaticus

The biceps femoris is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh.

False

The formation of myelin in the peripheral nervous system is accomplished by these cells

Schwann cells

Which feature of the female pelvis provides for compatibility with vaginal birth?

Wide pelvic inlet and outlet

The exceptional flexibility of the shoulder girdle is due, in part, to the ________.

ability of the scapula to slide easily against the thorax

means spider

arachn

means short

brevi

Axons give rise to branches called ________.

collaterals

means "within."

endo

Name the large bone or bones of the thigh.

femur

These facial bones increase the ability of the nasal passageways to warm and humidify incoming air.

inferior nasal conchae

These fossae of the scapula contain muscles that stabilize the shoulder.

infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, and supraspinous fossa

Muscles of facial expression differ from most skeletal muscles because they usually do NOT insert into a bone.

true

In adults, ________ marrow fills the central canal of long bones, and ________ marrow is found in the epiphyses of long bones.

yellow, red

These are the cheekbones of the face.

zygomatics

Which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?

Nasal

means arm

brachi

Which of the following bones belongs to the axial skeleton?

sternum

means stalk or stylus

stylo

The muscle connecting the hyoid bone to the styloid process of the temporal bone is the

stylohyoid

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres consists of ridges and grooves. The shallow grooves are called ________.

sulci

means above, higher than, or dorsal.

supra

means "being together" or "similar."

syn

Two consecutive neurons communicate at a _____________, where they physically come together.

synapse

The leg bones articulate with this ankle bone and transfer weight to the foot.

talus

Costal facets are found on the ________ vertebrae.

thoracic

________ are the telescoping tubes of matrix (concentric lamellae) with their central canals that form a large part of compact bone.

Osteons

What is ultimately the fate of fontanels in a child or an adult skull?

They ossify, and in time become sutures.

The dendrites share this characteristic with the neuron cell body.

They receive synapses from many other neurons.

Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?

atlas

means embryonic or formative cell.

blast

__________ bone looks smooth and homogeneous.

compact

The ________ of the scapula receives the humerus.

glenoid cavity

What is cerebral cortex?

the outermost grey matter covering the cerebrum

The __________ vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs.

thoracic

This primary curvature of the spine is located in the chest region.

thoracic

The shape of this muscle gives it its name.

trapezius

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

Occipital bone - atlas

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

Occipital condyles

The muscle extending from the arm to the lateral forearm is the

brachioradialis.

The radius articulates with this condyle of the humerus.

capitulum

means "around" or "surrounding."

peri

Which of the following muscle does not form part of the rotator cuff?

teres major

In comparing sheep brains and human brains, one notes that, in humans, ________.

the fornix is thinner than the corpus callosum

Brachioradialis and sternocleidomastoid are named for ________.

the location of their origin and insertion

The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, and the __________.

thoracic cage

The fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot—with the exception of the great toe and the thumb—each have three phalanges.

three

The seven bones of the neck are called __________ vertebrae.

cervical

How many bones are found in the arm or brachial region?

1

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

There are ________ enlargements of the spinal cord.

2

How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in humans?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

31

Which of the following is not a reason we become shorter as we age?

As a person ages, scoliosis may develop resulting in an abnormal spinal curvature and shorter stature.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons are progressively destroyed. Excess levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate have been implicated in this process. Which type of neuroglia would play a role in controlling glutamate levels in the chemical environment of neurons?

Astrocytes

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".

Atlas - axis

The ventral rami of spinal nerves ________ form the major nerve plexuses.

C1 through T1 and L1 through S4

What brain structure interacts with the thalamus in directing cortical activity, and like the cerebrum, may be affected by unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS)?

Cerebellum

________ a superior projection on the ________ bone, attaches to the dura mater and secures the brain within the skull.

Crista galli, ethmoid

___________________are a group of natural chemicals that reduce the perception of pain.

Endorphins

Repetitive extension of the hand at the wrist and abduction of the hand can lead to lateral epicondylitis. Although sometimes called "tennis elbow," it more often affects individuals who don't play tennis. Based on the name lateral epicondylitis and the action described, which muscle would most likely have microscopic tears in the tendon?

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Embryonic skeletons consist primarily of elastic cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone during development and growth.

False

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in an enlarged area of the dorsal root called the gray commissure.

False

The femoral nerve is the largest nerve from the sacral plexus.

False

The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum.

False

The pain in the leg that is referred to as "shin splints" is often caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process?

Fibroblasts

__________ bones are generally thin and have a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone.

Flat

Which of the following bones is unpaired?

Frontal

What tissue type replaces periosteum on the ends of articulating bones?

