POLS 3050
who were the sons of library
Would tar and feather tax collectors as well as burning down their houses in order to get them to change jobs or to stop collecting tax money
who protests
people who feel that they have been disadvantaged by circumstances that affect their social status, pocketbook, or both
what causes people to protest
people with a strong sense of efficacy will protest despite the incentives to be a free rider.
Acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience also seek to:
- Appeal to the conscience of the public and even the offenders. This is done by "leading by example" and can begin to win over "hearts and minds" - "Clog (or disrupt) the machine." This is often done through mass arrests (which can fill jails with political prisoners) or by disrupting production through activities such as strikes or sit-ins. - Get the law re-considered by the courts.
who was Gandhi
- Gandhi was born in India in 1869 - Gandhi later moved to England to study law and became an attorney - his first major experience with fighting injustice came in South Africa. Gandhi fought to defend the rights of immigrants there who were the victims of discrimination. - In 1914, he returned to India (then part of the British empire) to fight for self-rule and independence from the British empire.
Key student leaders during this time included:
- John Lewis, who led SNCC. - James Lawson, an expert in nonviolent theory and tactics. - Diane Nash, a spokesperson for SNCC; - Bob Moses who worked to register voters in Mississippi.
Why Birmingham, Alabama?
- King and the other leaders planned a 6-week boycott of shopping in the downtown business district. - Martin Luther King, Jr. chose to affect Birmingham store owners economically because of the strong purchasing power of African Americans in the city.
Summary of Strategies and Tactics:
- Legal: NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) - notable victory in Brown v. Board of Education - Economic Boycott: Montgomery Improvement Association and later the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - notable victory in Montgomery with the bus boycott.
What is the difference between a movement and mob?
- Mobs are designed solely to create havoc - Movements are formed principally to create social and/or political change. - Mobs are primarily fueled by anger. - Movements are primarily fueled by principles.
What tactics did the Sons of Liberty employ?
- Organized demonstrations - Enforced economic boycotts of British goods - And occasionally resorted to property damage and even violence against tax collectors (such as tar and feathering)
What is civil disobedience?
- Petitions - Marches and demonstrations - Labor strikes and sit-ins - Hunger strikes - Boycotts
What is at the heart of the American Revolution?
- Political Rights - Sovereignty: The British held that the King (through Divine Right) and parliament were supreme. The colonists argued that authority ultimately rests with the "consent of the governed." - Representation: The British held that the colonists had "virtual representation." Colonists argued that only "actual representation" was legitimate.
Background on the American Revolution and The French-Indian War
- The war involves a border dispute in the Ohio territory between the French and the British, which erupts into war. - The British ultimately prevail. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 gives Great Britain dominant control of North America
How did it get settled?
- U.S. Senator Jacob Javits of New York, horrified at the lengths the Birmingham police were going to protect segregation, declared, "the country won't tolerate it," and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill. - President Kennedy sent Burke Marshall to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce, but Marshall faced a stalemate when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge.
What year is the Brown case?
1954
The Civil Rights Movement
A good starting point to cover the civil rights movement is the U.S. Supreme Court case: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (of Topeka)
A social movement can be defined as
A large informal grouping of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues. - Aggregates of people sharing general values and a desire for social change.
Birmingham, Alabama Resolution
After several more days of protest, on May 8 at 4.00 am, white business leaders conceded most of the protester's demands. - Political leaders held fast, however, and the rift between the businessmen and the politicians became clear when business leaders admitted they - On May 10, Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King, Jr. told reporters they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters, restrooms, drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days, as well as hiring blacks in stores as salesmen and clerks.
what about the need for order and public safety?
Allowing injustice in the name of "order" is a false peace. - Locke: "they may as well say, upon the same ground, that honest men may not oppose robbers or pirates because this may occasion disorder or bloodshed." - Locke: "If the innocent honest man must quietly quit all he has, for peace's sake, to him who will lay violent hands upon it, I desire it may be considered, what a kind of peace there will be in the world, which consists only in violence, and which is to be maintained only for the benefit of robbers and oppressors."
What did the Court rule in Brown?
An opinion by then-recently appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren unanimously overruled the "separate but equal" doctrine. - The Brown case is a direct challenge to that rationale. Separate was not equal, and thus violated the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause. - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a key organization in the Brown case. - The Court ruled for the first time that de jure (LEGALLY IMPOSED) segregation in the public schools violated the principle of equal protection under the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. - The court declared later in 1955 that schools must be desegregated "with all deliberate speed."
