Praxis 5001 Subtest Praxis 5005 - Science
pancreas
-digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. -endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin
caldera
"crater" formed by the collapse of the top of a volcano into an empty magma chamber
centrosome
"microtubule organizing center" small body located near the nucleus (shaped like long sun with dense center and radiating tubules). Where microtubules are made. During cell division the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell.
uniformitarianism
"the present is the key to the past" applied to the laws of Earth
photoshpere
"the surface" where sunspots (dark areas) occur
Chloroplast
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
Nutrition
-Carbs -Proteins -Fats -Vitamins & minerals -Water
Polaris
-north star -directly above north axis of earth -stays in same place and other stars revolve around it in 24 hours
Complete metamorphosis
1) egg 2) larva 3) pupa 4) adult
Thomas Edison
Scientists is best known for research with electricity?
Mesoshpere
The cooler layer of atmosphere overlying the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.
geology (n)
The study of planet Earth as it pertains to the composition, structure, and origin of its rocks.
Petrology
The study of rocks
Carrying capacity
Total amount of life a habitat can support
Atmosphere layers
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere
Plasma
Type of gas Ionized-electrically conductive
Which of the following has the shortest wavelength? A. Red light B. Violet light C. UV radiation D. Infrared radiation
UV radiation
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic particles contained within the nucleus
Steady state theory
Universe is constantly being renewed
Petals
Very colorful, designed to attract pollinators
Sublimination
Water in a solid state changes to water vapor without going to a liquid phase
Insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels.
mixture
a material that can be separated by physical means into two or more substances
Mass
a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Temperature of a substance
a measure of the average molecular kinetic energy of the substance.
electrolysis
a method of separating ions within a substance by passing electric current through the substance
which of the following would be an example of meiosis
a scenario where a sex cell is being produced if its describing an animal the process has to be occurring in the testes or ovaries of that animal
equilibrium
a state of rest or uniform motion in which there is no resultant force on a body
marble
a type of metamorphic rock
Energy
ability to do work
Cell Cycle -
3 STAGES: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Vascular Plants (tracheophytes)
3 Types: Angiosperms (protected seeds; flowering plants), Gymnosperms (naked seeds; pine trees), Seedless (ferns)
Rocks
3 Types: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary
Nucleotide
3 parts: Sugar & Phosphate- create supporting structure; Nitrogenous - stairs SPiN- Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous
butterfly lifecycle
4 major stages 1. egg 2. larva/caterpillar 3. pupa - seals itself in the cocoon/crystilis 4. imago - emerges as an adult butterfly butterflies only live for a month or 2
complete metamorphosis
4 stages: 1) egg 2.)larva 3.) pupa 4.) adult
Earth's age
4.6 billion years old
atmosphere
A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth (the air)
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Metamorphic rock
A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
metamorphic rock
A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. Example: Schist
sedimentary rock
A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together can have a shift in layers and the deeper the layers the older it is examples sand and sediment
Mixture
any combo of two or more substances in which the substances keep their own properties -homologous mixture is a solution
example of animal that reproduces asexually
aphids
waves
are a progressive distrurbance propagated from point to point with regularity between points
tissues
are collections of cells which serve the same function and origin
Biomes
Communities that are ecologically similar in relation to climate and the species that live there
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor falls to Earth
Tropical ocean water (warm water and air)
Hurricanes are likely to form over
Taxonomy order
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Deposition
Laying down of sediment in a new location.
The process by which sediments are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock is known as what?
Lithification
Locus
Location of a gene or alleles
oxygen gas
Major product of photosynthesis is
Nucleon
Neutrons and protons
Gas
No volume No shape
Summer solstice
Northern hemisphere is leaning towards the sun
46. Laura builds a fire in her fireplace to help warm her house. The initial release of energy from the burning log is an example of which of the following types of heat transfer?
Radiation
atomic weight
Ratio of the average mass per atom of a sample
lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Cellular Respiration (combustion reaction)
cells harvest the energy of organic compound, if oxygen is needed (aerobic), if oxygen is not needed (anaerobic)
Anaphase
chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell "two cells in one cell"
Mutualism
both members benefit
nucleus
brain of the cell; houses the DNA where the chromosones are
stomach
breaks down the food
Food web
bunch of food chains that make up an ecosystem; mass of connected food chains; they are connected if one part is removed, it can affect the whole web
plate movement occurs along three major fault types
convergent divergent transform
force
push or pull
Convex mirror
rays will divert or move apart thereby no meeting at a point; image is VIRTUAL, UPRIGHT and SMALLER
Fussion
reaction is reverse of fission. Two smaller nuclei are fused into one heavier nucleus. (same reaction that powers the sun)
Guard Cells
regulate opening of the stomata
exothermic chemical reactions
release energy
adult (incomplete metamorphosis)
reproductive stage -wings full grown
Marine
covers 75% of Earth; the depth of water
Composite volcanoes
created by layers of magma and ash/cinder
Sedimentary rocks
created by lithification when fluid sediments are transformed into solid rocks through compaction and then cementation
anaphase
the cell starts to split and the genetic material moves to opposite sides of the cell
renewable energy sources
solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear
2nd law of thermodynamics
some heat will always be lost to the environment heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder to hotter object
metabolism
some way of harnessing and utilizing energy
Mitosis
the division of somatic cells 4 stages: 1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase
metaphase
the duplicated genetic material lines up along the equator of the cell and a spindle starts to grow
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
Parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism
Inertia
tendency of a physical object to resist change in motion unless acted on by an outside force
Genotype
the actual genes that an organism has
Volume
the amount of cubic space that an object occupies
what defines the type of element
the atomic number
energy
the capacity to do work
motion
defined as a change in position
types of metamorphic changes
deformation by extreme heat and pressure compaction destruction of parent rock bending/folding emergence of new minerals
lunar eclipse (Full moon)
earth blocks the moon from getting sunlight
Halgens
family VIAA nonmetal gases at room temp. such as F (fluorine)
esophagus
food passes through and delivers into you stomach
Newton's 3rd law
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's Third Lad of Interaction
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's third law of motion
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
most damaging rays
gama
watershed (drainage basin)
given area of land from which all rainfall flows into a single body of water.
algae
green photosynthetic plant that reproduces asexually
continental crust
harder land crust
heat transfer
heat energy that is transferred into or out of a substance
convection
heat is transferred from a liquid into a cooler area
lysosomes
help the cell digest nutrients
what does the immune system do?
helps to protect us from many pathogens that cause diseases
how is energy measured
in calories
types of igneous rocks
intrusive and extrusive
Weather maps
isobar isotherm
fusion
joining nuclei exothermic
Metaphase
kinetochore fibers attach to the chromosomes which causes the chromosomes to line up in the center of the cell
Polygenic characteristics
many alleles code for a phenotype ex: there could be 20 different genes that code for skin color
Density
mass/volume
comets
masses of frozen gases, cosmic dust and small rocky particles ex: Halley's comet
explain interaction of light with matter
matter absorbs light and what we see as color is the particular wavelength that is not absorbed if an object appears white, it is either reflecting or emitting all visible wavelengths if it appears black, it is absorbing all visible wavelengths
heat
measure of energy
specific gravity
measure of the ratio of a substance's density compared to the density of water
Weathering
mechanical or chemical processes by which rocks break down.
how do most cells divide?
mitosis
solution
mixture of two or more substances
isotops relation to decaying
most isotopes radioactively decay back into their normal forms over time
how do most animals reproduce?
most reproduce sexually sperm are created in the testes eggs are created in the ovaries
Species
most specific
Stable element
most stable when it has 8 valence electrons (Neil Bohr)
types of symbiosis
mutualism, parasitism, commensalism
will science ever be finished
no
neutrons
not charged
refraction of light
occurs when light is bent while passing from one medium to another
reflection of light
occurs when light returns after bouncing off an object
commensalism
one member benefits the other is unaffected
Element
one of the basic substances that are made of atoms of only one kind and that cannot be separated
comet
orbit the sun at the central of the solar system
nonmetals
poor conductors of heat and electric current
what does it look like during a solar eclipse
the moon is between the earth and the sun
the amount of thermal energy depends on
the quantity of a substance example: a bathtub at 90 degrees has more thermal energy than a cup of coffee at 120 degrees
A Delicate Balance
the relationship between plants, animals, and their environment that keep things in balance
Lithosphere
the rock or the ground
Taxonomy
the science of classification
Taxonomy
the scientific system by which all living things are categorized with subdivisions
charles' law
there is a direct relationship between temperature and volume as temperature goes up volume goes up as temperature goes down volume goes down
scale
used to read weight
Earth revolves around the sun
view of stars from Earth changes as
shortest wavelength of visible light
violet
how can uncertainty be reduced
- development of knowledge within related fields and understanding of related factors - better/more observations - better explanatory models and experimental methods
what two things could cause a wave to have a higher frequency
- speed - wave length
timeline of life's history
- the first multicellular plants and fungi emerged about 1.7 billion years ago - the first multicellular animals emerged about 580 million years ago - the first anatomically modern humans appeared about 200,000 years ago
the law of gravity
- the more massive either or both bodies are, the greater the gravitational force between them - the further apart two bodies are, the lesser the gravitational force between them
Acceleration due to gravity
-9.8 m/s2
stars
-Begins in a nebula -massive, luminious spheres of plasma held together by it's own gravity -once exhausted the core becomes a stellar remnant: white dwarf, neutron star or black hole
Mutations (genes)
-Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome Rare event -Can be deleterious, beneficial, or silent (has no impact whatsoever) -Rarely leads to a protein that improves ability of organism to survive -Wild Type (wild strain) - a natural, nonmutated characteristic
Taxonomy - Classification of living things
-Domain -kingdom (ex. animal) -phylum (chordate) -class (mammal) -order (primate) -family (hominidae) -genus (homo) -species (sapiens) Do Kids Playing Class Order FaGS?
which of the following would be an example of a chemical change: water boiling water and mud separating a match burning
a match burning
Light reaction
a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs a tiny packet of energy from he sun called a photon. The photon caused the chlorophyll to donate one electron and begin a chain reaction that produces ATP and adds hydrogen to the energy-rich molecule NADPH to form NADPH2
erosion
a moveable material (usually wind, ice or running water) moving surface materials
Rock
a naturally occurring organic or inorganic solid that is composed of one or more minerals.
predation
a non symbiotic relationship in which a predator hunts prey
mutation
a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene
cartographer
a person who studies the science or practice map drawing
Breakage mutation
a piece of DNA is lost
Insertion or translocation mutation
a segment from another place on the DNA is inserted in the wrong place
Inversion mutation
a segment of the sequence is flipped around
elements have ...
a set number of neutrons often the same as its number of protons
meoisis
a similar process of cell division used in the creation of sex cells. these cells are haploid and must join with another gamete in order to continue division
Asteroids
a small rocky body orbiting the sun.
nova
a star that increases thousands of times in brightness and then fades collapse of a star where its so strong its pieces are scattered
Super Nova
a star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass. Explosion of a star
compound
a substance composed of two or more elements
element
a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
suspension
a system in which small particles are kept dispersed by agitation or molecular motion in the surrounding medium example: muddy water in a river
granite rock
a type of igneous rock
shale
a type of sedimentary rock
Atomic mass unit
a unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule
Typhoons
a violent tropical storm that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean, usually in late summer
heart
-most integral part of circulatory system. pump that moves the blood throughout the body. -right side siphons in blood that has been spent of oxygen and needs to be sent to lungs -left side of heart pumps in newly oxygenated blood from lungs and send to rest of the body through aorta via vessels (left atrium) two chambers - fish three-chambers: Mollusks four-chambers: Reptiles
A lizard crawls atop a rock and suns itself for a period of about 15 minutes. This activity would be an example of which of the following?
. The lizard regulating its internal conditions.
years are based on....
... the earth's revolution around the sun
days based on...
...the earth's rotation on its axis
months based on...
