Portage Learning A&P II: Final Exam

Which layer of heart anchors it to the diaphragm?

Pericardium

A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What nerve is most likely damaged?

Phrenic

This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.

Pia Mater

What is the name of the artery in the figure below (in blue also indicated by the arrow)?

Posterior cerebral artery

Which statement is true concerning the events in the coagulation cascade?

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin.

The "pacemaker of the heart" is in what location?

Right atrium

Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right atrial systole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly?

SA Node

A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged?

Sciatic

In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system.

Sensory (afferent)

Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as blurry. Following a visual examination, her left eye deviates medially when looking straight ahead. What is most likely causing the vision problem? A. Cataracts B. Abducens nerve damage C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe D. Medial rectus damage E. Superior rectus damage

She most likely has abducens nerve damage because the lateral rectus is not working properly, causing the eye to deviate medially.

If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.

Since the dorsal area is damaged, the patient will most likely experience decreased sensation because the dorsal root carries sensory information.

Movement of the _______ causes neurons to send impulses through the _____ to the brain.

Stereocilia Cochlear Nerve

Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.

Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) Muscle spindle detects stretch Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG Spinal cord Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)

Which vessel would you expect to be the best place to feel a strong pulse?

Subclavian artery

A patient has a diagnosis of right sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with?

Swollen ankles

You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular repolarization. Where should you look on the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm?

T-wave

The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves:

T12-L04

Label the organ below (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow):

Thalmus

Which of the following is true concerning the cerebellum?

The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the external ear?

The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus.

Describe the function of the brain ventricles.

The brain ventricles are located inside the brain and produce and store cerebral spinal fluid

One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke?

The cerebellum was mostly impacted because that is where limb movements are coordinated. The patient may have ataxia as a result of their stroke.

Describe the steps in the taste pathway. Begin in the mouth and end in the specific lobe of the brain.

The circumvalate and fungiform papille on the tongue contain gustory cells that transmit taste information to the facial or glossopharngeal nerves. These nerves transmit the taste information to the parietal lobe of the brain.

A person cannot perceive tastes from the anterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged?

The facial nerve is most likely damaged.

This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses.

The integration center

A patient is suspected to have pulmonary edema due to congestive heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure? Explain your answer.

The left side of the heart would be in failure, because pulmonary edema effects the left side, and the flow of oxygenated blood from the heart would be compromised. Right side failure would lead to peripheal edema.

Which statement is false concerning the brainstem?

The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord.

What is the purpose of the mitral valve?

The mitral valve allows the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

What is true about the stretch reflex?

The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.

Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.

The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.

Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.

Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle?

The ventricular contraction time is longer than the atrial contraction time.

Which of the following is true concerning the lumbar plexus?

There are two divisions: anterior and posterior.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the inner ear?

There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors.

Your patient is admitted to the hospital for a coronary artery bypass. Use your own words to explain to your patient about what is going to happen in this surgery.

This means that the patient is experiencing a block in his coronary artery. In order to fix this, the surgeon is going to take one of the patients unblocked arteries and connect it to the aorta, thus bypassing the blockage.

Name the lymphatic vessel below (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow):

Thoracic Duct

True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the lymph system.

True

True or False: The cell portion of blood is called formed elements.

True

Which layer of a vessel contains the muscular layer?

Tunica media

Vibrations push against the _______ which moves the ossicles.

Tympanic Membrane

A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited?

Wrist extension

A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not?

Yes; Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the axon.

A patient has a brain tumor in the area indicated by the red x in the figure, below. What type of blindness is the patient most likely to incur? Explain your reasoning. A. Left eye blindness B. Right eye blindness C. Bilateral left visual field blindness D. Bilateral right visual field blindness.

because the tumor would be effecting both nerves to the left eye, the patient would most likely experience left eye blindness.