James Bevel, a religious leader and veteran of the Nashville sit-ins, organized the students. Why did the movement turn to using children?
Children were used because time in jail for them wouldn't impact the family economically as it would a working parent. - Bevel and the organizers knew that students were a more cohesive group; they had been together as classmates since kindergarten.
So, when is it acceptable to rebel, according to Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence?
Governments earn legitimacy only through the CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED. Without this, citizens had the right to REBEL. - When the government becomes an enemy of liberty—citizens have the right to rebel.
What is the major issue in Brown?
Ending segregation in public schools. - Linda Brown was denied admission to her local elementary school in Topeka on the basis of race.
History of violence
Eugene "Bull" Connor, the Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham, once told reporters, "If the North keeps trying to cram this thing (desegregation) down our throats, there's going to be bloodshed." - Connor allowed freedom riders in 1961 to be beaten by local mobs. - Protest actions begin in the spring of 1963 to affect the second busiest shopping season of the year.
Mass arrests follow in Albany. But, the jails did not fill. Why does this become a problem?
Families began to suffer as fathers and mothers could not afford to pay their bills while in prison. - King is arrested, but released three days into his sentence when Chief Pritchett arranges for someone to pay his fine. - King leaves Albany without any major changes in segregation there. - King later writes, "The mistake I made there was to protest against segregation generally rather than against a single and distinct facet of it. Our protest was so vague that we got nothing, and the people were left very depressed and in despair."
What is the sit-in tactic ultimately designed to do
Gandhi: "The function of a civil resistance is to provoke response and we will continue to provoke until they respond or change the law."
additional motivations that can lead a person to join a social movement.
However, deprivation alone does not always explain why people join social movements. There are also additional motivations, including one's moral convictions that can lead a person to join a social movement.
What else does the Declaration of Independence declare?
However, it does caution, "Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes."
Birmingham, Alabama
In need of a victory after the Albany campaign, Fred Shuttlesworth invites Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC to Birmingham, reasoning: - "If you come to Birmingham, you will not only gain prestige, but really shake the country. If you win in Birmingham, as Birmingham goes, so goes the nation."
Henry David Thoreau in "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" (original title was "Resistance to Civil Government") in 1849.
In the essay, Thoreau calls for people to disobey unjust laws through civil disobedience. - Thoreau's work is enormously influential on Mohandas Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
March on Washington
In the summer of 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream." - The march was organized to push President Kennedy's Civil Rights Act bill, which made it federal law to prohibit discrimination based on race in employment and housing matters. - Divisions were growing between SCLC and SNCC. SNCC wanted the Kennedy administration to do more to protect civil rights activists in the South - The march ultimately remained peaceful, allowing President Kennedy to push Congress further to pass his civil rights bill. - Kennedy is assassinated in November of 1963; however, the Civil Rights Act was later signed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964.
how did India win its independce
India ultimately wins its independence, and Gandhi's tactics of non-violent resistance are credited as a major reason. - However just one year after India wins its independence, Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. - Today, he is revered in India as the "Father of the Nation," and is a worldwide icon of non-violent political resistance.
What does the Declaration of Independence declare?
It declares natural rights. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." - The conditions necessary for a just rebellion. "That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it." "...when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security."
Why write a declaration of independence?
It is designed to influence public opinion at home and abroad. - It made the ideals of the revolution clear--- the public and the troops knew what we were fighting about and what we were fighting for. - It is also a propaganda statement to win the support of France.
Why is the Emmett Till murder important?
It occurs in the immediate aftermath of the Brown case.
Wouldn't Locke's justifications lead to frequent rebellion?
Locke answers "no" because people are reluctant to make major changes. - Locke: There is a "slowness and aversion in the people to quit their old constitutions. ...Great mistakes in the ruling part, many wrong and inconvenient laws, and by all the slips of human frailty will be borne by the people without mutiny or murmur." - John Locke's writings are applicable to nearly any protest or social movement in history - whether we study Gandhi or other movements.
King's arrest attracted national attention. Why was this significant?
Many of Birmingham's downtown businesses were national chains with headquarters in the North. - With King arrested, profits of the chain stores began to be affected nationally. The national business owners also put pressure on the Kennedy administration. - SCLC organizers came up with a bold and controversial alternative they named "D" Day, calling on elementary, high school, and college students to take part in the demonstrations. - Flyers were distributed stating, "Fight for freedom first then go to school," and "It's up to you to free our teachers, our parents, yourself, and our country."
What are the goals of these various tactics?