...the moon's revolution around the earth
Animal kingdom facts
1 million species, half are insects, multicellular, hetertrophic, no cell walls, reproduce sexually, can move, respond to environment
Natural selection
1) Individuals in a certain species vary from generation to generation 2) some of the variations are determined by the genetic makeup of the species 3) more individuals are produced than will survive 4) some genes allow for better survival of an animal
Classification of living things
1) Kingdom (ex: animal) 2) Phylum (ex: cordate) 3) Subphylum (ex: vertebrate) 4) Class (ex: mammal) 5) Order (ex: primate) 6) Family (ex: hominidae) 7) Genus (ex: homo) 8) Species (ex: sapiens)
Bacteria
1) Prokaryotes 2) classified according to their cell wall, shape, and movement cell wall: gram-positive (stains dark purple), gra-negative (stain light pink) shapes- Bacillus (rod), Coccus (spherical), Spirillum (spiral), Spirochete (corkscrew), Chain of cocci, Cluster of cocci movement- flagella enable bacteria to move
2 Types of Cells
1) Prokaryotes - single-celled called bacteria 2) Eukaryotes - many cells with membrane-bound nucleus
Viruses
1) Surrounded by protective structure; capsid 2)Antigens - allow it to identify, attack, and enter a host 3) considered Nonliving
Incomplete metamorphosis
1) egg 2) nymph 3) adult ex: grasshoppers & dragonflies
4 basic tissues
1) epithelial- things that cover 2) connective- bone, cartilage, blood 3)nervous-neurons, photoreceptor 4) muscle-skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles (capable of movement called contraction)
Characteristics of living things
1) made of cells 2) must adapt to environmental changes or perish 3) carry on metabolic processes
characteristics of living things
1) made of cells 2) Growth and development 3) Capable of reproduction 4) Adapt to environment 5) Obtain and transfer energy to perform life processes 6) Maintain control of internal environment 7) Respond to Environment
Protists
1)Eukaryote 2) both sexual and asexual reproduction 3) Differ by how they gain their food -- animal-like (ingest), plant-like (make their own), fungus-like (absorb it)
Fungi
1)Eukaryote 2)Absorb nutrients 3)lack the ability to move 4)both sexual and asexual reproduction hyphae - allow for growth, feeding and reproduction
Cell Theory
1)all cells arise from preexisting cells 2)all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 3)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
two general rules to know about the periodic table
1. Atomic properties are organized by row. Atomic number and mass increase as you move left to right and top to bottom 2. chemical properties are loosely arranged by column
frog lifecycle
1. egg 2. tadpole - swims around and breathes through gills 3. starts to grow legs and breathe air 4. gills go away and breathes through just lungs anphibous organism - lives both on land and water
Gravity =
9.8 (mass)
endoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.
full moon
A total lunar eclipse occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon. What is the Moon's phase when a total lunar eclipse occurs?
adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Atmosphere
Above the surface of the earth is a mass of gasses includes troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere
Endothermic
Absorbs heat in a reaction
Examples of compounds
Acids Bases Salts Oxides
Which of the following is not considered one of the fundamental seven processes that are carried out by all plants and animals?
Adaptation
DNA Pairings
Adenine with Thymine, and Cytosine with Guanine
telophase
After the chromosome seperates, the cells pull apart into two child cells and they can begin this process again
Wind Belts
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas
electromagnetic spectrum
All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Hydrosphere
All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
Work
Amount of energy expended in accomplishing some goal. Force x Distance(displacement)
Predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
An atom that has a different number of neutrons than its normal amount is called what?
An isotope
Newton's 1st law
An object at rest or at motion will remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force
Newton's 2nd law
An objects acceleration is directly proportional to the new force acting on an object and inversely proportional to the objects mass (F=ma)
chloroplast
An organelle where photosynthesis occurs holds the chemical chlorophyll which gives plants their green color and important in photosynthesis
broken bones
An x-ray image is typically used to diagnose
Lysosomes
Animal cells Digestive enzymes
Mitochondria
Animal cells Supply energy
Phyla of Animalia
Annelida (segmented worms) Mollusca (foot) Arthropoda (insects) Echinodermata (spiny skin) Chordata (notocord/backbone)
Precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.
3rd law of thermodynamics
As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum
geyser
As the water boils, the resulting pressure forces a superheated column of steam and water to the surface through the internal plumbing.
Telescope
Astronomers study radio waves, light, and the planets to understand the solar system and the universe. The instrument best suited to this task is the
Electrons
Atomic particles that are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus of an atom Number of protons- number of electrons = charge of an atom
organic compound
Compounds that contain carbon and are formed by covalent bonds
Core
Comprise of mostly nickel and iron (Metallic)
Chordata
Humans and all other vertebrates, also including sharks, skates, rays, hagfish, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
As our planet began to form, which two light elements from the solar nebula constituted the majority of the Earth's early atmosphere?
Hydrogen and Helium
Oort Cloud
Hypothetical spherical cloud surrounding solar system Cloud is believed to be made of materials that were rejected from the inner solar system long-period comets
Water and mineral will not be absorb from the soil
If the small projections on the roots of plants, "root hairs," are removed, which of the following is likely to be the most direct effect on the plant?
Three types of rock Earth is made of
Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary
Composition of mountains
Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary ricks
accelerates towards the Earth and same rate
In the absence of air resistance, all objects near Earth's surface will
aerobic respiration
In the evolution of Earth, once the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased, which adaptation helped organisms evolve to more advanced forms?
Variability in Evolution
Increases by mutations, immigration, sexual reproduction, and size Decreases by natural selection, emigration, and smaller populations
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and multicellular parasites are all examples of what?
Infectious pathogens
Mutations
Inheritable changes in DNA
Competition
Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource, both are harmed
Mitosis cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Meiosis I
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, trlophase, telophase, cytokinesis- 4 chromatids are formed
Phases of Mitosis
Interphase: replicate the genetic and cytoplasmic material Prophase: chromatin thickens, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, form spindle fibers Metaphase: spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align Anaphase: begin to pull apart and may bend Telophase: either pinched or cell wall forms as it prepares to split Cytokinesis: the actual splitting into 2 cells
Commensalism
Interspecific relationships where one of the organisms benefits
intraspecific vs interspecific
Intraspecific: relationships among members of the same species Interspecific: relationships between members of different species
Cnidaria
Jellyfish, obelia, and hydrozoa
outer planets
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
planets composed primarily of gas
Jupiter and Saturn
you are given section of periodic table (See picture drawn) which of these elements would have chemical properties similar to NA/sodium?
K because its in the same column
Order of the classification system
King Phillip came over for good soup Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxonomy order
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species nemonic device: King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Plantae Kingdom
Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
Groupings of kingdom classification system
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup)
Surface wave
Last wave - slowest but cause the most damage 2 Types - Love waves: oscillate rock side-to-side and perpendicular to the wave direction Rayleigh waves - ground roll; moving earth in circular direction
Scientific law
Lasts longer than a theory and has more experimental data to support it
Newton's first law of motion
Law of inertia: an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
Exosphere
Layers held together by magnetic pull
1. Which of the following spheres plays an integral role in the creation of fossil fuels?
Lithosphere
Stratosphere
Little water Ozone layer
biotic factor
Living factors that affect a community or population
Ground Tissue
Located between vascular and dermal tissue Responsible for storing carbohydrates produced. Made of Parenchyma cells (thin-walled) and Sclerenchyma (hard, thick)
Punctuated Equilibrium
Long periods of no change (stasis) accompanied by brief periods of rapid change
Deep-water wave
Longitudinal - parallel to ocean floor Transverse - perpendicular to ocean floor
troposphere
Lowest part of the earths atmosphere
The fundamental seven processes of plants and animals
MRS GERN Move Respire Sensitivity Grow Excreit Reproduce Nutrition
According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of spectral class, our Sun is a fairly typical __________.
Main sequence star
Evolution factors that decrease variability
Natural selection, emigration, small population, random mating
Rocks
Naturally occuring earth materials made of 1+ minerals
Minerals
Naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solids with specific chemical composition Form from a liquid solution; Crystallization 90% of earth's minerals are silicates - combination of silicon and oxygen
Mineral
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and orderly internal crystal structure.
Phases of the Moon
New moon: moon is not illuminated Waxing Crescent moon: Tiny sliver 1st quarter: (half moon) Gibbous: football shaped Full moon: completely lit up Waning Gibbous: football shaped 3rd quarter: (half moon) Waning Crescent: small sliver
Nimbus Clouds
Nimbus clouds are formed at low altitudes and are typically spread uniformly across the sky. They produces precipitation. Since they are dense with water, they appear darker than other clouds.
Which of the following two gasses compose the vast majority of the Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen and Oxygen
Dry Air components
Nitrogen, Argon, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide
Nonvascular plants
No leaves, stems or roots because individual cells are close to their environment
Plants
Nonvascular - simple and dont have tissues to transport water and nutrients Vascular - complex and have structure to transfer water and nutrients throughout plant
3 classifications of plants
Nonvascular plants Vascular plants Angiosperms
Parts of a eukaryotic cell
Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex/apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Plastids Cell wall Vacuoles Cytoskeleton
88
Number of constellations
Tornados
Occur when warm and cold air masses collide and a rotation is created by fast-moving winds.
Lunar Eclipse
Occurs when Earth lines up between the moon and the sun; the moon moves in to Earth's shadow and appears a dark color. Only occurs when the moon is full.
Subduction
Ocean and continental crust collide and the ocean crust slides under into the mantle
Convergence
Oceanic crust collides with another plate, making a trench and volcanic activity. OR 2 continent plates collide.
Heterozygous
One dominant and one recessive gene
Law of dominance
One trait may cover up the allele of the other trait
Scalar quantity
Only magnitude, quantities include length, area, volume, mass, density, energy, work and power
Law of segregation
Only one of the two possible alleles is passed on to the offspring
KPCOFGS
Order of biological classifications
Organization of life (simple to complex)
Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems-Organism
Producers
Organism capable of producing complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules through the process of photosynthesis (using light energy) or through chemosynthesis (using chemical energy)
crust
Outermost layer of earth
In which of the following scenarios would hydrogen atoms be expected to move at the greatest velocity?
Over an open flame
climate
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time
Less than 7
PH of acid?
Base
PH that is greater than 7
Diploid
Pair of chromosomes in somatic cells
Permian/Carboniferous
Paleozoic Era 355-250 million years ago creation of Pangea Forests grew on mountains Deserts formed
Devonian
Paleozoic Era 410-355 million years ago continents moving towards each other first land animals (insects/amphibians) fish in the sea
Silurian/Ordovician
Paleozoic Era 510-410 million years ago sea life prominent first fish land plants around water
Cambrian
Paleozoic Era 570-510 million years ago sea animals no life on land
Feeding relationships
Parasitism Commensalism Symbiosis Competition Predation
Vascular bundle
Part of Root System Contains both Xylem and Phloem Cells Includes supportive, protective, and conducting tissues
Paleozoic
Permian/Carboniferous Devonian Silurian/Ordovician Cambrian
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Volume
The amount of space an object takes up or occupies
central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
Core
The central part of the earth below the mantel; scientists believe it spins at a different rate than the earth creating the gravitational pull.
Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid
Metamorphosis
The changing of existing minerals into a different mineral because of extreme pressure or heat
Evapotranspiration
The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration
Weather
The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. Water in the air and temperature are two major atmospheric conditions.
The water cycle
The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
Grams per milliliter
The density of a liquid is commonly expressed using which of the following units
wavelength
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave / one crest and the next crest
Mass
The existence of stars and the surface temperature depends on ?
one positively charge object and one negatively charge object is close together
The force of electrostatic attraction increase when
Easily Compressible, measures volume and shape of its container, and particles can pass through one another
The gaseous state of matter is
Primary mineral
The mantle of the earth can be best described as
Mass
The measure of the amount of matter in an object
Bacteria
The most rapid rates of evolution are typically observed for populations
Evaporation (Liquid turning into gas), Condensation (Gas turning into liquid) and Precipitation (The falling of the liquid or solid)
The water cycle consist of
Darwinism
Theory of evolution based on studying species of birds
Plate tectonics
Theory that explains the movement of the continents and changes in the crust caused by internal forces
Crust
Thin and broken outer most surface layer of the Earth.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Three Rs to help save enviorment
atomic mass
Total Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus A = Z+N
Fossils - STAMPF
Traces of living organism preserved in sedimentary rock 6 Ways - Amber, freezing, Mummification, Petrification, Sedimentary, Tar Seeps
law of independent assortment
Traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits
Natural selection
Traits that help give a species an advantage are passed on to subsequent generations
Phloem
Transport food from LEAVES to reminder of plant Found closer to exterior of stems and roots, and BOTTOM side of leaves phloem cylinders combine with tough cork tissue to become the bark.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport materials - either smooth or rough
Xylem (sapwood)
Transport water minerals from the ROOTS to other parts of the plant Found near center of roots and stems, and TOP side of leaves. This becomes the major component of wood and forms annual rings
Layers of earths atmosphere
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere
8 Biomes
Tundra and taiga- cold Grassland, temperate forest, and chaparral-changing seasons Desert and tropical rain forest- warm all the time Ocean
Crystallization
Two Processes: Evaporation and Metamorphosis
Protein Synthesis
Two Step process - Transcription and Translation DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Law of Segregation- Mendel
Two alleles and that half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent organism
Homozygous
Two of the same genes present
Compound
Two or more elements that have been chemically combined Crispix cereal
Divergent plates
Two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
Fault-block mountains
USA southwest Like an ice buckle
Protista kingdom
Unicellular protozoans and unicellular and multicellular algae
Animal communication
Using body language, sound and smell to communicate to affect the behavior of another animal
Primary Consumers
Usually Herbivores feeding on plants and fungus
Respiration-plants
Utilization of food that was produced during photosynthesis
Alleles
Variations of genes
What planets have retrograde rotation?
Venus and Uranus
Liquid
Volume No shape
Solid
Volume Shape
Clouds form when
Warm air rises, expands, cools, condenses to the dew point
PH
Water is 7, anything above 7 is considered basic, anything below 7 is considered acidic
Subsurface flow
Water that travels underground
Recessive
Weaker For it to be expressed there needs to be two recessive traits
Genotype
What a person has (dominant and recessive)
Volume
What is a graduated cylinder typically used to measure?