Hyaline cartilage

What is true of a mixed nerve?

It contains both afferent and efferent axons.

Besides being a relay station for all sensory input, what other key role does the thalamus play?

It helps mediate memory.

You are examining a neuron under the microscope. It appears as a round cell without visible processes. What is true of this neuron?

It is likely to be a unipolar neuron, it is located in the PNS (peripheral nervous system), and it is most likely to be a sensory neuron.

Which statement about the pectoral girdle is false?

Its bones attach to each other and to the axial skeleton.

Bruxism is a condition in which individuals clench or grind their teeth. It often occurs as they sleep, leading to jaw pain and damaged teeth. Which muscles contract during this nocturnal event?

Masseter and temporalis

When eating or drinking something ice cold, what branch (division) of the trigeminal nerve serving the palate receives the initial cold stimulus?

Maxillary

A brain hemorrhage within the region of the right internal capsule results in paralysis of the left side of the body. Explain why the left side (rather than the right side) is affected.

Motor neurons undergo decussation (crossing over) in the medulla oblongata on their way to the periphery.

Peripheral neuropathy has a variety of causes. Worldwide, the most common cause is leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease. Would you expect peripheral neuropathy to cause damage to tracts or to nerves? Why?

Nerves are damaged in the periphery as a result of a bacterial infection.

Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder?

Proliferation and Hypertrophic Zones

Wrist drop results in an inability to extend the hand at the wrist. Which nerve would most likely be affected in this injury?

Radial nerve

Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones

Sagittal suture

A demyelinating disease affects ________.

Schwann cells

Cell bodies of these neurons lie in ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Sensory neurons

Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?

Sphenoid

In a child with rickets, the bones are prone to deformities caused by a lack of calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why?

The bone treated with acid because the acid dissolves the calcium phosphate, making the bones less rigid and prone to deformation.

In addition to supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton provides this function as well.

The bones store fat, red marrow, and calcium.

Damage to which of these brain regions would be the most life-threatening? Explain your answer.

The brain stem because it controls many of the body's functions that are essential for life.

Why might the xiphoid process be missing from the sternum in a set of human remains?

The remains are from an adult younger than 40 years of age, and the hyaline cartilage does not preserve as well as bone.

This is a characteristic of the male pelvis.

The sacrum curves ventrally into the pelvic outlet.

Patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) have lost awareness of self and their environment. In many cases, there is no damage to the cerebral cortex or the brain stem. If signal transmission to the cerebral cortex is affected, what part of the brain is most likely to have been damaged?

The thalamus is most likely the problem because this is the relay center for sensory information trying to reach the cerebrum.

Your X-ray examination reveals that you have fractured your fibula. Your physician remarks, "Well, it's better than breaking your tibia." Explain why a fracture of the tibia would be worse than a fracture of the fibula.

The tibia supports more weight than the fibula, and there is less soft tissue around the bone so the break is often an open fracture more susceptible to infection.

What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina?

They are reflex centers for visual and auditory stimuli

What is true about tracts and nerves?

Tracts lack connective tissue coverings.

Because the spinal nerves arise from fusion of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, and contain motor and sensory fibers, all spinal nerves are considered mixed nerves.

True

Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fontanelles are replaced with bone prematurely. Which of the following is not a possible consequence of this condition?

When one or more fontanelles is closed prematurely, bone growth along the lateral aspects of the head can affect the small bones of the inner ear and result in deafness.

The articulation formed by the tip of the scapula and the clavicle is called the

acromioclavicular joint

The primary action of muscle on the medial compartment of the thigh is ________.

adduction of the thigh

You have lost the sensation, but not movement, in one of your hands due to a problem with your spinal cord neurons. Based upon these symptoms, what type of neuron was most likely affected?

afferent neuron

A prime mover or __________ produces a particular type of movement.

agonist

A fontanelle __________.

allows for compression of the skull during birth is found only in the fetal skull is a fibrous membrane

The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the

arachnoid mater.

