Potable Water - Potable Water Supply
Water Storage Tanks - Disinfection
Before putting into operation, whenever entered, and when bacterial evidence shows contamination.
Disinfectant
Chemical or physical process that kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
Block Ice Samples
Chip outer layer, collect portion of internal layer but not core.
Free Available Chlorine - FAC
Chlorine available after chlorine demand has been satisfied.
Combined Available Chlorine - CAC
Chlorine products formed by the reaction of equilibrium products of ammonia.
Bottled Water
Classified as a food product in accordance with Federal Law and DoD regulation.
Total Coliforms
Coliform bacteria to include fecal coliforms
Natural Bathing Area
Collect 25 feet from shore in water at least 2.5 feet deep but in the same manner for swimming pools.
Presence/Absence Analysis - Negative
Colorless, no E Coli or total coliforms
Step #10 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Communicate findings (Prepare final report, don't use names of patients, follow SOP on distribution)
Sanitary Defects
Conditions that may cause contamination of a water supply system before or after treatment.
Potable Water Surveillance Program
Coordinate liaison for routine and emergency communication with Public Works/Water Purveyor.
Sodium Thiosulfate
De-chlorinating agent used for bacteriological analysis
Step #4 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Define and identify cases (Attemp additional cases, confirm outbreak)
Step #5 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Describe and orient data such as time, place, and person.
Step #6 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Develop hypothesis
Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Developed and enforces the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Non-Coliform
Organism not found in the gastrointestinal system of warm-blooded animals
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Organism requiring organic source of energy, utilizes nutrients in water and biofilm to grow
Aerobic
Organism requiring oxygen for growth
Pathogen
Organism that causes disease
Anaerobic
Organism that grows without oxygen
Water Storage - Sanitary Standards
Overflows 6" above grade, located 50 ft from and higher than sewer systems also overflow/drain pipes not connected to sewers.
Air Gap
Physical separation to prevent backflow, distance is equal to twice the diameter of the outlet but never less than 1".
Swimming Pool Sample
Plunge bottle 6" below the surface water and at a 45 degree angle.
Presence/Absence Analysis - Yellow and Flourescence Equal or Greater Than Comparator
Positive for E Coli
Presence/Absence Analysis - Yellow Equal or Greater Than Comparator
Positive for coliforms
Disposal Procedures - Negative
Pour in sink and flush with plenty of water
Ozone (O3)
Powerful disinfectant leaves no residual and not effective in controlling biological contaminants.
Step #1 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Prepare for field work (Assemble materials - stool kits, investigative forms)
Filtration
Process for removing particulate matter by passage through porous media.
Army Deputy Chief of Staff (G-4/DCS)
Provide online data on the location, quantity, and quality of land-based water resources to DoD.
Step #8 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Refine hypothesis
Check Valve
Self-closing device that allows the flow of fluids in one direction.
Sterilize
2 hours minimum @ 170 degrees C in oven (preferable method) or autoclave @ 121 degrees C for 15 minutes at 15 PSI
Spread Plate Method
Accommodates 0.1ml-0.5ml volume or diluted samples, colonies grow faster, and colonies produces are distinct. Uses 100x15 or 90x15mm sterile petri dish.
Pour Plate Method
Accommodates 0.1ml-2.0ml volume or diluted samples, produces small colonies, and colonies grow slow. Uses 100x15 or 90x15mm sterile petri dish.
Disposal Procedures - Positive
Add household bleach to top of tubes, cap tightly and mix/let stand for 20 mins, pour down sink and flush with water or autoclave for 20 mins @ 121 deg C in biobag and discard properly.
Chloramines
Addition of ammonia to water that contains free chlorine and controls coliforms.
Preventive Medicine Authority
Advisory role and provides public health related consultant assistance as needed.
Contaminant
Anything found in water which may be harmful to human health.
Super Chlorination-Dechlorination
Application of chlorine in greater concentrations that control taste and odor producing substances.
AR 200-1
Army Policy on Environmental Protection and Enhancement
AR 40-5
Army Policy on Preventive Medicine
TB MED 577
Army Policy on Sanitary Control and Surveillance of Field Water Supplies
TB MED 576
Army Policy on Sanitary Control and Surveillance of Water Supplies at Fixed Installations
TB MED 575
Army Policy on Swimming Pools and Bathing Faclilities
Regional Environmental Coordinators (REC)
Assists claimants with issues and communications CNO, Federal, State, and local regulators.