Phenotype
What's expressed
Refraction
When light passes from the air into a glass lens, the light changes direction. The phenomenon is known as; he bending of a wave when it typically moves from a less dense medium, such as air, to a more dense medium, such as a glass lens.
Pressure decreases and energy increases
When solid changes to liquid what occurs
convergent plates
When two plates move towards one another and can cause mountain building
Transform fault
When two plates slide past one another
two unrelated organism coexist where one benefits and the other is harmed
Which sentence best describes the typical relationship between two organisms during parasitism?
23. Which of the following would be considered a renewable energy source?
Wind
Cirrus Clouds
Wispy, feathery clouds made of ice crystals that form at high levels. Do not produce precipitation
Sex-linked traits
Y chromosome found only in males (XY) carries little important info but the X in females (XX) carries very important info
Star
a ball of hot glowing gas that's hot/dense enough to trigger nuclear reactions to fuel it's existence
potential energy
a ball resting at the top of an incline plane is said to have what type of energy
Elements
a basic structure that cannot be simplified (hydrogen, gold, oxygen, etc); made entirely from one type of atom
covalent bonds
a bond formed when atoms share one or more of their valence electrons
ionic bonds
a bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other gains an electron to form a negative ion, creating an electrostatic force which holds them together
front
a boundary where two large land masses converge. The boundary that seperates them is called the ?
golgi complex/apparatus
a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
deletion mutation
a change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA
Milk producing gland
a characteristic of a mammal
Inner Core
a dense ball of solid iron
growth
a feature of every living thing - mitosis and how cells divide
Friction
a force that holds back the movement of a sliding object; acts in an opposite direction to movement; mechanical energy transforms into thermal energy ex. car stopping b/c of the friction between the brakes and the wheels
applied force
a force that is put on an object by another object
Deletion mutation
a gene is left out
Community
a group of populations residing in the same area
experimental group
a group of subjects upon which a hypothesis is tested
Population
a group of the same species in a specific area
Fungi Kingdom
a group of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that have a cell wall and reproduction strategies that differ from those in the other kingdoms. They can reproduce asexually by cellular division or sexually through spores.
control group
a group which resembles the experimental group in all other ways but on which the hypothesis is not tested
solution
a homogeneous mixture in which one substance has dissolved into the other(s) example: salt water
Biomes
a large geographic area with a climate that supports distinctive plant and animal groups. Aquatics, deserts, forest, grasslands, tundra
vacule
a large membrane covered structure found in plant cells that serves as a storage container for water and other liquids
astroids
a large rocky body, smaller than a planet, that orbits the sun.
Tertiary consumer
carnivore at the topmost level in a food chain that feeds on other carnivores; an animal that feeds only on secondary consumers.
Waves
carry energy throughout the water and are caused by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean.
melting
changing from a solid to a liquid... temperature at this change is referred to as its melting point
pitch, amplitude, quality
characteristics of sound
gas laws
charles law boles law
Respiration
chemical reaction that happens within cells to release energy from food
Prophase
chromatin coils up on each other to produce thick strands of DNA wrapped around protein (chromosome); the duplicate chromosomes are attached to the original
Metaphase
chromosomes line up in the Middle of the cell
Homologues
chromosomes that contain the same information; same length and contain the same genes
Meteors
chunks of rock that strike a planet and is known as a shooting star while the meteoroid is burning up in earths atmosphere
asteroids
chunks of rocky metallic objects that orbit the sun in a belt around the solar system
Igneous rocks
classified according to how they formed which determines texture and composition as the magma cools, crystals grow. rapid cooling means no crystals, slow cooling means large crystals
El Nino
climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean
cumulonimous
cloud is most closely associated with the formation of tornadoes
cirrus
cloud that have the highest elevation in earth atomosphere
What are clouds?
clouds are a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals that condense onto tiny pieces of dust that are floating in the air. when billions of these droplets come together they become a cloud
salivary glands
coats food with saliva and begins the process of digestion
Reptiles
cold-blooded vertebrates that have scales and lay eggs on land.
tundra
coldest and driest boime
Endocrine System
collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
Families - groups
columns on periodic table- sharing similar characteristics
mixture
combination of two or more compounds to form a solution. (Can be separated out)..liquid mixture is called the solvent and the solute is the compound dissolved
Compound
combination of two or more elements
compound
combination of two or more elements and s names according to the bonds that hold them together.
life cycles
complete succession of changes undergone by an organism during its life. A new cycle occurs when an identical set of changes is begun
Ribosomes
complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.
nervous system
complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
structure of an atom
composed of three basic subatomic particles - protons - neutrons - electrons
animals cells
comprised of a number of organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
the nervous system
comprised of the brain, spinal cord and other nerves has the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem
catastrophism
concept that the Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature
digestive system
converts food we eat into energy. -mouth -esophagus -stomach -small intestines -liver -pancreas -large intestines -rectum
Upper Mantle
cooler and more rigid
the slower the particles move
cooler the substance
Parts of the sun
core photosphere sunspots chromosphere corona
Formation of waves
created by wind which stirs the ocean's surface over great distances
nebula
creates stars by gravity acting on particles of dust and gas in a cloud
Meiosis
creation of sex cell for sexual reproduction; halves chromosomes in a gamete so that when gametes combine, the normal chromosome number is restored
reciprocating motion
cutting with a saw (motion)
X-Ray Waves
ability to penetrate through objects, take images inside objects (viewing broken bones)
when did the first life emerge
about 3.8 billion years ago
how was the earth formed
about 4.5 billion years ago earth formed from the dust and the gas that existed in the solar nebula this pulled together new materials that formed things like planets
Evidence of glacial coverage
abrasive grooves large boulders of misplaced rocks U-shaped valley (glacial trough) cirques
describe why black sidewalk is hotter in the sun on a hot day and a white sidewalk isn't
absorbed radiation is converted into heat white sidewalk is reflecting light
Newton's Second Law of Acceleration
acceleration of an object depends n its mass and on the force applied to it Force= Mass X Acceleration
Oceans
account for 71% of Earth's surface and 97% of Earth's water.
small intestine
after stomach comes here this is where nutrition is absorbed
key categories of reproduction in plants
algae fungi ferns angiosperms gymnosperms
facts about blood cells
all blood cells are formed in the bone marrow red blood cell: transfers food and oxygen platelet: helps blood to coagulate white blood cell: fights off illness
community
all of the populations of different species of animals and plants that live and interact together in an area -the different populations in a community depend on each other for food, shelter and many other things
populations
all the organisms of the same species living together that live in a specific ecosystem -they compete with one another for food, spaces and mates
Hydrosphere
all the portions of the earth covered with water
Law of independent assortment
alleles sort independently of each other
season
are caused by the earth's tilt on its axis as it revolves around the sun the tilt causes each hemisphere to receive more direct exposure at certain times in its orbit
amphibians (Salamander)
are cold-blooded vertebrates (vertebrates have backbones) that don't have scales. They live part of their lives in water and part on land.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
asserts that organisms have changed over time to adapt to the unique and varied demands of their changing environments
AMU
atomic mass unit
temperature is
atomic motion the hotter a substance is the faster its atoms move
Gravitation
attractive force that exists among all objects. (strength of the gravitational force depends on mass of object and distance between them) As distance between two objects doubles, gravitational force between them decreases four times.
Magnetism
attractive or repulsive forces between objects (ex. compass)
atomic mass
average of the mass of the atoms of the element (all the isotopes etc)
wheel and axle
axel around a wheel rotates and reduces the friction of the truck on the ground
Temperate
deciduous trees; bear; squirrels
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. Four types of nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
large intestine
depleted food passes through
rime
deposit of ice crystals, formed on surface objects by super-cooled fog or cloud droplets. Occurs when surface temperature is below freezing.
The Moon is much closer to Earth than it is to the Sun.
describes how far the Moon is from Earth and the Sun?
energy pyramid
describes how much energy is available for each thing
velocity
describes speed and direction
Genetically Modified Crop (GMOs)
designed to be stronger and more resilient against weeds; that often includes being resilient to weed-killing chemicals.
what does a litmus test do
determine if the substance is acidic or basic
sympatric selection
development of two different species from a single population occupying one geographic location.
Simple machine
device for doing work that only has one part; redirect or change the size of forces allowing work with less muscle effort
Gregor Mendel
discovered the idea that in generations a recessive trait can be shown eventually
unless an object is moving in a vacuum, the object causes
displacement
Amplitude
distance between a crest and a trough
speed =
distance/time
Waves (in physics)
disturbance or oscillation, that travels through matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of energy
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm and organelles
Telophase
division of the cytoplasm and organelles final stage
incline plane
don't have to work as hard and gives a mechanical advantage
Time
duration over which movement or motion occurs (distance/ speed)
One complete revolution of earth around the sun
basis of one earth year
how life began on earth
began as a simple, single-cellular organisms
Innate behavior
behavior that is inborn or instinctual
Learned behavior
behavior that is modified due to past experience
phototropism
bending of the plant toward or away from light
Metabolism
biochemical reaction; cells receive most of their energy this way
what is the earth's spheres it is made up of?
biosphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere
Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic components in a specific region of Earth are called
Prevailing Westerlies
blow from Southwest (in NH) and Northwest (in SH) which blows in middle latitudes -most of North America fits in this belt---why our weather comes from the west
Polar Easterlies
blow from east in polar regions - 60 degrees latitude
tradewinds - Hadley cells
blow from northeast (in NH) and southeast (in SH), found in subtropic regions from about 30 degrees latitude to the equator - Hadley cells
about water's boiling point
boils at 212 degrees F at sea level freezes at 32 degrees F at sea level if you change the altitude it changes because of pressure
ferns
both sexual and asexual reproducers;
atomic weight
bottom of the number
trough
bottom of wave
where are the more massive elements on the periodic table?
bottom right
front
boundary where unlike air masses meet but do not mix
capillaries
branch off the large arteries and are blood vessels that deliver the oxygen rich blood to the actual tissues themselves
pancreas
break down the food further
weathering (& types)
breaking down of rocks at or near Earth's surface. either chemical or physical
chemical weathering
breaking down rocks through chemical changes such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
physical weathering
breaking rocks down into smaller fragments without undergoing chemical changes
decomposer
breaks down dead organisms example: fungi, bacteria
Tectonic plates
broken pieces of lithosphere; movement caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere
how does weathering occur?
by chemical means (ex: acid rain) by physical means (ex: wind, rain and ice)
how can you estimate an atoms atomic mass in AMUs
by simply adding up its total number of protons and neutrons
ecosystem
each community depends on its environment. the nonliving, or abiotic, parts of an environment combine with the living, biotic, things in a community
Telophase
each new cell structure are reconstructed; nuclear membrane is formed; nucleoli form within them
Regolith
earth's outer weathered crust
what can shifting plates cause?
earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building
nymph
eating and growing stage -look like smaller version of adults without wings -process of incomplete metamorphosis -sheds its skin to grow -period b/w molts is call instars -wing bug form and grow on nymph's back
secondary consumer
eats primary consumer example: snake
primary consumer
eats producer example: rabbit
tertiary consumer
eats secondary consumer example: hawk
Metals
elements that have high densities- good for electricity and heat. Shiny/Malleable. Solid @ room temp. (left side of periodic table) families I-III
Nonmetals
elements that react easily with other substances- gas at room temp. (upper right side of periodic table)
Birds
endothermic vertebrate animals that have wings, feathers, scaly legs, beaks and no teeth and bear their young in hard-shelled eggs,
Mammals
endothermic vertebrates that have hair and produce milk to feed their young, give live birth (some exceptions) .
Law of conservation of energy
energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another but cannot be created or destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics (Conversion of energy)
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed into other forms
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
the law of conservation
energy changes forms but is not created or destroyed
Kinetic energy
energy in motion ex: moving water and wind
radiation
energy is transported through space
Potential energy
energy measured in the amount of "work" it does; stored energy ex: ball sitting at top of hill
conduction
energy moves through matter across particles.
kinetic energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy formula
energy of motion KE = mv^2/2
Kinetic Energy
energy possessed by an object due to its motion or movement
chemical energy
energy stored in bonds between elements
Space
environment where a person has no wait because their is no gravitational pull
Time units from largest to smallest
eons --> eras --> periods --> epochs
Cenozoic era
era that began about 66 million years ago, known as the "Age of Mammals" Began after the dinosaurs became extinct and is the current time period.
