PPR Review - Missed Questions & Content
Formal Operational
12-adulthood, abstract thinking
Piaget
4 stages of cognitive development
Skinner Box
A cage designed for animals in operant conditioning experiments.
Concrete Operational
> 7-11 years > development of logical thought. Kids at this age become more logical about specific things, they still struggle with abstract ideas.
Jerome Bruner
> Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature > Constructivism > Motivation for Learning
Sensorimotor
> Birth to 2 years > Experiencing the world through senses and actions
Intermediate ELL
> Can understand short, simple conversations on simple topics & write brief notes > Use repetition & non-verbal cues
Coherent Instruction Techniques
> Connect Curriculum to Students > Incorporate state, district, and school expectations > Do pacing & sequence of content affect student achievement? > Plan for student engagement w/ high cognitive activities > Best student grouping for effectiveness > Individual needs of students > Provide choice
Pacing Lessons
> Create a sense of urgency > Make Goals clear > Be sure materials are ready > Present Instructions Visually > Check for Understanding > Choose most effective type of teaching
Semantic Feature Analysis
> Graphic organizer >uses a grid to help explore how a set of things are related to one another
Essential Components of RTI
> High Quality - scientifically based class instruction > Tiered Instruction - used to differentiate instruction for all students > Ongoing student assessment > Parent Involvement
Strategies for Differentiated Instruction
> Inquiry Based learning > Interest Surveys > 5 Senses > Cross Training (use 2+ learning styles) > Choice & Variety > Connect lesson to "current students' > Individual Feedback > Peer to Peer Groups > Mini Lesson - connected to student goals > Open Ended Qs > Groups based on goals.
Explicit Teaching
> Instructor clearly outlines learning goals & gives clear explanation of the skills & information they're presenting. > Teacher Focused
Mild Intellectual Disability
> Intellectual disability in which IQ scores fall in the range of 50 or 55 to 70. > Mental Retardation
Language Experience Approach
> LEA > students can produce language form firsthand experiences; experience, depict, write, share, read
RTI - Tier 2
> Lag well behind peers > Need some intervention
RTI - Tier 3
> Learn @ grade level > least likely to fall behind > Need little to NO intervention
Skinner
> Operant conditioning > Behaviorism - use reinforcement for desired response > Skinner Box
Cognitive Theory
> Piaget > The study of mental process in learning
RTI
> Response to Intervention > Multi-tier approach to the early identification & support of students w/ learning & behavior needs
Zone of Proximal Development
> States that tasks one child cannot do alone, can be completed with the help of another child that knows how to do them. > Vygotsky
Cognitive Dissonance
> The mental discomfort when an individual holds 2 or more contradictory beliefs, ideals, or values. > The conflict or inconsistency between internal attitudes and external behaviors.
Inquiry-based Teaching
> active teaching > starts by posing questions, problems, or scenarios rather than simply presenting fats or giving a smooth path to knowlege
Indirect Teaching
> high level > student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypothesis
RTI - Tier 1
> students are 1 or more years behind peers > Weak progress on screening > Need intense intervention
Social Learning Theory
> theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished > Bandura
Constructivism
A view that children construct knowledge through interaction with objects and others.
John Dewey
Father of progressive education & Child Centered Approach
Love and Belonging
Friends, spouse, fitting in, peers
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Adolescence Stage
Identity vs. Role Confusion 13-19 Who am I?
School Age Stage
Industry vs Inferiority 5-12 Can I make it?
Preschool Stage
Initiative vs Guilt 4-5 years Is it ok to do it?
Attitude Incongruity
Mental conflict resulting from simultaneously held in-congruent beliefs. EX: fondness for smoking & knowing it's bad for you
Physiological Needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Scope
Objectives being taught
Norm-Referenced Assessment
Report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student
Action Research
Research carried out by educators in their own classrooms or schools.
Project Based Learning
Students investigate and respond to a complex question, problem, or challenge.
Whole Language Approach
Students learns to spell by remembering what the word looks like rather than how it sounds
Traditional Learning
Teacher Directed
Guided Thinking
Teaching Strategy that helps students develop more sophisticated thinking & reasoning skills.
Operant Conditioning
founder of operant conditioning & skinner box A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Skinner).
Inquiry based learning
student centered, active learning, focus on questions, critical thinking and problem solving
Progressive Education
(John Dewey) promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences
Vicarious Learning
*Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior. * modeling or copying someone else
Bloom's Cognitive Domain
6 Levels w/in learning that begin at "simple recall" and increase to the highest order of evaluation.
Erickson's Developmental Theory
8 stages 1. Infancy (0-18) 2. Early Childhood (2-4) 3. Preschool (4-5) 4. School Age (5-12) 5. Adolescence (13-19) 6. Early Adulthood (20-39) 7. Adulthood (40-64) 8. Maturity (65 - Death)
Safety Needs
A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm
Miscue Analysis
A strategy for categorizing and analyzing a student's oral reading errors.
Thematic Unit
An integrated learning experience that is structured around a theme and involves multiple subjects (math, reading, social studies)
Affective Reasoning
Applying general processing to content knowlege
Preoperational
Believing world sees things they do, uses symbols to represent objects (2-7)
ELPA
English Language Proficiency Assessment
Self-Actualization
Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Objective Assessment
Only has one correct answer.
Sequence
Order objectives (scope) is taught
Subjective Assessment
Questioning that may have more than one answer
Esteem
Regard with respect, Achievement
Affective Domain
The area of learning that involves attitudes, values, and emotions.
Behaviorism
The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes.
Mode
The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
Explicit Instruction
Type of instruction that provides definitions and examples.
Watson
United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958)
KWL - Chart
What I know What I wonder What I learned
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
designed to provide services for handicapped students in the least restrictive environment
John Dewey
developed the Progressive Education & Child Centered Approach to learning
Grade Equivalent
represents the grade level & month of the typical "median" score. EX: 5.1
Median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it