Political Science

Federal government

One in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme within its own sphere.

Absolute monarchy

One in which the ruler rules by divine right

Limited monarchy

One in which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution.

State

Community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.

Written

Constitution as to their form: One which has been given definite written form at a particular time, usually by a specially constituted authority called a "constitutional convention"

Unwritten

Constitution as to their form: One which is entirely the product of political evolution, consisting largely of a mass of customs, usages and judicial decisions together with a smaller body of statutory enactments of a fundamental character, usually bearing different dates.

Cumulative or evolved

Constitution classified as to their origin and history: One which is a product of growth or a long period of development originating in its customs, traditions, judicial decisions, etc. rather than from a deliberate and formal enactment.

Conventional or enacted

Constitution classified as to their origin and history: One which is enacted by a constituent assembly or granted by a monarch to his subjects like the Constitution of Japan in 1889

Internal sovereignty

Power of the state to rule within its territory.

Territorial sea

The belt of water outside and parallel to the coastline or to the outer limits or the inland or internal waters.

Political theory

Entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with in the study of this subject.

Aristocracy

One in which political power is exercised by a few privileged class which is known as an aristocracy or oligarchy

Democracy

One in which political power is exercised by a majority of the people.

Unitary government

One in which the control of the national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government.

Archipelago

A sea of part of a sea studded with islands, often synonymous with island groups, or as a large group of islands in an extensive body of water such as sea. It includes both sea and islands which geographically may be considered as an independent whole.

Social contract theory

Asserts that the early states must have been for mere by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their own common good. This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt against a bad ruler.

Constitutional law

Branch of public law which treats of constitutions, their nature, formation, amendment and interpretation.

Article II

Declaration of principles and state policies

Republican government

Democratic government chosen by the people at large. The essence therefore, is indirect rule. The people have established the government to govern themselves from the highest to the lowest of servants of the people and not their masters. They can only exercise the powers delegated to them by the people who remain as the ultimate source of political power and authority.

External sovereignty

Freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states. Usually referred to as "independence"

Parity Amendment

Gave American citizens equal right with the Filipinos in the exploitation of public utilities.

De jure

Government founded or constituted in accordance with the existing constitution of the state (according to law)

Revolutionary government

Government instituted not in accordance with the procedure provided in an existing Constitution. There is a definite acknowledgement in Proclamation No. 3 that the provisional government established thereunder was a revolutionary government in character, having been installed by direct action of the people, deriving its existence and authority directly from the people themselves.

De facto

Government not constituted or founded but has the general support of the people and effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers.

Polis

Greek word meaning "city "

Pelagos

Greek word meaning "sea"

Nation

Group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. The term is more strictly synonymous with "people".

Sovereignty

Implies the supreme authority inherent in the state by which it is governed.

Territory

Includes not only the fixed portion of land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends (territorial domain), but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts (fluvial and maritime domain) and the air space above the land and the waters (aerial domain). Thus the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial.

Preamble

Introduction to the main subject. Prologue of the constitution.

Paternalistic theory

It attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family which remained under the authority of the father and mother. By natural stages, the family grew into a clan, then developed into a tribe which broadened into a nations and the nation became a state.

Divine right theory

It holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people.

Scire

Latin word meaning "to know"

Preambulare

Latin word which means "to walk before"

Necessity or force theory

Maintains that the states must have been created through force, by some great warriors who imposed their will upon the weak.

Article I

National Territory

Parliamentary government

One in which the state confers upon the legislative the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive. Under this system, the Cabinet or ministry is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature and immediately or politically responsible to the electorate, while the titular or nominal executive - the Chief of State - occupied a position of irresponsibility

Presidential government

One in which the state makes the executive constitutionally independent of the legislature as regards his tenure and to a large extent as regards his policies and acts, and furnishes him with sufficient powers to prevent the legislature from trenching upon the sphere marked out by the constitution as executive independence and prerogative.

Monarchy

One in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure.

Indirect, representative or republican democracy

One in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representative.

Direct or pure democracy

One in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly rather than through the medium of delegates or representatives chosen to act for them

Tydings-McDuffie Law

Or Philippine Independence Act, empowered the Filipinos to frame their own constitution.

Territorial sea

Part of the sea extending 12 nautical miles (19kms) from the low-watermark. Also called the "marginal sea," "marginal belt," or the "marine belt."

Subsoil

Refers to everything beneath the surface soil and the seabed, including mineral and natural resources.

Government

Refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out. The word is sometimes used to refer to the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands are placed for the time being the function of political control. This "body of men" is usually spoken of as "administration". The ordinary citizens of a country are part of the state, but are not part of the government.

International law

Refers to the body of rules and principles which governs the relations of nations and their respective peoples in their intercourse with one another.

People

Refers to the inhabitants living within the state. Without people, there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed. There is no requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state. Ideally, it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing.

Seabed

Refers to the land that holds the sea, lying beyond the seashore including mineral and natural resources.

Political science

Systematic study of the state and government

Government

The only agency through which the state articulates its will.

Public law

The organization of governments, the limitations upon government authority, the powers and duties of governmental offices and officers, and the obligations of one state to another are handled in the study of public law. In contra distinction to the rules of private law,na hitch governs the relations among individuals, public law is so specialized that separate courses are offered in each of its subdivisions- constitutional law, administrative law, and international law.

Sovereignty

The term may be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollarily to have freedom from foreign control.

Inland or internal waters

They are parts of the sea within the land territory. They are considered in the same light s rivers, canals, lakes within the land territory of a state. Sometimes called national waters.

Insular shelves

They are the submerged portions of a continent or offshore island, which slope gently seaward from the low waterline to a point where a substantial break in grade occurs, at which point the bottom slopes seaward at a considerable increase in slope until the great ocean depths are reached

High or open seas

They are waters that lie seaward of the territorial sea.

Other submarine areas

They refer to all areas under territorial sea. Among oceanographic terms used are seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep, bank, shoal, and reef.