The basal nuclei (basal ganglia) ________.

are involved in regulating voluntary motor activities

The olfactory bulbs of the sheep ________.

are relatively larger than those in humans

These glial cells play a role in capillary-neuron exchanges and control the chemical environment around neurons.

astrocytes

These support cells are found in the central nervous system.

astrocytes and ependymal cells

Intervertebral discs are absent between these vertebrae.

atlas and axis

The __________ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body's center of gravity.

axial

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

axis

This part of the neuron generates and conducts action potentials.

axon

The ________ forms synapses, or junctions, with other neurons or effector cells.

axon terminal

This two-headed muscle bulges when the forearm is flexed. It is the most familiar muscle of the anterior humerus. It is the __________.

biceps brachii

An agonist for elbow flexion is ________, whereas the ________ is an antagonist to this movement.

biceps brachii, triceps brachii

The skeleton is constructed of two types of tissue, ________.

bone and cartilage

The pelvis consists of ________.

both hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum and coccyx

Severe injuries to the __________ plexus cause weakness or paralysis of the entire upper limb.

brachial

This muscle compresses the cheek when you whistle.

buccinator

The center of the osteon is called the ________.

central (Haversian) canal

Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called.

cephalization

Bleeding in the brain, known as a stroke, is more accurately called

cerebrovascular accident.

You pick up a vertebra to identify it and note that the transverse processes contain foramina. This unique feature identifies the vertebra as coming from the ________ region of the vertebral column.

cervical

Which of the following bone belongs to the appendicular skeleton?

clavicle

These bones form the pectoral girdle.

clavicle and scapula

Pectoralis major originates on the ________ and inserts in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

clavicle and sternum

The thoracic cage includes all of the bones below except the ________.

clavicles

Muscles are named based on all the criteria below except ________.

color of the muscle

The sciatic nerve divides into the tibial and __________ nerves.

common fibular

A long bone consists of a shaft composed of ________ and an end composed of ________.

compact bone, spongy bone covered by compact bone

A nerve ________.

consists of axons wrapped in connective tissue in the PNS

The corpus callosum ________.

consists of fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres

In addition to its role in spinal reflex activity, the spinal cord also ________.

contains sensory and motor tracts traveling to and from higher nervous centers

Coordination of skeletal muscle activity is one of the functions of the cerebellum. Another is ________.

control of balance and equilibrium

At the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra the spinal cord terminates in a structure called the ________.

conus medullaris

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra, where it terminates in the __________.

conus medullaris

Eight bones make up the __________ , which encloses and protects the brain.

cranium

Which of the following structures is an attachment site for muscles or ligaments?

crest

means "do the opposite of or reverse."

de

This muscle works as a fixator of the shoulder when you attempt to lift a heavy table with your forearm.

deltoid

These branching neuron processes serve as receptive regions and transmit electrical signals toward the cell body. They are _________

dendrites

The ________ on the axis (C2) forms a pivot point with the atlas (C1) that allows you to nod a "no."

dens

When a neuron is stimulated and sodium channels open, the process of _____________ has begun.

depolarization

This pair of muscles includes the prime mover of inspiration, and its synergist.

diaphragm and external intercostals

The shaft of a long bone is known as the __________.

diaphysis

The thalamus and the hypothalamus are structures found in the ________.

diencephalon

Seven pairs of ribs articulate ________ with the sternum.

directly via costal cartilages

FOOSH is an acronym that stands for Fall on Out-Stretched Hand. All of the following injuries are possible after a FOOSH except:

distal phalanx fracture.

These fiber tracts run between the dorsal horns.

dorsal white columns

Somatosensory functions are carried out in this part of the spinal cord.

dorsal white columns and dorsal horns

The falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are formed by this connective tissue membrane.

dura mater

The meninges that cover the spinal cord from outermost to innermost are ________.

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Neurons can be classified according to function. __________ or motor neurons carry electrical signals from the central nervous system primarily to muscles or glands.

efferent

This type of cartilage supports the external ear and keeps it firm but flexible.

elastic

Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a covering called the __________.

endoneurium

This membrane lines the shaft of long bones, and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.

endosteum

These glial cell line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities in the CNS.

ependymal cells

The outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve is called the ________.

epineurium

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at this location in long bones.

epiphyseal plates

The cribriform foramina, through which the fibers of cranial nerve I pass, are located in the ________ bone on the floor of the skull.

ethmoid

A muscle located on the anterior surface of the thigh will ________ the knee, whereas a muscle on the posterior surface will ________ the knee.

extend, flex

Damage to the lumbar plexus is likely to affect ________.

extension of the knee

This muscle is named for the direction of its fibers.

external oblique

The strongest, heaviest bone of the body is in the thigh. It is the __________.

femur

This bone articulates with the acetabulum.

femur

White matter of the CNS consists of ________.

fiber tracts

The type of cartilage that has the greatest strength and is found in the knee joint and intervertebral discs is __________.

fibrocartilage

Which of the cartilage types below is matched correctly to it body location?

fibrocartilage; meniscus of the knee

Fontanels are ________.

fibrous membranes in a fetal skull

The epiphyses of long bones are ________.

filled with spongy bone

This extension of one of the meninges covering the spinal cord attaches it to the coccyx.

