PPR Review - Missed Questions & Content

Formal Operational

12-adulthood, abstract thinking

Piaget

4 stages of cognitive development

Skinner Box

A cage designed for animals in operant conditioning experiments.

Concrete Operational

> 7-11 years > development of logical thought. Kids at this age become more logical about specific things, they still struggle with abstract ideas.

Jerome Bruner

> Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature > Constructivism > Motivation for Learning

Sensorimotor

> Birth to 2 years > Experiencing the world through senses and actions

Intermediate ELL

> Can understand short, simple conversations on simple topics & write brief notes > Use repetition & non-verbal cues

Coherent Instruction Techniques

> Connect Curriculum to Students > Incorporate state, district, and school expectations > Do pacing & sequence of content affect student achievement? > Plan for student engagement w/ high cognitive activities > Best student grouping for effectiveness > Individual needs of students > Provide choice

Pacing Lessons

> Create a sense of urgency > Make Goals clear > Be sure materials are ready > Present Instructions Visually > Check for Understanding > Choose most effective type of teaching

Semantic Feature Analysis

> Graphic organizer >uses a grid to help explore how a set of things are related to one another

Essential Components of RTI

> High Quality - scientifically based class instruction > Tiered Instruction - used to differentiate instruction for all students > Ongoing student assessment > Parent Involvement

Strategies for Differentiated Instruction

> Inquiry Based learning > Interest Surveys > 5 Senses > Cross Training (use 2+ learning styles) > Choice & Variety > Connect lesson to "current students' > Individual Feedback > Peer to Peer Groups > Mini Lesson - connected to student goals > Open Ended Qs > Groups based on goals.

Explicit Teaching

> Instructor clearly outlines learning goals & gives clear explanation of the skills & information they're presenting. > Teacher Focused

Mild Intellectual Disability

> Intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70. > Mental Retardation

Language Experience Approach

> LEA > students can produce language form firsthand experiences; experience, depict, write, share, read

RTI - Tier 2

> Lag well behind peers > Need some intervention

RTI - Tier 3

> Learn @ grade level > least likely to fall behind > Need little to NO intervention

Skinner

> Operant conditioning > Behaviorism - use reinforcement for desired response > Skinner Box

Cognitive Theory

> Piaget > The study of mental process in learning

RTI

> Response to Intervention > Multi-tier approach to the early identification & support of students w/ learning & behavior needs

Zone of Proximal Development

> States that tasks one child cannot do alone, can be completed with the help of another child that knows how to do them. > Vygotsky

Cognitive Dissonance

> The mental discomfort when an individual holds 2 or more contradictory beliefs, ideals, or values. > The conflict or inconsistency between internal attitudes and external behaviors.

Inquiry-based Teaching

> active teaching > starts by posing questions, problems, or scenarios rather than simply presenting fats or giving a smooth path to knowlege

Indirect Teaching

> high level > student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypothesis

RTI - Tier 1

> students are 1 or more years behind peers > Weak progress on screening > Need intense intervention

Social Learning Theory

> theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished > Bandura

Constructivism

A view that children construct knowledge through interaction with objects and others.

John Dewey

Father of progressive education & Child Centered Approach

Love and Belonging

Friends, spouse, fitting in, peers

Maslow

Hierarchy of needs

Adolescence Stage

Identity vs. Role Confusion 13-19 Who am I?

School Age Stage

Industry vs Inferiority 5-12 Can I make it?

Preschool Stage

Initiative vs Guilt 4-5 years Is it ok to do it?

Attitude Incongruity

Mental conflict resulting from simultaneously held in-congruent beliefs. EX: fondness for smoking & knowing it's bad for you

Physiological Needs

Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Scope

Objectives being taught

Norm-Referenced Assessment

Report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student

Action Research

Research carried out by educators in their own classrooms or schools.

Project Based Learning

Students investigate and respond to a complex question, problem, or challenge.

Whole Language Approach

Students learns to spell by remembering what the word looks like rather than how it sounds

Traditional Learning

Teacher Directed

Guided Thinking

Teaching Strategy that helps students develop more sophisticated thinking & reasoning skills.

Operant Conditioning

founder of operant conditioning & skinner box A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Skinner).

Inquiry based learning

student centered, active learning, focus on questions, critical thinking and problem solving

Progressive Education

(John Dewey) promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences

Vicarious Learning

*Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior. * modeling or copying someone else

Bloom's Cognitive Domain

6 Levels w/in learning that begin at "simple recall" and increase to the highest order of evaluation.

Erickson's Developmental Theory

8 stages 1. Infancy (0-18) 2. Early Childhood (2-4) 3. Preschool (4-5) 4. School Age (5-12) 5. Adolescence (13-19) 6. Early Adulthood (20-39) 7. Adulthood (40-64) 8. Maturity (65 - Death)

Safety Needs

A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm

Miscue Analysis

A strategy for categorizing and analyzing a student's oral reading errors.

Thematic Unit

An integrated learning experience that is structured around a theme and involves multiple subjects (math, reading, social studies)

Affective Reasoning

Applying general processing to content knowlege

Preoperational

Believing world sees things they do, uses symbols to represent objects (2-7)

ELPA

English Language Proficiency Assessment

Self-Actualization

Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Objective Assessment

Only has one correct answer.

Sequence

Order objectives (scope) is taught

Subjective Assessment

Questioning that may have more than one answer

Esteem

Regard with respect, Achievement

Affective Domain

The area of learning that involves attitudes, values, and emotions.

Behaviorism

The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

Explicit Instruction

Type of instruction that provides definitions and examples.

Watson

United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958)

KWL - Chart

What I know What I wonder What I learned

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

designed to provide services for handicapped students in the least restrictive environment

John Dewey

developed the Progressive Education & Child Centered Approach to learning

Grade Equivalent

represents the grade level & month of the typical "median" score. EX: 5.1

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it