What is the largest portion of the brain?

cerebrum

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve:

receives sensory information from the upper lip and upper gums

The outer fibrous layer of the eye includes the:

sclera and cornea

These two arteries of the circle of Willis rise along both sides of the spinal cord, joining in the brainstem:

the vertebral and internal carotid

The _______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

transverse median

At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

-70mV

Which of the following is true concerning a CVA?

A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel.

How is a message sent from one neuron to another?

A signal travels from the cell body through the axon and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These nuerotransmitters bind with receptor that carry the message to the dendrite of the next neuron, and the process begins again.

Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur.

Acetylcholine triggers the release of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If acetylcholine is not able to be released, the muscle contraction would not be possible.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?

Ach is released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber.

A patient has lost his sense of taste following a TBI. What term should be documented should to describe his loss of taste?

Agusia

Name the vessel in the figure below: (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow)

Anterior intraventricular artery

What is the correct order of blood flow starting from the heart?

Artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → vein

This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.

Association area

What is the location and function of Astrocytes?

Astrocytes form the blood/brain barrier, are found in the brain, and are part of the CNS

Your patient has a diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Is your patient at a higher or lower risk for a thromboembolism? Explain your reasoning.

Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fats/cholesterol in the arteries. This would put a patient at greater risk for thromboembolism, since the arteries are narrowed by the buildup, it would be easier for a blockage to occur.

Sound waves are funneled in the

Auditory Canal

This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Axon

This cranial nerve receives information from the retina.

B. (Optic)

A patient had a stroke in their pons portion of the brainstem. What vessel was most likely blocked?

Basilar artery

A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?

Broca's area

This cranial nerve controls movement of the eye laterally.

C (occularmotor nerve)

A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the:

Central nervous system

The middle layer of the eye includes which regions?

Ciliary body and iris

These contain the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system that target the intrinsic eye muscles to change the diameter of the pupil.

Ciliary ganglion

The stapes pushes against the _______.

Cochlear Duct

What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye?

Cornea, lens, vitreous fluid, retina

Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.

Depolarization: The sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV.

What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone?

Dopamine

True of False: Osmotic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues.

False

True or False: All sensory information from the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm.

False

True or False: Arteries have high amounts of stretch with little recoil.

False

True or False: Lymph flows from the heart out to the tissues via the lymphatic vessels.

False

True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning.

False. The action potential is always the same. The frequency and number of nuerons activated change the increase in intensity.

ll the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:

Filters out unimportant sensory information

An afferent neuron carries information:

From the peripheral to the central nervous system

This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system.

Ganglia

This cranial nerve receives sensory information for hearing.

H (Auditory/vestibulocochlear)

This cranial nerve is responsible for voluntarily moving the tongue.

I (glossopharengeal)

A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer.

If she is scared and hyperventilating, the sypmathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is likely activated. By trying to calm her down, I would be trying to increase the parasympathetic division of her autonomic nervous system in order to return her body to its normal resting state.

A patient is found to have blindness of the right visual field of both eyes. What part of the vision pathway was most likely damaged? Explain your response. A. Left optic nerve B. Right optic nerve C. Left LGN D. Right LGN

If the patient has blindness in the right visual fields of both eyes, they are most likely experiencing damage to the Left LGN because it supplies the nerve to the right visual fields.

Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS?

Impaired ability to swallow

A patient sustains an injury to the malleus. What type of deafness does this patient most likely have?

Injury to the malleus would result in conduction deafness because it is damage to the structure of the inner or middle ear, not the nerve.

What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?

It involves excitatory interneurons. It involves inhibitory interneurons.

Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous system?

It is also called the craniosacral division.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the middle ear?

It is filled with air.

This cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of the digestive tract.

J (vagus)

The ________ is controlled by the abducens nerve.

Lateral rectus

Name the vessel in the figure below: (highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow)

Left coronary artery

Oxygenated blood is pumped from heart through the _______to the rest of the body.

Left, systemic circuit

Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.

Memories are stored in various locations of the brain and recalled by the limbic system.

The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?

Motor (Efferent)

What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control?

Motor: Shoulder movement

What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below?

Oculomotor

This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.

Parasympathetic