Positive Psychology Chapter 4
what is a culture bound syndrome?
a set of symptoms that is much more common in some societies than in others
Ponterotto defines the multicultural personality as a strengths-based cluster of personality traits that predicts ______.
cultural adjustment and quality of life outcomes
Which of the following is something that marginalized groups can contribute to the study of culture within positive psychology?
wisdom and experiences that pertains to developing resilience
For Asian Americans, optimism was found to be negatively correlated with ______.
general psychological and physical symptoms
Eugenics is defined as the study of methods to reduce ______.
genetic inferiority by selective breeding
When asked about their own happiness, what are individuals from Western cultures are most likely to mention?
harmonious relations with others
The story of The Wise Man of the Gulf illustrates which principle?
having a full and happy life
What was Henry Goddard's role in the application of eugenics research?
he established intelligence screening procedures to increase deportation rates of "feebleminded" immigrants.
When individuals from Western cultures are asked about their own happiness, what they are most likely to mention?
individual factors or achievements
Which of the following is something that psychologists examined under the culturally deficient model?
interpersonal factors
Based on the report Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity, which of the following options best exemplifies how professionals can adhere to its message?
modifying therapy sessions based on the client's background information
Which of the following describes a way in which the culturally deficient model differed from the genetically deficient model?
the culturally deficient model focused on external factors, such as environment
Which of the following is a difference that exists between the genetically and culturally deficient perspectives on diversity, and the culturally different perspective on diversity?
the genetic and culturally deficient perspectives focus on inferiority
Which of the following best describes a way that a group of professionals exemplify culture?
the use of jargon in work settings
how would a researcher oriented toward the genetically deficient model view someone with below average intelligence?
they would argue that the person has no chance to grow and improve their intelligence
How would someone who did not follow mainstream, White American culture have previously been treated by psychologists?
they would be referred to as deficient
what was the purpose of the report Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity, published in 2001?
to further analyze how culture influences mental health
Chang's study on pessimism in White and Asian American cultures exemplifies the importance of studying construct equivalence.
true
Cultural traits can be universal, but research shows that traits manifest themselves differently across cultures.
true
Multicultural personality allows for predictions of cultural adjustment and life outcomes.
true
Positive psychology has been shown to have had a bias toward individualistic cultural values.
true
Researchers can use both qualitative and quantitative studies to understand the development and manifestation of constructs in various cultures.
true
Satcher's report identified culture as a facet of life that needed to be accounted for in positive psychology.
true
hose who adhered to the genetically deficient perspective believed that people who were deemed inferior were unable to benefit from growth opportunities.
true
worldview
"Ways of describing the universe and life within it, both in terms of what is and what ought to be" (Koltko-Rivera, 2004, p. 4).
multicultural personality
"A strength-based cluster of personality dispositions that ... is hypothesized to predict cultural adjustment and quality of life outcomes in culturally heterogenous societies" (Ponterotto, Mendelowitz, & Collabolletta, 2008, p. 95).
Which American psychologists contributed to the practice of eugenics research?
G. Stanley Hall and Henry Goddard
In regard to understanding the self and promoting subjective well-being, why is there be a risk of pathologizing non-Western individuals?
Non-Western individuals may be viewed through the Western perspective of the self.
Researches examine a group of people who are satisfied by meeting basic needs, such as having food and shelter. Which of the following concepts are these researchers trying to understand?
The cultural factors that influence individual views on what represents the good life.
In regard to race and culture, what was the conclusion of research done by anthropologists and psychologists during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
The dominant racial or cultural group, those of European ancestry, was superior to all ethnic or cultural minorities.
eugenics
The study of methods of reducing "genetic inferiority" by selective breeding, especially as applied to human reproduction.
culture
A common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values.
Which of the following statements is true regarding how cultures view the construct of wisdom?
Americans from the majority culture tend to view wisdom only as cognitive in nature.
What is a moral vision, as described by John Chambers Christopher in his article Situating Positive Psychology?
A set of assumptions about a person's nature or self, and a set of moral or ethical assumptions about what the person should become.
Culturally different perspective:
A view of human diversity that recognizes the potential of each culture to engender unique strengths.
genetically deficient perspective
A view of human diversity that suggests that biological difference explains perceived gaps in intellectual capabilities among racial groups. Proponents of this perspective believe that those of inferior intelligence cannot benefit from growth opportunities and do not contribute to the advancement of society.
Culturally deficient perspective
A view that identifies a host of environmental, nutritional, linguistic, and interpersonal factors (namely, those factors that differ most from European American values) that supposedly explain the physical and psychological growth of members of selected groups.
What did Chang's study reveal about the utility of optimism and pessimism when comparing Asian Americans and White Americans?
Asian Americans were significantly more pessimistic, but there was no significant difference in optimism.
which of the following is the best example of using a facet of culture to enhance personal strengths?
Attending church activities that emphasize the theme of resilience.
What is the genetically and culturally deficient perspective on human diversity?
Biological characteristics explained the differences in the gaps of intelligence between racial groups, and inferior groups could not benefit from growth.
What does it mean to assume that some strengths are universal?
Certain characteristics and virtues emerge as positive across cultures.
Which Surgeon General of the United States oversaw the development of the report titled Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity?