filum terminale

This forearm muscle is a powerful wrist flexor.

flexor carpi radialis

This is a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.

foramen

Many motor functions as well as primary motor cortex are located in this lobe of the brain.

frontal

This single bone of the skull underlies the area we commonly call the forehead.

frontal

The central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere separates the ________.

frontal and parietal lobes

A cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ________.

ganglion

This lower limb muscle, which attaches to the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon and plantar flexes the foot when the knee is extended, is the __________.

gastrocnemius

This muscle allows you to stand on tiptoe when the knee is extended, and it flexes the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed.

gastrocnemius

The __________ is the largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles.

gluteus maximus

Like the deltoid muscle that lies over and abducts the shoulder, these two muscles lie over the hip and are prime movers of hip abduction. Neither muscle extends the hip.

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

In cross section, the __________ matter of the spinal cord looks like a butterfly or the letter H.

gray

These are major sites of muscle attachment on the femur.

greater and lesser trochanters

Commonly referred to as the ________, this muscle group on the posterior thigh extends the hip.

hamstrings

The quadriceps are the prime movers of knee extension. Which muscle group is an antagonist to knee extension?

hamstrings

This part of the rib articulates with the appropriate vertebra.

head

Which of the following bone markings helps form joints?

head

A condyle differs from an epicondyle in that the condyle ________.

helps form a joint

The arm consists of one long bone, the __________.

humerus

This is the most common type of skeletal cartilage.

hyaline

This type of cartilage attaches ribs to the sternum.

hyaline

What kind of tissue comprises the epiphyseal plate of bones?

hyaline cartilage

This bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body. Muscles of the neck and tongue attach to it.

hyoid

means "higher than normal."

hyper

When potassium channels have been open long enough to go below resting membrane potential, _________________________ has occurred.

hyperpolarization

The muscle name literally meaning below the tongue is

hypoglossus.

This diencephalic structure is involved in many functions including temperature regulation, water balance, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

hypothalamus

Myelin is important in ________.

insulating axons and increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials

means between or among.

inter

Cerebrospinal fluid formed in the lateral ventricles travels through the ________ to reach the third ventricle.

interventricular foramen

Each _______________ is made of fibrocartilage and serves as a shock absorber for the spine.

intervertebral disc

Vertebrae belong to this category of bones.

irregular

The precentral gyrus ________.

is a major motor area of the brain

A prime mover (agonist) ________.

is primarily responsible for a movement

This part of the coxal bone bears your weight when you sit.

ischial tuberosity

The bone marking that makes up the portion of the pelvis you sit on is the

ischial tuberosity.

This foramen lies between the temporal and occipital bones on the inferior surface of the skull. A major vein and several cranial nerves pass through it.

jugular foramen

These important bone markings are located on the sternum.

jugular notch and xiphisternal joint

As compared to coma, a patient in a permanent vegetative state ________.

lacks both awareness and wakefulness

These small paired bones of the orbit contain a passageway through which tears pass.

lacrimal

A trochanter is a ________.

large, irregularly-shaped projection

These horns of the spinal cord are present only in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

lateral

The transverse processes of vertebrae point ________, while the spinous process points ________.

laterally, posteriorly

This powerful muscle is the prime mover of arm extension.

latissimus dorsi

The female pelvis is ________ than the male pelvis.

lighter

The femur is an example of a(n) __________ bone.

long

Transection of the dorsal roots of spinal nerves C5 through T1 results in ________.

loss of sensation in the upper limb on the same side of the body

Muscles that act on the __________ cause movement at the hip, knee, and foot joints.

lower limb

An exaggerated curvature of this region of the vertebral column causes lordosis.

lumbar

Nerves serving the lower limb issue from this enlargement of the spinal cord.

lumbar

The lower jawbone, or __________, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints in the skull.

mandible

This muscle originates on the zygomatic arch and inserts at the angle and ramus of the mandible. It is responsible for closing the jaw.

masseter

These keystone bones of the face contact all other facial bones except the mandible.

maxillae

The ________ of the humerus is called the "funny bone." The tingling sensation that you experience is due to striking of the ulnar nerve that runs behind this structure.

medial epicondyle

Decussation of pyramids refers to crossover of major motor tracts in the ________ region of the brain.

medulla oblongata

This part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord.

medulla oblongata

The ________ is the storage area for yellow marrow in an adult bone.

medullary cavity

When moving proximally from the toes, the set of bones after the phalanges are the

metatarsals

The spinal nerves are ________ nerves.

mixed

Ventral roots of spinal nerves are purely or primarily ________.

motor

These neurons transmit impulses from CNS to effectors.

motor neurons

Interneurons (association neurons) in the brain are likely to be ________ neurons.

multipolar

Neurons can be classified according to structure. __________ neurons have many processes that issue from the cell body.

multipolar

The gaps in the sheath that insulates axons are called ________.

myelin sheath gaps

Which bone is not a part of the orbit?

nasal

means "pertaining to the nervous system."

neuro

Supporting cells of the nervous system are collectively called

neuroglia.

