Polynucleotides and DNA

how do the ingredients for the DNA precipitation reaction work

the detergent breaks down the cell membranes. The salt binds to the DNA and causes it to clump together. The temperature of the bath should stop the enzymes from working and will break down the DNA.

when does a mutation occur

when there is a change to the DNA base sequence, which can alter the sequence of Amino acids. This could mean the new protein could function better then the old one or not at all

After the new DNA is formed, what does it contain

Each new strand of DNA contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one from the new strand

How many Hydrogen bonds are there in A and T

2

How many Hydrogen bonds are there in C and G

3

What are the complimentary base pairs where the hydrogen bonds are orientated

Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine

what happens to each individual strands of the Polynucleotides after unzipping

Each original strand acts as a template for a new strand. Free-floating DNA nucleotides join to the exposed bases on each original template strand by complimentary base pairing

what is the name of the DNA replication and why

Semi-conservative replication, because half of the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original piece of DNA

what do two polynucleotides join to form

The double Helix

How is the DNA unzipped

The enzyme Helicase breaks the Hydrogen bonds between the two polynucleotide DNA strands. The DNA unzips to form 2 strands

How are polynucleotides made

The nucleotides join between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and a sugar of another. The bond between the phosphate group and the sugar is called a phosphodiester bond. The chain of sugars and phosphates is known as the sugar-phosphate backbone.

what is the function of the enzyme Polymerase

The nucleotides of the strand are joined together by the enzyme DNA Polymerase. This forms the Sugar-phosphate backbone. Hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the original and new strands and twist to form a double Helix

What happens to the polynucleotides to form the DNA double-helix

Two Anti-parallel polynucleotides strands twist

how do you conduct the experiment to purifying DNA

You can break up the cell using a blender. Make up a solution of detergent, salt and water. Add the broken up cells to a water bath at 60 degrees for 15 minutes. Once incubated, put the beaker in an ice bath and cool. Then transfer your mixture to a boiling tube. Add protease enzymes, which will break down the proteins in the mixture. Dribble ethanol down the side of the tube which will form a DNA precipitate

When does DNA replicate

before cell division

How are the polynucleotides held together

by the Hydrogen bonds between the bases