Cinder-cone volcanoes
eruptions that make layers of cinder and ash that create a cone that compacts to become a more permanent landform
scientists value
ethical traditions such as peer review and truthful public reporting of methods and outcomes
Protista Kingdom
eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae. Have a nucleus and reproduce asexually through cell division.
response to stimuli
every living thing responds to stimuli
Newton's universal law of gravitation
every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directed along the line of centers for the two objects that is proportional to the product of their masses; the more the masses of the objects the larger the gravitational force between them
fact about physical changes
every substance has its own unique boiling point and freezing point
Prophase
everything breaks down chromatin becomes chromosomes
cytoplasm
everything inside the cell membrane
Transpiration
excess water is removed from the leaf
Controlled Group
experiences or is exposed to all the same variables as the experimental or test group except for the variable being tested,
Insertion mutation
extra nucleotide pairs are inserted into the DNA
Taiga
far north and far south of the equator close to the poles; plants and animals that can withstand harsh winters
Noble gases
far right column on table. have full number of valence electrons making them stable and un-reactive to other substances
zygote
fertilized egg, 23 chromosomes from female, 23 from male.
what is not a nutrient but still beneficial?
fiber
Stratus Clouds
flat layers of clouds that cover much or all of the sky. Found in the lower level of the sky
Platyhelminthes
flatworms
angiosperms
flowering plants that have sex organs within the flower; the pistal (female sex organ) and the stemen (male sex organ) (staymen)
types of metamorphic rocks
foliated (compressed bands) and unfoliated rocks
large intestines
food not digested goes here through liquid past. turns into solid waste
newton's 3rd law: the law of reciprocal actions
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's 2nd law
force = mass x acceleration
electrical force
force between two charged objects described by Coulomb's law; that like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other
Friction
force between two objects that come into contact with one another (Sliding on a floor and coming into a stop)
centripetal force
force directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going
force of gravity
force with massively large objects attract another object towards itself
Warm air fronts
form as a warm air mass slide up over a retreating cold air mass. Causes the air at the front to feel warmer and more humid
Cyclones
form in the Indian Ocean.
provide instruction for a living organism
function of DNA
grow, reproduce and interact with enviorment
function of an animal while they are on earth is
acquires water for plants
function of the root of a plant
deposition
gas changes straight to solid
deposition
gas changes to a solid
Temperature in the Atomsphere
generally decreases with altitude. Exception = Thermosphere where temperature increase with altitude.
Important about landforms with smoother contours
generally have undergone more erosion the more it is eroded the smoother it is smoother landforms are typically older than agular landforms
how can electricity be generated and used to power a light bulb?
generated rotates which causes a charge through a conductor and reaches the lightbulb
gamete formation
generation of sex cells
Linkage
genes are found on the same chromosome appear together unless crossing over has occurred in meiosis ex: blue eyes and blonde hair usually occur together
Codominance
genes may form new phenotypes
producer
gets energy directly from the sun example: plants, grass, tress
Cell membrane
good things in; waste out Marker Proteins - serves as "address sign" for the cell Endocytosis - Capture good things Exocytosis- Release bad things
chromatin
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
plants respond to various environmental factors including:
gravity light stress
other forces that can cause changes in motion
gravity magnetism friction
which is older great plains or swiss alps?
great plains are older than the swiss alps
what is the key advantage of sexual reproduction
greater genetic variation
green house effect
green house gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane warm the earth by trapping some of the heat radiated from the earth's surface
Punnett Square
grid that represents all of the possible genotypic combinations in the F2 generation produced by a male (gametes listed horizontally) and a female (gametes listed vertically).
Pith (heartwood) - center of the branch
ground tissue inside the vascular bundle ring
mouse traits
grows to adulthood just like a human being traits: live birth mother mouse nurses the young warm blooded has hair
what do organisms need that provides food, water, and a method of maintaining homeostasis and reproducing
habitat
allopatric speciation
happens when the population is divided by geographic features into two isolated population
electron
has a negative charge orbits outside nucleus mass is about 1/1836th AMU
neutrons
has a neutral charge located in nucleus mass is 1 AMU
protons
has a positive charge located in nucleus mass is 1 AMU
anode
has a positive charge (remember Anode a + positive charge) positively charged anode attracts negatively charged ions
a balanced atom
has the same number of protons and electrons
larva
hatches from egg. eating and growing stage (insects don't eat at all after this. -caterpillars, grubs, and maggots are larvae -sheds as it grows -process of complete metamorphosis
ribosomes
have RNA which helps to create proteins
ionic bonds
have high polarity
covalent bonds
have low polarity
neutral charge objects
have no attraction or repulsion
Chemical Weathering
he erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc (Iron fence rusting over time). Iron is changing into another compound oxide.
latent heat
heat required to change from one state to the other
infrared radiation
heat that comes off
radiation
heat transfer as the result of electromagnetic waves
Conduction
heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter example: frying pan on a stovetop
Convection
heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid example: boiling water
convection
heat transported by the movement of a heated substance
conduction
heat travels through the heated solid
Vacuoles
hold stored food and pigments
Gravity
holds stars together in the form of a galaxy?
fossil mold
hollow space that outlines the organism
The 7 major characteristics of life
homeostasis organization metabolism growth adaption response to stimuli reproduction
Outer layer of the core
hot molten rock
Lower Mantle
hotter and more liquid
the faster the particles move
hotter the substance
homeostasis
how an organism maintains a variety of factors necessary for an effective metabolism etc. - key factor is body temperature
frequency
how often a crest passes a point
Phenotype
how the trait is expressed in an organism ex: blue eyes, brown hair
galaxies
huge clusters of billions of stars
chromosphere
hydrogen turns this part red solar flares solar prominences - gases that shoot out of this layer
reproductive system
identified in males and females. Used to reproduce
Newton's second law of motion
if a net force acts on an object, it will cause the acceleration of the object F = ma force = mass x acceleration
Refraction of sound
if the air above the earth is warmer than that of the surface, sound will be bent downward toward the surface
when are communicable diseases considered contagious?
if they are easily transmitter through direct contact between individuals
Lava cools to form...
igneous rock
extrusive rock
igneous rock that is formed above surface
intrusive rock
igneous rock that is formed below surface
Law of dominance
in a pair of alleles, one trait may cover up the allele of the other trait ex: brown eyes are dominant
Mutation
inheritable changes in DNA
order of the layers of the earth
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
pupa
insects transforming stage -entire body is changing. New organs, muscles, body parts develop -process of complete metamorphosis
gene
inside the DNA molecule are sections of information called genes. Each gene tells the cell how to make a certain protein which may determine a trait such as the color of their eyes
chemical reaction
interactions of substances that result in breaking/forming of chemical bonds, changes in electron motion, changes in energy
how to remember ions versus isotope
ion is a really small word and an electron is a really small particle isotope is a bigger word and neutron is a bigger particle
important types of bonds
ionic covalent
Natural Selection
is a basic mechanism of evolution, whereby certain traits make those individuals that have them more likely to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
pH
is a measure of the presence of hydrogen ions in a substance and it affects its propensity to bond with other substances
kinetic energy
is energy in motion
our solar system
is made up of numerous bodies which orbit the sun due to centrifugal force (the balance between inertia and gravity)
fungi
is not photosynthetic; depends on decaying biological material and asexual reproducer
potential energy
is stored energy
electrostatic force
is the force of attraction or repulsion between charged objects
liquid state of matter
it assumes the shape of the container and moves and slide pass one another
air mass
large chunk of air, with relatively low change in temperature and humidity
Glaciers
large masses of ice that form in high mountains or cold regions and move or flow over the land in response to gravity
Mesosphere
largest zone; Transfers heat from core to power the process of convection
law of simple machines
law that states whatever force is exerted times the distance moved is equal to the output force of the machine times the distance the output force move
Outer Core
layer outside inner core 1400 miles thick of molten (liquid) rock; responsible for earth's magnetic field
Asthenosphere
layer surrounding Mantle of molten rock (weak); moves b/c of convection currents. The movem't of Lithosphere and Asthenosphere moves continental plates.
Sedentary
leads to the burning of fewer calories and an increase in fat storage.
liver
main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, it secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines. also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.
homoeothermic
maintaining a constant and warm body temperature independent of environmental temperature (humans)
Mitochondria
make ATP to supply energy to the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes proteins that produce digestive enzymes
what would you use to figure out the density of a marble mass versus volume
mass in balance volume in graduated cylinder
Law of Conservation of Matter
matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form
Atoms
matter is made up of _____. It is made up of Protons - neutrons - electrons
Law of conservation of matter
matter or mass cannot be created or destroyed, it can change from one form to the next; the amount of mass will be the same before and after
communicable disease
may be transmissible from one person to another by either direct or indirect means
temperature
measure of how hot/cold a body is with respect to a standard object
entropy
measure of how much energy or heat is available for work
density
measure of mass per volume
Volume
measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.
Acceleration
measurement in change in an objects velocity; an object can decrease speed, increase speed, or change direction Formula: vf-vi change in velocity/change in time
calorimeter
measures the specific heat of a substance by using the heat transfer from one substance to another
meteorite
meteor that strike the Earth's surface
meteor
meteoroid that's in Earth's atmosphere
Radiation
method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated object; heat can be transmitted through empty space by thermal radiation called infrared radiation ex: heat from sun, released from filament of bulb
Mesozoic era
middle life (245-144 million years ago); rise of mammals and dinosaurs; the rise of birds; extinction of dinosaurs, rise of flowering plants
Ores
minerals or rocks that can be mined for profit
chemical reaction
molecular structure of a substance changes
Chemical Change (Burning a Candle,cooking an egg)
molecules in the reactants interact to form new substances (one substance turn into a new substance
New moon
moon is in the middle of the earth and sun and not visible
Solar Eclipse (New Moon)
moon passes between the sun and the earth
Shield Volcano
more dome-shaped, with gentle sloping sides, and is made of mostly fluid lava flows
effect of coastal topography on tides
more isolated areas have more extreme tides
nitrogen
most common gas on earth
Circular motion
movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path or a circular orbit; speed does not change but direction is changing constantly (velocity); when the velocity changes, the object is undergoing accelerated motion and acceleration is always directed toward the center
Convection
movement of liquefied rock towards the surface, and cooler rocks inward
Volcanism
movement of magma through the crust and its emergence as lava onto the Earth's surface
Currents
movement of ocean water caused by differences in salt content or temperature and winds.
Erosion
movement of sedimentary rocks from one place to another.
crust
moves on top of the mantle and that is what creates earthquakes and plate shifts is very thin
condensation
moving from a gas to liquid
boiling- boiling point
moving from a liquid to a gas
Freezing/crystallization (freezing point)
moving from a liquid to solid
linear motion
moving in a straight line (motion)
Electronegativity
moving left to right on a period - atomic radius increases
oscillating motion
moving pendulum (motion)
Electronegativity decreases
moving top to bottom in a family atomic radius increases
Animalia Kingdom
mulitcellular organisms that can move around and must comsume other organisms for energy.
Krebs cycle
multi step chemical process that converts the products of glycolysis into the energy carrying molecules NADH and FADH2. The cycle produces 2 ATP molecule for every molecule of glucose. Occurs in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and the mitochondria in eurkaryotes.
Plants
multicellular organisms that have the ability to carry out photosynthesis.
momentum
multiplying the mass of an object by its velocity
Genetic Variation
must exist in the population in order for natural selection to occur
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide causes the gene to be misread.
Minerals
natural, non-living solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure
if there are more electrons then protons is the overall charge of the atom positive or negative?
negative because you have more negative particles then positive particles
cathode
negative charge negatively charged cathode attracts positively charged ions
Incomplete dominance
neither gene masks the other; a new phenotype is formed ex: red & white flowers --> pink flower
Immune System
network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. defends the body against pathogens
electrical circuit
network of electrical current where the current travels in a closed loop within the circuit
Beta Emission
neutron is converted into a proton, changing the atomic number and the identity of the element
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
no ribosomes on the surface
convection
occurs when cooler portions of a liquid or gas flow in to take place of hot rising portions
upwelling
occurs when deeper and colder waters force warmer nutrient-rich waters to the surface
Lunar eclipse - Sun, Earth, Moon
occurs when earth is b/w moon and sun (in earth's umbra shadow...during full moon) becomes red due to long color waves left over from earth's atmosphere. -Can be viewed from anywhere on earth
conduction
occurs when heat is transferred due to fast moving atoms and molecules colliding with slower ones in a neighboring region
work
occurs when heat is transferred from hot to cooler objects
radiation
occurs when heat is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves
peripatric speciation
occurs when peripheral populations become geographically isolated from the main population and undergo genetic divergence and speciation
divergent plate boundary
occurs when tectonic plates are moving away from one another and can form new ridges or ocean basins.
Solar Eclipse
occurs when the moon lines up between Earth and the sun; the moon covers the sun, blocking sunlight.