These nervous system cells are highly specialized to transmit messages throughout the body.

neurons

Vesicles in the axon terminal contain ________.

neurotransmitters

In which lobe of the brain is the primary visual cortex located?

occipital

The foramen magnum is located in which bone of the skull?

occipital

Extension (or straightening) of the elbow stops when the proximal end of the ulna engages the ________.

olecranon fossa of the humerus

Which of the cranial nerves below is purely sensory?

olfactory

This purely sensory cranial nerve carries signals associated with vision.

optic

This muscle closes the eyes, allowing you to wink or blink.

orbicularis oculi

are cells that build bone matrix

osteoblasts

Calcium is released by the action of __________,which break down bone matrix.

osteoclasts

The structural unit of compact bone is the __________.

osteon

is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle

osteoporosis

Primary somatosensory cortex as well as many other sensory functions are located in this lobe of the brain.

parietal

These large paired bones form most of the lateral and superior walls of the cranial vault (calvaria).

parietal

An example of a sesamoid bone is the ________.

patella

This bone is commonly called the kneecap.

patella

The __________ girdle attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

pectoral

This large, fan-shaped muscle of the upper chest is the prime mover of arm flexion.

pectoralis major

Groups of axons within a nerve are bound into fascicles by a coarse connective tissue called ________

perineurium

Structures of the nervous system surrounding, but not part of the central nervous system are part of the

peripheral nervous system.

The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the

peritoneum

The shorter of the muscles over the fibula is the

peroneus brevis.

All of the following are short bones except ________.

phalanges

Little bones of the fingers and toes are called the ________.

phalanges

This nerve, arising from the cervical plexus, is essential for normal breathing.

phrenic

The ventral rami of all spinal nerves except T2 through T12 form complex networks of nerves known as __________.

plexuses

This part of the brain stem consists primarily of fiber tracts. It resembles a bridge.

pons

All the following are functions of the skeleton EXCEPT __________.

production of melanin

The hip (coxal) bones articulate with each other at the ________.

pubic symphysis

This nerve of the brachial plexus supplies all the extensor muscles of the upper limb.

radial

Chromatophilic substance, found within the cell bodies of neurons, is involved in the metabolic activities of the cell and is composed of ________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The midline suture marking the articulation of the two parietal bones is called the ________ suture.

sagittal

Commonly called as the "tailors muscle," this muscle allows one to sit in a cross-legged position.

sartorius

Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system include __________

satellite cells and Schwann cells

The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the ________.

scapula

The hamstring that becomes tendinous midway along its length is the

semitendinosus.

Fiber tracts conducting impulses to the brain are called ascending or __________ tracts.

sensory

What functional type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

sensory

The two lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ________.

septum pellucidum

The dorsal rami of spinal nerves ________.

serve the skin and muscles of the posterior body trunk

Oligodendrocytes form myelin around ________.

several axons in the central nervous system

Because of anatomical differences in the olfactory system, the sense of smell may be more important to this animal than it is to humans.

sheep

The varicella zoster virus causing chicken pox can stay dormant in the sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion. It can get reactivated later on in life causing ________.

shingles

The _________ division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle.

somatic motor

The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica, surrounds the pituitary gland, and is a part of the ________ bone.

sphenoid

These ascending (sensory) tracts are the most lateral ones between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord.

spinocerebellar tracts

The ________ is a median posterior projection arising at the junction of two laminae of the vertebral body.

spinous process

The __________, commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

sternum

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the ________.

sternum

Which of the following bone belongs to the axial skeleton and is a flat bone?

sternum

Body weight is borne by the two largest tarsal bones: ________ and ________.

talus, calcaneus

The cranial bones that house the organs of hearing are the ________ bones.

temporal

The head of the fibula articulates with the ________.

tibia

A superficial muscle of the leg, this one dorsiflexes the foot.

tibialis anterior

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a ________.

tract

Neuron fibers (axons) running through the central nervous system form __________ of white matter.

tracts

This superficial muscle covers a large part of the posterior thorax.

trapezius

This name reveals the number of the muscle's origins.

triceps brachii

Axons are the neuron processes that generate and conduct nerve impulses.

true