David Satcher
Culturally relativistic:
Explanations that interpret behaviors within the context of cultures.
Culturally pluralistic:
Explanations that recognize distinct cultural entities and adopt some values of the majority group.
Which of the following exemplifies the belief by most professionals that strengths and traits exist across cultures but are manifested differently?
One person pursues happiness by avoiding negative consequences, and another tries to remain balanced by taking on positive and negative consequences.
culture-bound syndrome
Sets of symptoms much more common in some societies than in others.
Sandage, Hill, and Vang examined the trait of forgiveness among Hmong Americans. What difference did they notice exists between Hmong and other conceptualizations of forgiveness?
Spiritual components and third-party mediation of forgiveness are more prevalent among the Hmong.
etiology
The cause, origin, or a reason for something.
Which of the following best describes the underlying reason for the idea that positive psychology needs to be more attentive to specific interpretations of strengths?
The meanings of strengths and virtues can be drastically different between cultures, and these differences are typically unexplored.
the authors of this text have agreed upon recognition of ideas and issues that pertain to culture's influence on human life. Which of the following best describes one of these ideas?
There are no universal strengths because they are manifested on an individual and cultural basis.
What idea was supported by the study on the use of coping strategies across cultures?
There needs to be caution when assuming there are universal benefits to using similar coping strategies.
Of the following options, which best describes what researchers viewed as being culturally deficient?
a heavy use of slang while speaking with others
What is the culturally embedded perspective on science and practice?
acknowledgement of the influence of cultural values in examining strength and positive functioning
to understand how a strength or process becomes valued within a culture, how should studies should be conducted?
across nations and within diverse nations
what is similar about the genetically deficient and culturally deficient perspectives?
both place higher value on certain characteristics that belong to dominant groups
Which of these is an example of a method of pseudoscience used to uphold the views of European and European-American superiority?
craniometry
What are the five factors of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ)?
cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, initiative, and flexibility
The factors that guide the focus of research and guides the efforts taken to help clients function positively are educational specialties, theoretical orientations to counseling, and ______.
cultural facets
when there is recognition of a distinct cultural entity and adoption of some values from the majority group, this phenomenon is referred to as ______.
cultural pluralism
Which term is described as interpreting behaviors within the context of the culture?
cultural relativism
Culturally embedded psychologists believe that research and practice is conducted at the intersection of what aspect of both the professional and client?
culture
which of the following best summarizes the message from Dr. Satcher's report?
culture must be considered and incorporated into investigating the causes, effects, and treatment of educational and psychological problems
Constructs such as hope can predict various traits or outcomes, and the predictors are consistent across cultures.
false
Persons in majority groups are more likely to be pathologized than those in minority groups because the majority group is the one that has been studied by psychologists.
false
the four coping strategies that seem to be valued equally by health caregivers in most cultures are identified as taking action, utilizing social support, cognitively reappraising life situations, and ______.
denying the health problem and demands or avoiding thinking about it
Despite the claim that positive psychology is balanced, what did Martin Seligman indicate was lacking in positive psychology?
discussions of the importance of culture when distinguishing strengths and weaknesses
Researchers and practitioners currently hold the culturally pluralistic view, which emphasizes interpreting behaviors within the context of culture.
false
Regarding culture, barriers to effective treatment of clients by professionals can stem from ______.
divergence in viewpoints because of dissimilar cultural backgrounds
The authors note that although constructs are valued differently across cultures they are utilized and manifested similarly.
false
individuals in western cultures view harmony as an important component of happiness.
false
people's views of the good life begin to develop during late adulthood
false
the culturally different perspective proposes that differences among people was due to the degree to which people were exposed to White American culture.
false
Which of the following best describes a reason that it is important to consider all facets of culture, such as race, gender, or religion?
each cultural facet can influence what is seen as a positive behavior or trait
Which of the following best describes the culturally different perspective currently held by psychologists and anthropologists?
each culture has the full potential to grow due to the unique strengths produced within that culture
A study on African-American well-being showed that there is no relationship between racial pride and well-being.
false
which of these traits is most likely to be a central theme in western articles about positive psychology and happiness?
hope
Which of these groups have been pathologized due to comparisons to majority groups?
members of the low or working class
What are positive psychology scientists and practitioners are committed to studying and promoting?
optimal human functioning, especially client strengths
Which of these options best describes the definition of worldview?
our way of describing the universe and life
How did the Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity report define culture?
the common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values of a group
Which of the following methods do the authors describe as being used to better understand the connection between culture and the development and manifestation of strengths?
qualitative research
Before the shift to exploration of individual differences, what did psychologists and anthropologists in the late 1800s and early 1900s use to examine behaviors and characteristics?
racial and cultural differences
Satcher stated that culture needed to be viewed in a broad sense. Which of these is a facet of culture that he mentioned?
socioeconomic status
After decades of focus on deficiency, many psychologists focused on a culturally different model which emphasized what aspect?
that each culture has its own unique strengths and has positive features to offer to greater society.
What issue that plagued the field of psychology did scholars hope that positive psychology would fix?
the over-pathologization of underprivileged groups
What do Western health-care practitioners base their treatment decisions on?
universal truths discovered by their fields through the scientific method