Equilibrium
occurs when the rate for forward reaction and reverse reaction are the same
Convection
occurs when warmer areas of liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas; cooler liquid/gas then takes place of warmer areas which have risen higher; continuous circulation ex: water boiling
Gamma Radiation
occurs with alpha and beta emissions-does not change atomic number
The Mass
of a solid object will remain unchanged when the object remains intact.
nonrenewable energy sources
oil, coal, natural gas
dikes
old lava tube created by magma going in a vertical fracture
veins
once oxygen and nutrients are spent the blood is sent back to the other major vessel, veins. Run back to the heart sending spent blood back where the heart sends it back to lungs
mitosis
one cell divides once to form two identical cells. purpose is to replace worn out cells
Heterozygous
one dominant gene and one recessive gene
Duplication mutation
one gene is repeated
Haploid
one in number; half of a pair
chemical change
one in which the chemical composition of a substance is altered
parasitism
one member benefits the other is harmed
Law of segregation
only one of the two possible alleles from each parent is passed on to the offspring
Earth
only planet in the solar system with a significant amount of liquid water on the surface
Mercury, Venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, saturn, Uranus neptune
order of planets nearest to the sun working outwards to the solar system
organization
organelles make up cells cells make up tissues tissues that make up organs organs that make up organ systems and organ systems that make up organisms structure in every living thing
symbiotic relationship
organisms live in close interaction with one another
internal conditions
organisms must regulate their internal conditions
how do organisms carry traits in relation to dominance and recessiveness
organisms will always display a dominant trait but may sometimes carry a gene for a recessive trait
reactants
origical substances that interact to form distinct products
Mantle
out side outer layer. solid rock 2800 km thick.
cell wall
outer layer that protects the cell and gives it structure
Plate techonics
outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core
Crust
outer shell of earth, 20-60 miles thick 2 Types - Basaltic (ocean floor) and Granite
cell membrane
outermost part of a cell
lithosphere
outermost shell of a planet (crust and upper mantle)
cell membrane
outside the cytoplasm and is selectively permeable choose what to let in and what to let out
know about natural selection in the theory of evolution
over time natural selection causes beneficial traits to be propagated and detrimental traits to be eliminated
flower
part of a plant that house reproductive organs (sexual reproduction site)
abrasion
particles grinding against solid formations that causes them to break off pieces
meteoroids
parts of rock/metal in space
RNA
performs the function of a messenger between DNA and the protein system complexes known as ribosomes.
Precambrian Era
period from the earth's formation until life began to appear
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
abiotic factor
physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem
Auxins
plant hormone
indoleacetic acid
plant hormone responsible for making plant cells on the side away from light elongate. Triggers chemical reaction which weakens cell walls allowing them to elongate bending towards light.
stress
plants respond to stress from external factors
Vegetative Reproduction
plants using nonreproductive parts to create offspring
transform plates
plates that slide past each other
electrons
play a major role in chemical bonding.
Biosphere
portion of the earth where living things live and can include all of the other spheres
if you have fewer electrons then protons is the overall charge of the atom positive or negative?
positive
Electromagnetic Forces
positive or negative forces- similar charges repel each other opposite charges attract each other
Protons
positively charged - making nucleus positively charged
Alpha particle
positively charged from heavy nucleus
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration)
Glycolysis
preparatory phase where one molecule of ATP is used to produce two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells and can happen with or without oxygen. anaerobic, one molecule of glucose is convrted into two molecules of lactate and two molecules of ATP>
Law of conservation of matter
principle of matter conservation states that the mass of an object or collection of objects never changes over time, n
deposition
process by which material from one area is slowly deposited into another area (ie river deltas)
condensation
process in which gas changes into a liquid when it touches a cooler surface. Change of water vapor to liquid. this is how clouds are formed
Mitosis
process of cell division 5 steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase
Photosythesis
process that produces food energy for most life forms; Endergonic reaction 2 Stages - Light reaction and Dark reaction
autotrophic
produce their own food (plants...photosynthesis)
the food web
producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer decomposer
bunsen burner
produces a controled flame and used to heat substances or cause a chemical reaction
Electron transport chain (ETC)
produces thirty to thirty-two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred between a series of membrane-bound complexes, which in turn move hydrogen ions to create a proton gradient across the membrane.
Main phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cytoskeleton
protein filaments attached to the plasma membrane and organelles
Inborn errors of metabolism
protein is affected is an enzyme ex: albinism
mass number
protons and neurons
nuclear force
protons in the nucleus of an atom are positively charged may be able to allow fusion to happen
Shield volcanoes
quiet, oozing eruptions that slowly build
glaze
rain falls on a surface that is colder than freezing temperature of water. Doesn't freeze before it hits the ground like sleet---freezes when it hits the ground. Encounters shallow layer of cool air, right before ground that super cools the water.
Polar or permafrost
rarely gets above freezing; most water is bound up as ice; life is limited
Speed
rate at which distance is covered during motion/rate of change of its position (distance / time) ex: mph, m/s
Calvin cycle (dark or light-independent)
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used make glucose from Carbon dioxide in the air and water from the plants roots. The glucose is stored, when the plant needs energy, it is tranformed into ATP by the Krebs cycle.
nuclear/atomic reactions
reactions that change the composition, energy or structure of atomic nuclei
carbon bonds..
readily with a variety of different elements and compounds making possible the great chemical complexity necessary for life
Lethal alleles
recessive alleles due to the early death of the offspring
longest wavelength of visible light
red
2 types of cells
red blood cells white blood cells
types of stars at the end of their life
red giants super giants white dwarf - core neutron star black hole
order
refers to the idea that there are certain commonalities and relationships that allow us to understand, statically quantify, and predict the behavior of objects, organism and events in the universe
Food chain
refers to the natural system by which energy is transmitted from one organism to another
cerebellum
region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control.
warm blooded organisms
regulate their body temperature using internal mechanisms example: dog, cat, human
Butterflies
regulate their internal body temperature by adjusting the position of their wings.
Homeostasis
regulates the control systems to ensure proper cell functions.
thermal energy
related to temperature and electrical energy related to the movement of electrons
laws of thermodynamics
relationship between heat, forms of energy and work
Fossil
remains of an organism that has been preserved in the Earth's crust - usually in sedimentary rock, amber or tar pits
key disadvantage
reproduction requires a mate and don't have a choice
gametes
reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
adult (complete metamorphosis)
reproductive stage -has identifiable insect features. Six legs, two antennae and usually wings
sound waves
require a medium and travel much slower than light waves
Resistor of electricity
resistor is anything that electricity can not travel through easily; when electricity is forced through a resistor, often the energy in the electricity is changed into another form of energy, such as light or heat; the reason a light bulb glows is that electricity is forced through tungsten, which is a resistor; the energy is released as light and heat
Geotropism
response to earth's gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground
brainstem
responsible for automatic survival functions
digestive system
responsible for breaking down and absorbing food
red blood cells
responsible for hemoglobin which carries oxygen and carries to the tissues of the body
white blood cells
responsible for keeping your body healthy by helping to fight off infection
mantle
responsible for majority of the planet's volume
the circulatory system
responsible for pumping blood to all the tissues of the body
brainstem
responsible for regulating basic functions such as respiration and heartbeat
Meiosis
results in four reproductive cells, each with half the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell
Mitosis
results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
differences in salinity
rivers lakes oceans and estuaries (a place where fresh water river goes into a salt water body) may differ greatly in their salinity levels and the differences primarily depend on how the water enters and leaves the body - bodies with drainage tend to have lower salinity levels than those that lose water only through evaporation
Igneous Rock
rock that forms when melted rock cools and hardens magna, granite and lava are examples rocks with impurities and speckling like granite are examples
Sedimentary
rocks formed when tiny grains of material are pressed together over long period of time and joined loosely in a process called LITHIFICATION. 3 Classifications - Chemical, Clastic, Biologic ex. chalk, limestone, sandstone
asteroids
rocky fragments
Mitochondria
rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power generators of the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP
Periods
rows on periodic table- no similarities
Evidence of The Theory of Plate Tectonics
seafloor spreading- looking at the seafloor and seeing how its slowly moving apart between plates the puzzle piece argument fossil records
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
observation, classification, communication, measurement, prediction, infer
six basic process of science
Concave lens
slight refraction in lens where rays diverge on other side of lens; image is VIRTUAL, UPRIGHT and SMALLER; used for nearsightedness so focal point focuses further (on) to retina
depressants
slow down the heart rate and systems in the body examples: tranquilizers, sedatives, alcohol
Cinder Cone Volcano
small, steep hill formed by ash and debris surrounding a single lava vent and often has a crater at the top.
Continental glaciers
smooth everything out - steamroll the landscape
the sun and all bodies that revolve around it
solar system includes
Lithosphere
solid area directly below crust consisting of crust and upper layer of mantle
sublimation
solid changes straight to a gas
Inner Core
solid metal ball in center of earth 750 miles thick.
the three basic states of matter
solid, liquid and gas
pathogens
something that makes a person or animal sick and causes disease
Catalyst
something that starts a chemical reaction such as a spark
vector
something that transmits that disease and carries it to someone else example: mosquitos carry malaria
Golgi apparatus
sort, modify and package molecules that are made in other parts of the cell
stimulants
speed up the heart rate and other mechanisms in the body examples: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine
fission
splitting nuclei endothermic (large fission releases energy because once they split, fusion occurs)
Porifera
sponges
radioactivity
spontaneous emission of particles from an unstable nucleus
diffusion
spreading of something widely. for example dropping food coloring in a warm cup of water without stirring and it becomes one solid color
noble gases
stable elements that are nonreactive to other substances.
solution
stable homogeneous mixture
black hole
star that collapses where all the mass gets pulled into a tiny point
nova
star that is periodically brighter and then fades back to normal
life and death of a star
stars begin as huge clouds of dust and other particles called nebulas as a nebula contracts, the particles collide with colossal force igniting a nuclear reaction and forming of a protostar then the protostar transforms into an adult star and as the star converts its fuel into more massive elements and compounds, it becomes denser eventually the star will collapse and based on its mass and other factors will become either a brown dwarf, white dwarf, neutron star, nova, or black hole
September Equinox
start of Fall in NH & start of Spring in SH
the theory of plate tectonics
states that all the earth's continents at one time were joined as a single super continent called Pangaea and over time the continents drifted apart
Newton's 1st law
states that an object at rest will stay at rest unless an unbalanced force acts on it
Mass
stays the same no matter gravitation- its a measure of how dense you are and the volume you take up
frictional force
stop movement of force
potential energy
stored energy
potential energy formula
stored energy PE= mgh (mass, gravity, height)
potential energy
stored energy of position possessed by an object (positional energy)
potential energy
stored in an object as the result of its vertical position or height.
what kind of bonds are ionic and compound
strong forced bonds
Polar compounds
stronger bonds due to one atom pulling the electron pair more than the other
Spore
structure formed during the asexual phase of the moss life cycle?
centriole
structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
Organ
structure made of different tissues that carries out a specific function ex: stomach, brain, biceps, muscles, tongue
black hole
structure that's collapsed so much that light can't get to the surface because it's trapped by a gravitational field
Geology
study of minerals and rocks that make up the earth
dynamics
study of the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion
Hydrology
study of water on the earth's surface
blood
substance that flows through circulatory system. transports body chemicals, nutrients, wastes and cells throughout your body
Chemical properties of matter
substance usually changes into another kind of substance ( cannot be undone) ex: lemon juice turning brown when heated
new moon
sun lights the back of the moon
plate tectonics
surface of earth made up of ridged plates that move relative to each other. Usually lithospheric plates
natural selection
survival of the fittest
collid
suspension (between homo and heterogeneous) of particles within another substance
Relative Motion
takes into account the motion of an object based on the motion to observer
Matter
takes up space and has mass
balance
tells the mass of something
Tropical rain forest
temp is constant; rainfall exceeds 200 cm per year; around the area of the equator
two factors that cause a substance to change state
temperature and pressure
science typically assumes
that the behavior of the universe is the same everywhere and that is understandable and predictable
atomic mass
the amount of matter that makes up an atom
the type of organisms an ecosystem can support is primarily determined by..?
the amount of water which is the most important factor in determining the distribution of plant life
gravitational force
the attractive force existing between any two objects that have mass
Diffraction
the bending of waves around obstacles and the spreading out of waves beyond small openings ex: thunder
Refraction
the bending of waves when they enter a medium where their speed is different (more important with light than sound)
Nucleus
the brain of the cell contains: -chromosomes (DNA, RNA & proteins) -chromatin -nucleoli -nuclear membrane
Relative motion
the calculation of the motion of an object with regard to some other object; reference point is important b/c we do all calculations according to reference point
Nucleus
the central part of most cells that contains genetic material and is enclosed in a membrane. (Protons and Neutrons). Contains the cell DNA
Water cycle
the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.