Nearly all forms of protest seek to grab headlines and bring attention to the problem that protestors want to see addressed. - Protest tactics are also designed to show "power in numbers." Organizing masses of people behind a cause can create difficulties for those who hold formal power.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, refused to get up out of her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. For more on Rosa Parks, click here. - The boycott had been planned before Rosa Parks' arrest by E.D. Nixon, president of the local NAACP chapter. - Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. - Jo Ann Robinson of the Women's Political Council spread word of this incident. Soon after, 50 African-American leaders organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott and formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). - The MIA, led by Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr., employ the economic boycott as their chief tactic. - Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery took part in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 60%. - The boycott from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and led to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.
Birmingham, Alabama May 2, 1963
On May 2, more than a thousand students skipped school and showed up at the 16th Street Baptist Church. - More than 600 were arrested and taken away in paddy wagons and school buses. - The day's arrest brought the total the number of protesters in jail to 1,200 in the 900-capacity Birmingham facility.
Birmingham, Alabama May 3, 1963
On May 3, Connor realized that the Birmingham jails could hold no more people, so the tactics of the police changed to keep protesters out of the downtown business area. - As the demonstrators left the church to walk downtown, they were warned to stop and turn back, "or you'll get wet." - When they continued, Commissioner Connor ordered the city's fire hoses, set at a level that would peel bark off a tree or separate bricks from mortar, on the children. - Connor next ordered German shepherd police dogs on the protestors. - James Bevel wove in and out of the crowds warning them not to hit back, "If any cops get hurt, we're going to lose this fight."
When are the people likely to challenge authority?
Only for extreme and prolonged abuses. - Locke: When there is a "long train of abuses, prevarications, and artifices."
Examples of the strong protest against the Stamp Act include:
Patrick Henry's Stamp Act Resolves and pamphlets such as John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer." - However, the most visible and vocal protests, come from the organization, the Sons of Liberty.
What Supreme Case had previously upheld the constitutionality of segregation in public facilities?
Plessy v. Ferguson
objective deprivation
Poverty, abuse, gross injustice, or any actual negative condition. It is the condition of those who are the worst off or most disadvantaged—the people with the lowest incomes, the least education, the lowest social status, the fewest job opportunities, and so on.
What was the reaction from those who favored segregation?
Resistance - This resistance organizes itself by forming White Citizens' Councils (also known as Citizens' Councils of America). - The Citizens' Councils were formed throughout the South to stop de-segregation. - Following the Supreme Court's Brown decision, African Americans pushed for further de-segregation, while groups such as the Citizens' Councils worked against these efforts.
why does rising material matter
Rising material opportunities provide for: - the hope of more - opportunities do not materialize, people become apprehensive.
What was the rationale in Plessy?
SEPARATE COULD STILL BE EQUAL.
Who led the Sons of Liberty?
Samuel Adams was the lead organizer of the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts. He was also a brilliant propaganda writer. - The Sons of Liberty were also helped financially by John Hancock, one of the wealthiest residents in Massachusetts. - Adams and Hancock each have personal reasons for opposing the British.
Civil Rights Sit-ins
Students in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee, began to "sit-in" at the lunch counters of a few of their local stores to protest those establishments' refusal to desegregate. - These protesters were encouraged to dress professionally, to sit quietly, and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in. - Many of these sit-ins provoked local authority figures to use brute force in physically escorting the demonstrators from the lunch facilities. - In Greensboro, the protest began when four students -- Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Jr., and David Richmond (all freshman at the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina) - sat down at a "whites only" lunch counter inside a Woolworth five-and-dime store. - Later known as the "Greensboro Four," these four students ordered coffee at the lunch counter and were refused service. Later, the store manager asked the students to leave. - The students refused and stayed at the lunch counter until the store closed. - The following day, more than twenty African American students engaged in the same protest at Woolworth's. - By the third day, there were more than sixty students engaged in the protest, and by the fourth day, there were more than 300.
How did the press help
Television cameras broadcast the scenes of fire hoses knocking down schoolchildren and dogs attacking individual demonstrators with no means of protecting themselves, to the nation. - That evening King told worried parents in a crowd of a thousand, "Don't worry about your children who are in jail. The eyes of the world are on Birmingham. We're going on in spite of dogs and fire hoses. We've gone too far to turn back." - Where support for King and the SCLC from the black community was disjointed prior to May 3, when pictures were shown of what was happening, "the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King," according to David Vann, a white attorney in Birmingham who was attempting to resolve the situation through behind King," according to David Vann, a white attorney in Birmingham who was attempting to resolve the situation through negotiation.