Media Preperation
Autoclave 121 deg C for 15 mins, pH should be at 7.0 (+/-) 0.2 after autoclaving, media ready in 13-18 mins after melting, and maintain water bath between 44-66 deg C no more than 3 hours
Backsiphonage
Backflow resulting from negative pressures in the distribution pipes
Halogen
Elements that are highly reactive, harmful, and lethal to biological organisms. (Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine)
Whirlpak
Ensure sterility, comes with or without sodium thiosulfate, needs no autoclave, ready to use from factory
Pulblic Works Officer (USN) and Maintenance Officer(USMC)
Ensure water supply is free of disease-producing organisms, hazardous toxic materials, and objectionable color/odor/taste in coordination with installation medical authority.
OPNAV Instruction 5090.1 Series
Environmental and Natural Resources Program Manual
Step #2 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Establish the existence of an outbreak (Receive complaints - Local medical dept usually initiates alert)
Army Surgeon General
Establish, determine, test bulk, conduct, assist in the development of potable and nonpotable water quality standards.
Step #7 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Evaluate hypothesis
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Federal law that regulates the publics drinking water supply signed into law on Dec 16, 1974.
Backflow
Flow of non-potable water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances in the potable water system.
Army Chief of Engineers (COE)
Formulate policies, comply with Clean Water Act; Construct, maintain, and operate permanent/semi-permanent water systems associated with "Force Provider" support sites.
Plate Count Agar
High nutrient agar, used when expecting low colony count, pour and spread plate methods(standard plate counts)
m-HPC Agar and/or Broth
High nutrient medium, membrane filter only
Step #9 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Implement control and prevention measures (Priority during each investigation, controls measures)
Springs
Intersection of an aquifer thats not always of good microbiological quality
Colilert Reminders
Keep away from light, stored between 2-30 deg C, dry/free-flowing/white to off white in color, when incubation exceeds 28 hrs only negative samples are valid, shelf life @ 12 months from manufacturing date.
Surface Water
Large-scale water supply systems include rivers, lakes, and streams.
Army Commanders of Engineer Units
Locate and develop water resources
R2A Agar
Low nutrient agar, used for pour plate, spread plate and membrane filters
Presence/Absence Analysis - Less Yellow Than Comparator
May be incubated for an additional 4 more hours but not more than 28 hours total
Faculative Anaerobes
Microorganisms that don't require oxygen for growth but do better with it.
Sample Bottle
Minimum capacity of 120 ml
Coliform Bacteria
Natural bacteria of the gastrointestinal system of warm-blooded animals.
Factors to consider when outbreak occurs thought to involve a water system
Source of water, water treatment method, recent problems with system, recent water testing results, recent repairs/alternations, and recent power outages/water disruptions.
Fecal Coliforms
Specific organisms developed on media incubated @ 44.5 deg C
BUMED Instruction 6240.10 Series
Standards for Potable Water
Army Commanders of Quartermaster Units
Test, treat, store, and distribute potable water.
Total Available Chlorine
The sum of the chlorine forms present as free available chlorine and combined available chlorine.
Biofilm
Thin coating of microbial cells immobolized on a pipe surface and harbor pathogenic organisms
Raw Water
Untreated water before entering a treatment unit such as streams, lakes, and ponds.
Potable Water Storage - Distribution Reservoirs
Used for fire fighting, satisfy peak demands, support uniform water pressure, meet industrial demands, avoid continuous pumping, and provide emergency water reserve.
Membrane Filter Method
Used in swimming pools, accommodates large volumes of water, expensive to use(47mm gridded), uses 50x90 mm petri dish.
Step #3 in solving a Waterborne Disease Outbreak
Verify diagnosis (Collect clinical specimans)
Treated Water
Water ready for consumption undergone processing such as sedementation, filteration, softening, and disinfection.
Ground Water
Wells or springs, used in smaller water systems
Waterborne Disease Outbreak (WBDO)
When 2 or more people experience a similar illness, single case of chemical poisoning, or a single case of amebic meningoencephalitis from water.
Chlorine (Cl)
Widely used for routine disinfection of water; Calcium Hypochlorite(comes in granular for and corrosive); Sodium Hypochlorite(household bleach).