Tides
the cyclic rise and fall of ocean water on Earth caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and to a lesser degree the sun
what does the timeline of fossil records help us determine?
the dating of fossils within that bed
what do fossils records help us determine?
the depositional timeline of sedimentary strata of rock
Density
the mass of a substance contained per unit of volume
it changes from liquid to solid
the mass of the sample most likely remain the same if
did the matter get destroyed when a log in a fireplace is burned up?
the matter didn't get destroyed just turned gassious
Weight
the measure of the Earth's pull of gravity on an object
temperature
the measure of the kinetic energy in a substance's molecules.
when does it look like during a lunar eclipse
the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of the earth
why does the moon have so many craters and the earth does not?
the moon has no atmosphere so when a meteoroid strikes the moon it strikes right into it instead of burning up like in earth
doppler effect
the motion of objects emitting or reflecting sound waves changes their frequency
elliptical pattern
the nine planets revolve around the sun in a
atomic number
the number in the top left corner of an element in the periodic table represents its atomic number.
atomic number
the number of protons a particular type of atom has
law of superposition
the oldest rocks are at the bottom of a rock column
Venus and Mercury
the only planets with no moons
Paleozoic era
the part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant
law of superpostion
the past will hold position at the bottom and the present will hold position at the top
Atom
the smallest amount of an element; made up of protons (+ electrical charged), neutrons (carry no electrical charge) and electrons (- electrical charge)
Molecule
the smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and still have all of the properties of that substance -composed of atoms
atom
the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element
life cycle
the stages of development individuals pass through between birth and death
Dominant
the stronger of two traits; if it is present it will be expressed as a capital letter
Paleontology
the study of prehistoric life, including how organisms evolved and how they interacted with their environment
full moon
the sun and moon are on opposite sides of the earth
half life
the time required for half the atoms of a particular substance to disintegrate
how can we date rock strata?
the timeline of a sedimentary bed weathering depth fault shifts discontinuities
what happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg
the two haploid cells combine to form a diploid cell
bonds
the various atoms making up molecules that are held together within compounds
Recessive
the weaker of two traits; in order for it to be expressed there has to be two recessive genes present; lowercase letter
Endotherms
their body heat is derived from metabolic processes with in the body. (warm blooded)
Ectotherms
their source of body heat come from the environment. (cold blooded)
substance abuse
there are a variety of drugs both legal and illegal that can be abused
how do high level salt bodies of water stay with such high levels of salt?
there is no drainage source and the water only leaves through evaporation but the salt stays in the body of water
sill
thin horizontal sheet of hardened magma between two rock layers
oceanic crust
thinner crust on bottom of ocean (ocean floor)
a cut white flower is in a jar of water - then blue dye is added causes flower to turn blue - then when you add salt it causes the flower to loose water and becomes wilted if you put the salt and the die in at the same time - the water will wilt but not turn blue
this is the same reason why humans can't drink salt water because there is more salt in the water then in your body
solar radiation, earth movement, and the water cycle
three most contribution factors of weather are
orthographic thunderstorm
thunderstorm caused by air that is forced up by a mountain or hillside
Chromosome
tightly coiled, visible chromatin; when the cell is dividing
ice age
time period when glaciers cover a lot of ground
crest
top of wave
Carrying capacity
total amount of life a habitat can support
Law of conservation of energy
total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.
Savanna
traditional biome in between the rain forest and the desert
Sex-influenced traits
traits are influenced by the sex hormones ex: male baldness
Alleles
traits or characteristics
Conduction
transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other; the better the conductor the more rapidly heat will be exchanged ex: metal
Metamorphic Rock
transformation of an existing rock subject to heat and pressure (Marble, slate, gneiss, and schist)
corona
transparent area of the sun visible only during a total eclipse
endoplasmic reticulum
transport material through the nucleus to the cytooplasm
Climate zones
tropical, temperate, polar, maritime
rotary motion
turning a wheel (motion)
what does electrolysis involves the use of
two electrodes called a cathode and an anode
Diploid
two in number; a pair of chromosomes
Homozygous
two of the same genes present
Molecules
two or more atoms bonded together. Ex. Oxygen in air is compound of two atoms O2
Compound
two or more elements that have been chemically combined ex: NaCl (salt)
Mutualism
two species occupy a similar place and both benefit from each other
Commensalism
two species occupy a similar place, but neither is harmed or benefits from the relationship
Parasitism
two species occupy a similar place, but the parasite benefits from the host while the host is harmed
Competition
two species occupy the same habitat or eat the same food
parapatric speciation
two species that are partially isolated by geography develop characteristics that make them reproductively incompatible.
static friction
two surfaces in contact that don't have any motion relative to each other ex: block sitting on an incline plane
kinetic friction
two surfaces in contact with each other where there is relative motion between the surfaces ex: wheel rolling down an incline plane
Convergent plate boundary
two tectonic plates collide and one plate is pushed upward on top of the other forming mountains, or one is pushed downward forming trenches
Interference
two traveling waves which exist in the same medium will interfere with each other; if their amplitudes add it is constructive interference and if they are "out of phase" and subtract, they are destructive interference
subduction
type of convergent boundary when one plate moves under another plate and sinks into the mantle. Subducted lithosphere is always oceanic. ex. Mariana Trench in North Pacific Ocean
Endoplasmic reticulum
vast system of interconnected membranous, enfolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm two types: -smooth (no ribosomes on surface) -rough (ribosomes on surface)
velocity is often represented using a
vector
what do veins do
veins bring blood back to the heart
Newton's first law of Inertia
velocity of an object does not change unless force is applied
Amphibians
vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded. hatched from eggs, but develop lungs as adults.
distance
walk 20 feet to your mailbox 20 feet back, your ____ is 40 feet. (Your displacement would be 0 b/c it compares your start to end point
what is important to determine what organisms are in an ecosystem
water
evaporation
water in the ocean gets heated up by the sun and then evaporates and in the air they pull together
geyser
water is at a much higher temperature than the landed it is by. (generally associated with volcanic areas)
precipitation
water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail.
Cuticle
waxy, water repellent layer that covers the epidermis
Both males and females can have this disorder because they both have at least on x chromosome
what is true about X-linked disorders in humans?
eclipes
when Earth, the moon, and the sun align so that light from one object is blocked.
Reflection
when a wave strikes a reflective surface, it changes direction, such that the angle made by the incident wave and the line normal to the surface equals the angle made by the reflected wave ex: echo or reverberation
Centripetal force
when an object moves in a circular path, a force must be directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going
physical and human
when defing a region or place in the world, the two types of characteristics used are
fact
when external radiation bombards certain types of elements, the excited atoms fluoresce giving off electromagnetic energy often in the form of light
Food chain becomes a food web?
when one or more interrelation links are added; a food chain is a single link with a single flow of energy; a food web contains several links and flow of energy
formation of mountains
when tectonic plates collide it results in
triple point
when temp. and pressure at which a substance can exist in equilibrium in three states of matter
spring tides
when the moon and the sun are in alignment we get more extreme tides
neap tides
when the moon and the sun are pulling at perpendicular angles we get less extreme tides
Lunar Ecilpse
when the moon is being blocked out
solar eclipse
when the sun is being blocked out
Heterozygous
when there are two different alleles for a trait (aA, Aa)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
when work is done, some energy is lost as heat
The sun's core
where fusion takes place
Eclipses, tides, and the phases of the Moon.
which THREE of the following phenomena are related to the relative positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth?
Mass is a measure of matter and Weight is the effect on gravity of that mass
which explanation best describes the difference between weight and mass?
rising sea level(Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is produced from the burning of fossil fuels. Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to increasing global temperatures, which in turn can lead to increasing amounts of meltwater from glaciers. Hence, increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to rising sea levels.0
which is the most likely consequence of the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere that result from the burning of fossil fuels
Mass of an object on the moon is the same as the mass of the object on earth
which of the following statements about weight and mass is true
allele
while the section of the DNA is called a gene, a specific pattern in a gene is called an allele ex. the gene would determine the hair color. The specific pattern of the hair color gene that cause the hair to be black is the allele (physical expression of the genes we see)
what are the roles of white and red blood cells
white blood cells are used to fight disease/ protectors of the body red blood cells transport hemoglobin, oxygen, food supply
Moon is closer to the earth than the sun
why the Moon has a greater effect than the Sun on the tides of Earth's oceans?
December Solstice
winter solstice (shortest day of the year) in NH & summer solstice (longest day of the year) in SH
how is pH measured
with a litmus test
cerebral cortex
wrinkly outer layer; made up of 4 different lobes and is responsible for a variety of types of behavior; spacial awareness, conscious thought and reasoning, language ability, ability to process vision
Charles law
Gases expand when they are heated aka law of volumes
Ionosphere
Gases that give off light and glow in the sjy
Ferrell Cells
between 30 degrees and 60 degrees - zone of mixing
Momentum
the product of the mass of an object and the object's velocity (speed)
white dwarf
A small, hot, dim star that is the leftover center of an old star
Transcription
Genetic code with DNA which helps make RNA; takes place in nucleus.
nutrition
the provision to cells and organisms of the materials necessary to support life
how are tides formed?
the pull of the moon and the sun on earth
Mineral
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.
Flowering Plants
2 Types - Monocots and Dicots Each has a Cotyledon (seed leaf) - transfer nutrients to the embryo.
Stems
2 Types - Nonwoody - soft; Woody - strong
Ribosomes
2 Types: 1) Free 2) Attached Translation - process used to make protein
ER
2 Types: 1) Rough - attached to membrane lining 2) Smooth - not attached
neutron star
A star that has collapsed under its own gravity
Composite Volcano
A stratovolcano, cone shaped, with steep sides an is made of layers of solid lava, ash and rock
Gamma Rays
short wavelengths, dangerous to human beings...cause damage at the cellular level
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Characteristics of living things
Cells - Grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce Adapt or perish Metabolic processes - Use/Make energy
Epidermal
Cells found in Dermal Tissue(covers outside of plants that do not have bark)
cellular respiration
Cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store energy in the form of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Three main parts: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Eras (current to past)
Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian
Quaternary
Cenozoic Era 1.6 million years ago to present ice age humans
Tertiary
Cenozoic Era 65-1.64 million years ago mammals/birds evolved to replace great reptiles forests --> grasslands climate cooled
Nucleus
Center of an atom, consists of protons and neutrons
Which part of the nervous system is most responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought and language ability?
Cerebral cortex
Proteins
Chains of linked amino acids that perform a variety of biological functions.
Plant names
Chlorophyta, bryophyta, lycophata, equisetopsida, pteridophytes, spermatopsida, gymnosperms, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, spenophyta, pterophyta, coniferophyta, gingkophyta, psilophyta, anthophyta(largest group) angiosperms, gnetophyta
Tulip
Chloroplast is found in what type of organism?
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Homologues
Chromosomes containing the same information. Product of mitosis
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Parts of the nucleus
Chromosomes, chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear membrane
Mollusca
Clams, mussels, oysters, snails and slugs, octopus squid and chitons
Troposphere
Closest to surface Weather occurs here Temp decreases with increasing altitude
Mesophere
Coldest layer Air temp decreases with increasing altitude
Physical properties of matter
Color, mass, shape and volume
Mixture
Combination of two or more substances in which the substances keep their own properties Raisin Bran
Types of animal behavior
Competitive Instinctive Territorial Mating
Core
Composed of Iron and Nickle; 7000 km thick
Pistil
Female reproductive system Innermost part of the flower Contains Ovary that produces Style which supports the Stigma (3 part sticky cap)
Moisture
Ferns need this to reproduce
Polymorph
2 minerals with the same chemical composition, but a different crystal structure
Compounds
2 or more elements chemically combined
Approximately how long ago do scientists estimate the super-continent Pangea began to break apart and form the current continental configuration?
200 million years ago
Approximately how long ago did the first anatomically modern humans appear on the Earth?
200,000 years ago
14. How many pairs of chromosomes are contained within a typical cell in the human body?
23
S-waves (Shear)
2nd Wave -Transverse waves that can only move thru solids
Meiosis II
2nd round of phases, producing daughter cells which are haploid
Interphase (longest phase)
3 phases: 1) Growth(G1), Synthesis (makes DNA) (S), 2nd Growth(G2)
Root Structure
3 sections: Apical Meristem - primary growth section, Elongation - where cells grow and differentiate, Maturation
incomplete metamorphosis
3 stages: (grasshoppers, dragonflies) 1.) egg 2.) nymph 3.) adult
Nucleotide
5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Cytokinesis
Final Stage - cell divides to form two daughter cells
kingdom
First and largest category used to classify organisms
McClintock
First genetic map; demonstrated basic genetic principles
Leeuwenhoek
First person to observe single celled organisms using homemade magnifying glasses.
What is the term for the process of releasing atomic energy by bombarding a dense element with neutrons and splitting its nucleus?
Fission
Angiosperms
Flowering plants that produce seeds for reproduction
Cumulus Clouds
Fluffy, white clouds, usually with flat bottoms, that look like rounded piles of cotton. often darker at the bottom and whiter toward the top.
Processes of forming mountains
Folding or faulting
metamorphic rock characteristics
Foliation: layering, occurs when rock is compressed along one axis during recrystallization (ex: schist and shale) Unfoliated: rocks are compressed equally from all sides or lack specific minerals (marble)
Producers, Primary Consumers (heb), Secondary (Car)Consumers, Tertiary Consumer (eat other car)
Food Chain Level (Trophic Levels)
Newton's 3rd Law
For every force there is an equal and opposite force
newton's 2nd law: the law of acceleration
Force = mass x acceleration the more massive something is the more acceleration it exerts
Cold air fronts
Form when cold air moves under and replaces a warm air mass causing a drop in temperature.
sedimentary rock characteristics
Formed by lithification Formed in layers May contain organic remains (fossils) 3 kinds: Detrital, biogenic, chemical
Igneous rock characteristics
Formed from magma Intrusive: solidifies at a depth, cools slowly, and has a coarse grain (ex: granite) Extrusive: solidifies at or near the surface, cools quickly, fine grain (ex: basalt) Hypabyssal: formed at medium depths
screw
An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Sedimentary Rock
Fossils are formed in what type of rock?
nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Framework that changes shape and moves
Lakes
Freshwater
Boyle's Law
Gases contract when pressure is applied to them
Global warming
Gradually increase of the earths overall tempature
Plants - specialized cells
Ground Tissue, Epidermal
phylum
Group of closely related classes
family
Group of genera that share many characteristics
order
Group of similar families
class
Group of similar orders
Interphase
Growth Synthesis Prep for cell division
common examples of compounds
H20 - water CO2 carbondioxide NaCL - sodium cloride
The time required for half the atoms of a particular substance to disintegrate is known as that substance's ___________.