Civil Rights Freedom Rides, 1961
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1961 organized activists to travel by bus throughout the South to integrate seating patterns and desegregate bus terminals, as required by federal law. - In Anniston, Alabama, one bus was firebombed, forcing its passengers to flee for their lives. - In Birmingham, an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor had encouraged the Ku Klux Klan to attack an incoming group of freedom riders. - The riders were severely beaten "until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them." - eventually, public sympathy and support for the freedom riders forced the Kennedy administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to issue a new desegregation order. - Still, many young protesters felt betrayed by the Kennedy administration for its refusal to provide protection against the violence that civil rights activists encountered throughout some areas of the South.
What was the Stamp Act?
The Stamp Act required colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. - This included legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards.
Why did it set a dangerous precedent?
The Stamp Act was viewed as a direct attempt by the British to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures. - If this new tax were allowed to pass without resistance, the colonists reasoned, the door would be open for far more troublesome taxation in the future. - The Stamp Act provokes uproar from colonists.
What were some of the tactics involves in Project "C"?
The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation, including sit-ins at libraries, kneel-ins by black visitors at local white churches, and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters. - On April 10, Commissioner Conner obtained an injunction barring all such protests, and subsequently raised bail bond for all arrested protesters from $300 to $1,200. - Convinced that the order was unconstitutional, the campaign leaders defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters. - Along with Ralph Abernathy, King elected to be among those arrested on Good Friday, April 12, 1963. - While in jail on April 16, King wrote his famous "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" on the margins of a newspaper while held in solitary confinement.
What did the letter say?
The letter responded to eight white clergymen who were protesting King's presence in Birmingham and charged that he was agitating local residents, and had not given the incoming mayor a chance to make any changes. - Supporters pressured the Kennedy administration to intervene to obtain his release or better conditions. King eventually was released on April 20.
The British justifacation for the act
The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the colonists against any potential foreign threats.
Civil Rights
The nonviolent strategy is largely successful until the Albany Movement in 1961, which begins after the Kennedy administration orders the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to issue a new desegregation order. - A campaign in Albany begins when three young SNCC activists, Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and Charles Jones help encourage and coordinate black activism in the city, culminating in the founding of the Albany Movement - The Albany Movement wanted to end segregation at all bus stations, libraries, and lunch counters. - The Albany police chief, Laurie Pritchett, carefully studied the movement's strategy and developed a strategy he hoped could subvert it. - He used mass arrests, but avoided the kind of dramatic, violent incidents that might backfire by attracting national publicity. - Pritchett arranged to disperse the prisoners to county jails all over southwest Georgia to prevent his jail from filling up.
Wyatt Tee Walker headed the planning of what he titled "Project C" that stood for "confrontation." What was the essence of the plan?
The plan called for direct nonviolent action to attract media attention. - Walker timed walking distance from the 16th Street Baptist Church to the downtown area and scoped out lunch counters of department stores and even planned for secondary targets of federal buildings should the police block the protesters' entrances into the primary targets.
Impact of Sitins
The protests then spread to Kress stores, and to cities throughout the North Carolina, and eventually to cities all throughout the South. - In Nashville, Tennessee, students formed the Nashville Student Movement to end segregation at lunch counters. - The protests hurt profits and business at these stores. -On July 25, 1960, African American employees of Greensboro's Woolworth's store were the first to be served at the store's lunch counter.
Why would the colonists care so much about this?
The tax hurt the colonists financially. - the colonists feared that the tax set a dangerous precedent.
What is the significance of Great Britain taking dominant control of North America?
This comes with huge responsibility and huge costs. - To pay for those costs, King George III unilaterally imposes new taxes on the colonies.
Martin Luther King is invited to Albany. Why?
This is done to bring attention to the cause. - But, some SNCC leaders opposed bringing King to Albany. - SNCC leaders in Albany charged that King made the civil rights movement too dependent upon him, and that the movement needed to organize more at the grassroots level.
Who was Emmett Till?
Till was a 14-year African American from Chicago. - Till traveled to Mississippi in August 1955 to visit his relatives. - He stayed with his great uncle Moses Wright. - Till says "bye baby" to a local white woman from Mississippi. - Emmett Till is tracked down by two men, Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam. - The two men arrive at the Wright home with a gun and demand to see "the boy that did the talking." - Bryant and Milam take Emmett Till away from the Wright home and murder him. - Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were arrested and brought to trial. After deliberating for just more than an hour, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.
