Practice Tests 2

Active maintenance and manipulation of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

working memory.

Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number, Each time he repeats the numbers, he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory, thus adding about _____ to the shelf life.

15 to 20 seconds

When the supervisory attentional system (SAS) of the central executive fails to operate it could lead to a cognitive problem in:

All of these.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

______________ is the process of combining a number of items into a single meaningful item typically on the basis of knowledge or information stored in long-term memory.

Chunking

______________ is a learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell) that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus (e.g. meat powder), will come to evoke that response (salivation).

Classical conditioning

Relative to HM's patient profile, a patient presenting which general set of functioning would provide the best evidence of a double dissociation?

Normal LTM with a severe STM impairment

Which structure is thought to be responsible for articulatory rehearsal?

Phonological loop

How does short-term memory differ from the phonological loop?

Information does not have to spend time in the phonological loop to get into long-term memory

All of these are true of PET, EXCEPT:

It typically provides better spatial resolution than fMRI

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

The mere-exposure effect specifically refers to the finding that simply increasing exposure to a novel stimulus tends to increase its:

Rated pleasantness

Which was NOT an assumption of the classical short-term memory theory espoused by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

Short-term memory constructs an analog of the external experience to transfer to the long-term store.

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

____________ memory operates by simultaneously holding and processing information and is thought to underpin more complex cognitive processes such as reasoning and comprehension.

Working

The visuospatial sketchpad can be defined as ______.

a limited-capacity working memory system that stores visual and spatial information for a short period of time

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

a list of long words than a list of short words.

In Pavlov's research, what was the conditioned stimulus?

a tone

The phase of classical conditioning in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are first presented together is called:

acquisition

What is the explanation for the irrelevant speech effect assuming a phonological loop like that described by Baddeley and Hitch?

additional irrelevant information consumes phonological loop resources that then cannot be dedicated to remember the appropriate information

The various forms of implicit learning:

all lack a reliance on episodic learning

*What are the two primary components of the phonological loop?

articulatory loop and central executive

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition, errors in initial understanding are detected and eliminated.

associative

In the _____ stage of skill acquisition, the procedure becomes more and more automated and rapid.

autonomous

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where a person goes about automatically and unconsciously performing the actions of the task?

autonomous stage

The episodic buffer is thought to allow for ____________ or integration of features from other sources, such as perception, components of working memory (e.g., phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad), and long-term memory, to form a coherent object or episode.

binding

The ________________ component of the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) serves as an attentional controller that selects and manipulates material in other component systems.

central executive

Chris can type quickly, without looking at the keyboard. He is in the _____ stage.

cognitive

Which of the following is the stage of skill acquisition where a person goes about deliberately and consciously performing the actions of the task?

cognitive stage

Mark is participating in an experiment on pain. His hand is placed in an apparatus that delivers a mild shock on each trial. The shock is preceded by a flashing light. After several trials, Mark pulls his hand away when the light appears. The light is a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages of skill acquisition in memory research?

declarative stage

Baddeley (2000) later proposed a fourth component of the working memory model known as the _______________ which is suggested to hold small chunks of information from various sources using a multidimensional code allowing for interaction and integration of the items.

episodic buffer

After having parts of his right and left hippocampus removed to prevent seizures, patient HM had specific problems with:

episodic long-term memory

In classical conditioning, removing the unconditioned reinforcing stimulus will lead to the ____________ of the conditioned response.

extinction

The word length effect is the finding that

fewer words will be remembered from a list of long words

An example of the ________________ used to examine the effect of verbal memory priming would be when you are presented with the word "fast" and later are more likely to respond with "fast" when prompted on a test with "_ a _ t".

fragment completion test

*A CT scan can be used to help understand the ____________ of a given person's brain.

function

A general process in which the repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in responding is termed:

habituation.

Markus moved into an apartment on a busy city intersection. Initially, the noise from the traffic kept him awake. After living in his apartment for a few weeks, however, the noise no longer bothered him, and he slept throughout the night. This example demonstrates the behavioral process of:

habituation.

Warrington and Shallice (1969) studied a young brain-damaged man identified in their paper by the initial KF. They found that KF ______.

had a deficit in working memory, particularly with respect to the phonological loop

Classical conditioning, priming, and procedural learning are all examples of ______________ memory.

implicit

*The notion of long-term potentiation (LTP) is that:

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that interface with membrane depolarization are extinguished with practice

Which of the following effects of the phonological loop suggests that it would be better to listen to instrumental music while studying as compared to listening to music with vocals?

irrelevant sound

On the neurological level, learning can be explained by the process of ____________ which shows that repeated stimulation of an axonal pathway strengthens the size of action potentials generated by neurons beyond the synapse.

long-term potentiation

The process of rehearsal is thought to:

maintain performance over a brief delay

The ______________ effect reflects the tendency for a neutral stimulus to acquire positive value with repeated exposure.

mere exposure

The ____________ model attributed to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) theorized that processing of environmental stimuli flows through a series of sensory memory systems to a temporary short-term memory store and ultimately into long-term memory.

modal

The role of long-term potentiation (LTP) in learning is at the:

neural level

According to the mere exposure effect,

people prefer familiar items, even if they do not remember being exposed to them

The ________________ component of the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) is a short-term memory store specialized for holding speech-based or acoustic items.

phonological loop

Which of the following is NOT an effect observed in the phonological loop of working memory?

phonological rehearsal

The finding that short-term memory span for sequential lists of verbal material becomes reduced when items are similar in sound is referred to as the ______________ effect.

phonological similarity

Being able to ride a bike would be an example of _______________ memory or learning.

procedural

When presented with a list of items to remember, the tendency to better recall the last few items presented in the list is called the ____________ effect.

recency

*Implicit memories are unlike explicit memories in that implicit memories are:

reflected through performance (not typically impaired in amnesiacs)

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is called:

rehearsal.

Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by following the bell with food. How could Pavlov have used extinction to eliminate salivating to bells?

repeatedly ring the bell but never follow it with food

In Pavlov's research, what was the unconditioned response?

salivating upon food presentation

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Nondeclarative memory includes all of the following except

semantic memory

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) modal model, information coming in from the environment follows which path?

sensory store > short-term memory > long-term memory

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory.

short-term

The articulatory suppression effect is the finding that

speaking while trying to remember a set of words will result in more forgetting

A conditioned response has been extinguished but reappears when the CS is presented again after an interval of time has elapsed. This is a description of

spontaneous recovery

An example of the _____________________ used to examine the effect of verbal memory priming would be when you are presented with the word "fast" and later are more likely to respond with "fast" when prompted on a test with "f a _ _".

stem completion task

*Computerized Tomography is best described as a form of which type of imaging?

structural (not intercranial, functional)

What is the explanation for the word length effect assuming a phonological loop like that described by Baddeley and Hitch?

the articulatory loop cannot rehearse information quickly enough and it decays out of the phonological store

Baddeley's multicomponent model assumes that working memory is made up of all the following components EXCEPT

the hierarchical network

The word-length effect reveals that

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

While doing a phonological task, if a person is asked to do a visual-spatial task at the same time, what is the likely outcome?

they will be relatively independent of one another

What is the purpose of a distractor task in verbal short-term memory studies?

to keep people from actively rehearsing information

The ________________ component of the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) is thought to briefly store and maintain visual and spatial information.

visuo-spatial sketchpad

The finding that memory span for number of words decreases as length of the words being presented increases is called the:

word length effect