Half life
Haploid
Half of a pair of chromosomes (sex cells)
Eukaryotic cells
Have a nucleus, more complex, have membrane bound organelles, DNA is in the chromosomes in the nucleus, divide by mitosis and are diploid.
Echinodermata
Have radial symmetry- Sea urchins, sand dollars, starfish, etc
thermal energy
Heat energy
A behavioral response from an organism is determined by which of the following factors?
Heredity and experience
Chemical properties
Qualities of a substance which can't be determined by simply looking at them
Vectors
Quantities with both magnitude and direction, include displacement, velocity acceleration, momentum and force
Cenozoic periods
Quaternary Tertiary
Translation
RNA becomes Protein; occurs within ribosomes
Specific gravity
Ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water SG > 1 --sinks SG < 1 --floats
Exothermic
Releases heat in a reaction
The filament in a light bulb is made of a material which provides more _______ than the copper wires through which electricity usually flows?
Resistance
Circulatory System
Responsible for the transport of blood and nutrients.
Location of active volcanoes
Ring of Fire = rim of the Pacific Ocean
Reverse fault
Rock above the fault plane move upward
Chemical
Rocks breakdown by chemical means, usually water and acids
Mechanical
Rocks breaking down by physical means
Nematoda
Roundworms, hookworms, parasites
6. During which phase of the water cycle is water most likely to act as an agent of transportation for sediments?
Runoff
Snowmelt
Runoff produced by melting snow
Which of the following events happens the most often during a calendar year?
The Earth completes a full rotation on its axis.
The concept of plate tectonics describes the large scale motions of which of the following?
The Earth's lithosphere
Tides
Spring Tide - moon and sun in a line with earth Neap Tide - moon, earth, sun create right angle
March Equinox
Spring in NH & Fall in SH
Sun is a star, Various stars have different temperatures, some stars exist longer than other stars
Stars are
2 types of friction
Static- not moving and kinetic-moving
Vacuoles
Stores food and pigments
Dominant
Stronger If the trait is present it will be expeessed
Watson and Crick
Structure of DNA; helped explain how DNA replicates
Paleontology
Study of the history of life on earth, study the rock record in form of fossils.
Element
Substance that can't be broken down into other substances Wheaties
NIckel (Iron and Colbat)
Substance that is most readily attractive to a magnet
Which of the following solutes would provide the best opportunity to create a solution in a glass of water?
Sugar
Carbohydrates
Sugars that act as a source of energy for all living things.
June Solstice
Summer solstice in NH & winter solstice in SH
Immune System
System that keeps you healthy
Respiratory System
System that lets you breath
Circulatory System
System that pumps blood
Matter
Takes up space and has mass
Thermosphere
Temp increases with increasing altitude Ionosphere Exosphere
Energy
The ability to cause changes in matter
Upwarped mountains
Black Hills of SD Broad arching of the crust
Dome mountains
Blister with magma underneath
Plates
Blocks of the crust and upper mantle
DNA
Blueprint of the cell; contains genetic information Contains TWO nucleotides that create double helix Holds template for making proteins
Seed
Consists of 3 parts: embryo, endosperm- (food for embryo) seed coat- (protection)
Stamen
Male reproductive structure Located inside petals Contains a filament topped by an anther
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen
The sun is the main sequence star and generates energy by
types of friction
static kinetic
Solar eclipse - Sun, Moon, Earth
-Occurs when a new moon passes b/w the earth and the sun: completely blocks view of sun (Umbra); partial eclipse only covers part of sun (Penumbra)
Electromagnetic spectrum
-Radio waves -Microwaves -Infrared radiation -Visible light -Ultraviolet -X-rays -Gamma rays
meteors
-bit of rock and other debris that does not follow an orbit around the sun. Meteroid when in outer space, meteor when it enters earth's atmosphere, meteorite when it hits earths surface (burn in mesosphere) -contain elemental metals such as iron, along with inorganic minerals such as quartz
examples of homeostasis
-blood glucose, if blood level increases the pancreas secretes an insulin to lower it -regulating temperature by shivering or sweating -snake depending primarily on external factors like sunlight to regulate its temperature
vessels
-carries blood from lungs into the heart and into body. carries the oxygen rich blood to all the muscles/tissues that need it. -contract and expand controlling the pressure and flow of blood
comets
-celestial object composed primarily of space dust and frozen gases
stationary front
-cold and warm air meet but neither one can move the other, at a standoff
occluded front
-combination of warm and cold front, leads to rain for a wide area.
Stratus clouds(layered)
-cover entire sky -lower region in troposphere -gray in color -Nimbostratus - continuous rain; Altostratus - no rain
warm front
-fast moving warm air mass overtakes slowly moving cold air mass. B/c cold air is denser than warm air, the warm air moves over the cold air
motion of the moon against starry vault
-goes completely once every month but not on same path as sun -is 5 degrees off the ecliptic so it goes through some constellations
Cirrus clouds (wispy)
-high altitude, feathery clouds, wispy appearance -Cirrostratus - thicker cirrus clouds, indication of rain or snow
small intestines
-location where majority of digestion occurs -bile and enzymes enter to help release nutrients so they can be circulated into the bloodstream
cellular respiration
-plants use sugar and oxygen to produce energy, water and carbon dioxide
cold front
-rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving warm air mass, the denser cold pushes under the warm air.
cerebral cortex
-responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. layer of the brain often referred to as gray matter -The cerebral cortex is divided into right and left hemispheres. It encompasses about two-thirds of the brain mass and lies over and around most of the structures of the brain
motion of sun
-rises in east and sets in west -also revolves around Polaris 1 degree a day so after 1 year it ends up where it started
Plate boundaries
-spreading apart -pressing together -sliding past each other
longshore current
-type of surface current; moves sediment parallel to beach
Globe Conveyor Belt
-underwater current that circles the glove with a force of 16 times as strong as all the world's rivers combines. It is driven by density differences in the water. -beneficial to world's food chain.
how the body warms itself
-vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of heat to skin -shivering to increase heat production in muscles
thermohaline circulation
-water movements (currents) driven by densities in the water that is dependant upon its temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) -colder and saltier equals denser such as at the poles. The cold, salty water sinks and new water rushed in on top creating currents. That water gets cold and sinks, continuing the cycle. -this process drives a current of water around the globe, beginning at the North Pole
Cumulus clouds (fair weather)
-white, puffy clouds that look like cotton -lower region in troposphere -Cumulonimbus - thunder, lightning and severe rain
the scientific process
1. state the problem 2. form a hypothesis 3. observe and experiment 4. interpret the data 5. draw conclusions
3 forms of lithification
1.) compaction- intense weight 2.) cementation- fluids carry dissolved minerals and deposit them within the available pore space of sediments, binding them into rock. 3.)crystallization- minerals will recrystallize as a response to a change in their chemical environment, such as a rise in the pH.
3 types of tectonic boundaries
1.) convergent boundaries 2.) divergent boundaries 3.) transform boundaries (slide past)
4 basic tissues
1.) epithelial- things that cover 2.) connective- bone, cartlidge, blood 3.)nervous-neurons, photoreceptor 4.) muscle-skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles (capable of movement called contraction)
parts of circulatory system
1.) heart 2.) vessels 3.) veins
Fahrenheit Scale
1.8C + 32
Fungi kingdom
100,000 species- mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, mildews, stinkhorns, puffballs, and truffles
Scientific Law
A conclusion about the natural world based on the results of repeated observations
which region has the most extreme tides?
A - check picture on desktop
neutral
A PH of 7 is ?
The speed of the ball is increasing
A ball is thrown straight up about fifty meters into the air. As the ball is traveling toward Earth and returning to the person who threw it, which of the following is most likely to be true?
Electrons
A battery in a circuit causes a lightbulb to glow by providing energy to which of the following in the wires of the circuit?
Cell Membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Sublimation
A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
genus
A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
Motor
A device that converts electrical energy directly into mechanical energy is best described as which of the following
Battery
A device that converts stored chemical energy into moving energy of electrons running through a wire is called a
wedge
A device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end and splits things apart
chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
Which of the following best explains the primary difference between the liquid and gaseous states of matter?
A gas can be compressed, while a liquid cannot.
Phototropism
A growth response to light
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
large of body waters
A maritime air mass is an air mass that forms over
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
Weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
Mole
A measurement of molecular weight that is equal to the molecules amu in grams. 6.023 * 10^23 (Avogadro constant)
Which two organisms are likely to have the most similar life cycles?
A mouse and a whale
Substitution mutation
A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide
Empirical
A phenomenon must be assessed through tests and observations
Natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust. Includes tectonic plates.
Cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Rock Cycle
A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
lever
A simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that pivots about a fixed point.
pulley concept
A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages Switches out the thymine for uracil
to convert sunlight into energy
basic function of leaves
acceleration
change in velocity divided by elapsed time
Components of nutrition
Carbs Proteins Fats Vitamins/Minerals Water
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria and algae No nucleus Small and simple
Animal kingdoms
Bacteria/Minera Animals/Animalia Plants/Plantae Fungi Protists/Protista
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria; has NO true nucleus or membrane bound organelles, DNA is in the cytoplasm in the nucleoid, divide by binary fission, are haploid
Atoms
Basic unit of matter, central nucleus surrounded by electrons
Replication
Before a dividing cell can begin mitosis, the DNA of the cell must undergo
Two main hypotheses about the origins of the universe
Big Bang theory Steady state theory
Ecological problems caused by humans
Biological magnification Simplification of food web - 3 major crops Fuel sources Pollution Global warming Endangered species Overpopulation
Oblique-slip fault
Both vertical and horizontal movement
Rifting
Boundaries form between spreading plates where the crust is forced apart in mid-ocean ridges. On land it creates ocean basins
Which structure is responsible for regulating basic functions such as respiration and heartbeat?
Brainstem
Earthquakes
Caused by tectonic plates crashing into or scraping against each other
Elements
Cannot be broken down into any other simpler substance
chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell, site of photosynthesis
are digested more easily and absorbed more quickly
Carbohydrates are much better foods for quick energy than fats because they
Binary Covalent compounnds
CO2 NzO4- two elements named according to the number of atoms
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Found in multicellular organisms.
Flowers
Contain reproductive structures Arranged in four concentric rings
nucleus
Control center of the cell
Mountains are most likely to form along which type of plate boundary?
Convergent
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Divergence
Creates new oceanic crust when hot mantle rises and separates
Mesozoic periods
Cretaceous Jurassic/Triassic
Folded mountains
Crust movements press horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks together from the sides, making wavelike folds Alps, Himalayas
LAYERS OF THE EARTH - 3 Composition Zones - CMC
Crust, Mantle, Core
Arthropoda
Crustaceans, insects, centipedes, horseshoe crab, arachnids,
Volume
Cubic space that an object occupies
Evolution scientist contributors
Cuvier, Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin, Wallace
Tide
Cyclic rise and fall of large bodies of water by the gravity of the moon pulling tidal bulges towards it
shells or valances
Energy levels where the electrons are found
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA store genetic code, which are needed for the organism to function.
D(p)=m/v
Density is equal to
Chemical properties of matter
Describe the ability of a substance to be changed into new substances
Isostacy
Describes buoyancy of crust types
Luster
Describes how light reflects off the surface of a mineral. Terms to describe luster: dull, metallic, pearly, and waxy.
According to fossil evidence, which of the following types of organisms came into existence first?
Dinosaurs
average velocity
Distance measured/time required
Plate tectonic movements
Divergent- pulling away from each other, magma comes from the earth Convergent- one plate goes under another and mountains can form Transform- horizontal, can produce earthquakes Volcanoes can occur on any plate boundary
Mitosis
Division of body cells that results in 2 cells exactly alike
Meiosis
Division of sex cells that results in 4 cells
Mendels Laws
Dominance Segregation Independent assortment
Infiltration
Downward movement of water through soil.
Types of mutations
Duplication Inversion Deletion Insertion/translocation Breakage
Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class , order, family, genius and species
Hierarchical order of Biological classification
Strike-slip fault
Horizontal movement along the fault
One Calendar Year
Earth's orbit around the sun
Spring tides
Earth, sun and moon are in line at full and new moon, larger tides because the sun and moon are exerting gravitational pul
outer core
Earths magnetic field originates in this thick viscous part called the
9. Which of the following is most responsible for the four seasons we experience on Earth?
Earths tilt on its axis
Annelida
Earthworms, clamworms, leeches
homozygous
Either AA or aa, where both are either dominant or recessive
radio waves
Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies
metals
Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current.