How do social movements work
Usually those involved in social movements work outside the system to advance their cause, because the followers of the movement believe the system has failed to address their problem. - To draw attention to their cause and accomplish their objectives, supporters may strike, demonstrate, walk out, boycott, go on hunger strikes, riot, or even terrorize.
When are protest tactics justified?
When are protest tactics justified? When are people justified in disobeying authority (i.e., government)? According to John Locke: (1) The authority is illegitimate. People must be free to choose those who hold power. Locke: "When any one, or more, shall take upon them to make laws, whom the people have not appointed so to do, they make laws without authority, which the people are not therefore bound to obey." (2) Government acts contrary to its primary function -- protecting the people's basic rights: life, liberty, and property Locke: "When any one, or more, shall take upon them to make laws, whom the people have not appointed so to do, they make laws without authority, which the people are not therefore bound to obey."
classic free-rider problem
a "rational person" concludes that his or her free-riding (i.e.. doing nothing) will not impact the movement's prospects for success. - the benefits gained are not exclusive to the protestors only. For example, when female protestors won the right to vote for women, the benefits went to all women, not simply the women who protested. - an individual might rationally conclude that it is better not to protest than it is to protest.
May 11
a bomb ripped through the Gaston Motel where King had been staying. When police came to inspect the motel, they were met with rocks and bottles.
what is a social movement
a large informal grouping of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues - Aggregates of people sharing general values and a desire for social change.
protest vs. riot
a protest is different from a riot in that riots do damage to property or to people
Locke and the Declaration of Independence
defining revolutionary document, The Declaration of Independence. own language or similar versions of it appear in our nation's defining revolutionary document, The Declaration of Independence.
what is collection action
collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their condition and achieve a common objective. (This includes protests and social movements.)
individual involvement
in protests and social movements is typically rare for most people. - Most people perceive there to be significant costs (such as the threat of physical harm; loss of friends; possible ridicule or scorn from the society at large; etc.)
what is a "threat of deprivation"
include threats to one's livelihood, one's expectations for a better future, and one's status or position in society
protest
involves a group of organized people who bring attention to an issue.
What is civil disobedience?
is a political act involving disobeying governmental authority on grounds of moral objection.
efficacy
is an individual's belief that they can change their conditions or policies through protest. - When individuals believe that their actions matter and can make a difference, they become willing to bear the costs of protesting.
success
of a protest is also rarely determined by a single individual.
deprivation
often refers to the lack of basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, safety, etc.)
why do some people decide to protest while others do not?
one answer lies in rational choice theory
rational choice theory
rational choice theory states that individuals use rational calculations based on cost-benefit analysis - assumes that an individual will participate in collection action - such as protests - when the perceived benefits of such action outweigh the costs.
What are some other tactics?
sit-in tactic
To draw attention to their cause and accomplish their objectives, supporters may -
strike, demonstrate, walk out, boycott, go on hunger strikes, etc.
June of 1963
the Jim Crow signs segregating facilities in Birmingham were taken down forever.
What was one of the first major TAX increases to anger the colonists?
the Sugar Act (tax on sugar and molasses) of 1764, the more burdensome Stamp Act is passed in 1765.
relative deprivation
the discontent people feel when they compare their positions to others and realize that they have less of what they believe themselves to be entitled than those around them. (Someone earning an annual income of $100,000 is not deprived in any objective sense. He or she may, however, feel deprived relative to someone making $300,000 or more per year.)
what event that sparks the civil rights movement into action is
the murder of Emmett Till.
research on social movements shows that
those who are objectively deprived are less likely than those who are relatively deprived to form or join social movements.
"threat of deprivation"
what must be present for individuals to join movements and challenge authority
how is a social movement formed
when a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change to some area of society. For a social movement to form there must be: (1) a condition that a large number of people find objectionable; (2) a shared belief that something needs to be and can be done about that condition; and (3) an organized effort to attract supporters, articulate the mission, and define a change-making strategy.
how is a social movement formed
when a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change to some area of society. For a social movement to form there must be: (1) a condition that a large number of people find objectionable; (2) a shared belief that something needs to be and can be done about that condition; and (3) an organized effort to attract supporters, articulate the mission, and define a change-making strategy. (4) an organized effort to attract supporters, articulate the mission, and define a change-making strategy.
how do social movements and protests develop?
when specific segments of the population feel that their interests have been ignored
when do social movements and protest flourish
when the "threat of deprivation" in combination with rising material opportunities can provide ideal circumstances