According to Kepler's First Law of Planetary motion the orbit of every planet is what?
Elliptical
Bioenergetics
Energy flowing through living systems 1)Endergonic - energy released 2)Exergonic - energy created
Geologic Time Scale - EEPE
Eon - Precambrian, Phanerozoic Era- Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Period - Quaternary.... Epoch - Holocene
Similarities of plant and animal cells
Eukaryotic Have nucleus Reproduction Cell membrane Cytoplasm Microtubules Vacuoules
Characteristics of animals
Eukaryotic Ingestion/digestion 2 sexes
Characteristics of fungi
Eukaryotic Nutrients from other organisms Reproduce asexually/sexually
Characteristics of plants
Eukaryotic Nutrients from soil Energy from sun Reproduce by producing seeds, spores, tubers, bulbs, buds, crafts
Characteristics of protists
Eukaryotic Single-celled Nutrients by ingesting small molecules and cells Reproduce asexually
Mitosis
Eukaryotic cell splits into two separate, but completely identical cells- 5 phases
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Mendel
Experiments with pea plants to observe the occurrence of inherited traits, two laws
Scientific theory
Explanation of a set of related observations based on a proven hypothesis
Lipids
Fats and the way organisms store energy and help with cell function.
Law of independent assortment
Many combinations of alleles are possible
Types of biomes
Marine Savanna Desert Tropical rainforest Temperate Taiga Tundra Polar
Which of the following factors least affects a compound's tendency to change state?
Mass
Density
Mass of a substance contained per 1 unit of volume Measured in g/cm3
Weight
Measure of the Earth's pull of gravity on an object
Magnitude
Measure of the energy released during an earthquake
Weathering
Mechanical and Chemical
Organelles
Membrane-bound areas for specific cell functions
inner planets
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Planets in our solar system
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune listed in order from closest to the sun to furthest from the sun My Very Enthusiastic Mother Just Served Us Noodles
Cretaceous
Mesozoic Era 135-65 million years ago reptiles/dinos were prominent continents separate and flooded
Jurassic
Mesozoic Era 350-135 million years ago reptiles evolving Pangea starting to break Deserts --> forests and swamps
Heterotrophic
Method of getting energy by eating food that has energy releasing substances
Linnaeus
Method to classify plants and animals; helpful for studying large amounts of data
Speed
Miles per hour, has magnitude - 30mph
Sepals
Modified leaves that protect the bud from damage
What is the key element needed for a fern to reproduce?
Moisture
Five kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Meiosis
More complex, results in 4 cells rather than 2, stages happen twice, encouraged genetic diversity
Equator
Most hurricans formed in what part of the planet
empty space
Most of the volume of an atom is
Dip-slip fault
Movement of plates is vertical and opposite
Advection
Movement of water through the atmosphere
Mountain formation
Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries, which erupt and form (directly related to plate tectonics)
Non fertilized eggs
Mutant genes can cause a disruption with the DNA of an organism that usually results in
Evolution factors that increase variability
Mutations Sexual reproduction Immigration Large population
3 processes used by plants
Photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration
Plastids
Photosynthetic cells Types: chloroplast, chromoplast, amyloplast
Mercury
Planet that is closest to the sun
Differences of plant and animal cells
Plant cell: cell wall, chloroplasts, regular shape, cell plates, larger Animal cell: no cell wall, mitochondria, many shapes, small, pinch in half
Cell wall
Plant cells only
Photosynthesis
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars two processes: light reaction and dark or light-independent.
Lithosphere
Plates of Earth's crust and upper mantle that are broken into the nine large plates
Protons
Positively charged particles, the number of protons determines the atomic number of an elenent
Archaen
Precambrian Era beginning of earth - 570 million years ago no life
Proterozoic
Precambrian Era beginning of earth - 570 million years ago some life
Canopy Interception
Precipitation lands on plant foliage instead of falling to the ground and evaporating
Surface currents
Predictable movement of ocean's surface water in response to wind. 3 factors: global winds, Coriolis effect, location of landmasses
Producers
Primarly Graze on grass as food source in food chain
P- Waves
Primary Wave - Longitudinal- travel fast thru solids and slow thru liquid; refracted
Leaves
Primary site for photosynthesis Palisade layer - packed with chloroplasts that perform most of the photosynthesis for the plant
Mitosis
Process by which the nucleus divides into two indentical nuclei in preparation for cytokinesis; creates sex cells in preparation for sexual reproduction. 4 phases: 1) Prophase (longest) -Chromosomes become visible, 2) Metaphase (shortest)- spindle fibers orient, 3) Anaphase- equal separation and distribution of chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell, 4) Telophase (opposite of prophase)- cells complete migration to opposite sides of the cell and uncoil; opposite of prophase.
Gametogenesis
Production of the sperm and egg cells
Monera Kingdom
Prokaryotes- bacteria and Cyanobacteria, unicellular organisms or colonies
Types of cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Characteristics of bacteria
Prokaryotic Single-celled Absorb nutrients/photosynthesis Asexual reproduction
Ozone Layer
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation. Located in the stratosphere.
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis, RNA
Precambrian periods
Proterozoic Archaen
Eukaryotic Cells
Protists, fungi, plants, animals Complex, large, have cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and multiple organelles
34. Which of the following classifications would a typical star reach first during its life?
Protostar
Meiosis cycle
Same cycle just twice to create half pairs
Isotopes
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Transform fault
San Andreas Large strike-slip along the boundaries of the fault
A cloud of gas and dust that was from an explosion of a star
Scientist believe the solar system was formed by
3 types of rocks
Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
Gamete
Sex cell - sperm or cells
Plant Reproduction
Sexually and Asexually (by mitosis)
Make an observation Form a Question Make an hypothesis Conduct the experiment Analyze the results
Six steps in the scientific method
Human body systems
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Digestive Respiratory Circulatory
Organ systems
Skeletal: bones/joints Muscular: muscles Nervous: brain, spinal cord and nerves Digestive: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines teeth tongue gallbladder pancreas appendix and anus Respiratory: nose pharynx trachea bronchi lungs Circulatory: heart blood and blood vessels Skin (integumentary)- skin hair nails sense receptors sweat glands oil glands Excretory: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethera Immune: lymphatic system, nodes, thymus, spleen Endocrine: pituitary gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes Reproductive: male and female parts
Kuiper belt
Small bodies orbiting the sun beyond Neptune in a ring/belt Remnants of the earliest phases of the solar system Short-period comets
Microbes
Small organisms that are only visible through a microscope
Molecule
Smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and still have all the properties of that substance One crispix
Atom
Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element Crumb of Wheaties
Inner Core
Solid, dense, very hot mixture of iron and nickel
Phases of matter
Solid, liquid, gas Identified by shape or volume
Mineral (Gold, Silver, Cooper, Diamond)
Solid, naturally formed, chemically composition and crystalline structure?
Golgi complex/apparatus
Sorts, modifies and packages molecules made in the cell
Have a high pitch. Human receive pitch based on the frequency of sound waves detected by the ear
Sound waves with a high frequency?
low pitch
Sound waves with low frequency
Winter solstice
Southern Hemisphere is leaning towards the sun
Enzymes
Special type of protein that can cause or speed up a specific chemical reaction. Important in digestion and help body break down and extract energy from different kinds of foods.
4 principles to define natural selection
Species vary from generation to generation Some variations are determined by the genetic makeup of the species More individuals are produced than will survive Some genes allow for better survival of an animal
the collision of high energy particles with gasses in the atompsphere
The northern lights, also known as the aurora borealis. These particles, emitted by the sun, start to glow and manifest as an array of colors in the sky.
atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Exosphere
The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space. Extends to about 6,200 miles above the Earth's surface.
Which of the following best explains why a white piece of paper appears "white" to the human eye?
The piece of paper is reflecting all visible wavelengths.
Stratosphere
The second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Contains the ozone layer
Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
Weather
The state of the Earth's atmosphere at a given time and place is known as
Thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations (work and heat) that occur in a collection of matter.
Mineralogy
The study of minerals
Gradualism
The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
What causes seasons?
The tilt of the Earth's axis
thermosphere
The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases
physical property
any property that is measurable whose value describes a state of a physical system. (Color, elasticity, mass)
calorie
amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
luminosity
amount of energy radiated by star per second
heat capacity
amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of the object by one degree
Porosity
amount of open space (holes) in rock and is a measure of the rock's ability to hold water.
half-life
amount of time for half of the atoms of a radioactive sample to decay. Helps determine when radioactive material is safe to handle
isotope
an atom with a different number of neutrons than its normal amount
sickle cell
an inherited disorder associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin.
Geiger Counter
an instrument that detects radiation and measures it intensity.
boyle's law
an inverse relationship between pressure and volume as pressure goes up volume goes down as pressure goes down volume goes up
Law of inertia
an object at rest will stay at rest, an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by external force
newtons first law: the law of inertia
an object in motion (or at rest) stays in motion along a straight path (or at rest) unless acted upon by a net external force
brown dwarf
an object not quite massive enough to be a star
Conductor of electricity
an object or type of material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more directions ex: metal, carbon, water, silver (most conducive of all), copper, aluminum, gold, brass
speed
an object's rate of motion
how does an organism responds to stimuli
an organism typically responds to stimuli in its environment based on both its genetics and its experiences
system
an organized group of related objects or components that form a whole
Fermentation
anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs when there is no oxygen present, usually performed by Prokaryotes
carnivoure (Secondary Consumers)
animal that feed on flesh
Predation
animals eat other animals; animals they eat are called the prey
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
electrons
are in motion around the nucleus and have a negligible mass- negatively charged
Seas
are large bodies of salt water; smaller than oceans.
Alto- Clouds (altocumulas, altostratus)
are located in the middle of the sky and usually produce precipitation that does not reach the ground.
Molecule
are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. smallest particle in a chemical element
chromatin
are the substances that make up the chromosome. In other works, the strands of DNA are considered as chromatins, and when they combine, they form chromosomes.
electricity and magnetism
are two components of a type of energy called electromagnetism each can be used to create the other
spiral galaxy
arms that rotate around a dense center ex: The Milky Way
what do arteries do
arteries take blood out to the body
how can reproduction occur in plants
asexually and sexually
Comets
balls of ice, rock, and dust in space that go around the sun with a tail which is ice breaking away behind it
months
based on moons revolution around earth
how are foods organized into food groups
based on the nutritional properties
an atom with an imbalanced charge
called an ion can be positive or negative
basic properties of a gas
can be compressed does take shape of its container
Physical properties of matter
can be observed or measured without changed the composition of the substance (can be undone) ex: odor, speed of evaporation, color, melting/freezing, mass, taste
Hallucinogens
can cause a change in your perception or reality, can cause hallucinations examples: LSD, marijuana, mescaline
UV Waves
can cause sunburn and skin cancer from radiation - positive--> creation of vitamin D in human skin
key advantage of reproducing asexually
can choose when to reproduce
cold blooded organisms
can only regulate their body temperatures using the external environment example: lizard or reptile
basic properties of a solid
cannot be compressed does not take shape of container
basic properties of a liquid
cannot be compressed does take shape of the container
heterotrophic
cannot produce own food. must eat and digest food to make glucose for cellular respiration (animals/humans)
six major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins and water
High Pressure
caused by Cold Air
Low Pressure
caused by Hot air
erosion in streams
caused by abrasion or dissolving/absorbing minerals of bedrock
Deep water currents
caused by the density difference in water, caused by temperature differences
aurora borealis
caused by the interaction of charged particles from the solar winds interacting with the upper atmosphere of a planet. The solar wind distorts the earth's magnetic field
tides
causes by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on earth
osmosis
causes salt to move across a permeable membrane from an area of greater salinity to an area of lesser salinity
Coriolis Effect
causes surface currents to move clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Anaphase
centromeres split in half and homologous chromosomes separate; the chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell, with identical sets at either end
physical change
change between solid, liquid or gas. Percipatation turning from rain to sleet
physical change
change from one state to another without a change in chemical composition
chemical reactions
change in chemical arrangement of atoms (reactions combine, recombine, or dissociate to form products) ex. removing a stain, digesting food, burning wood
Metamorphosis
change in form ex: butterflies, bees, flies, insects
Displacement
change in location - original position means change from one location to another
Ways of heat transfer
conduction convection radiation
1st law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy, the amount of energy in the universe is constant change in heat energy = change in internal energy + change in the work done by the system
Prokaryotic cell
consist only of bacteria and blue-green algae
endothermic chemical reactions
consume energy
Plant cells
contain a mitochondria
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes that break down food, substances not needed, viruses, damaged cell components and the cell itself
causes of physical weathering
freezing water (frost weathering) expansion of rock exfoliation plants & animals
Metamorphic rocks
formed by high temp. and pressure
Igneous Rocks
formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate.
ingeous rock
formed from magma brought to the earth's surface as a result of tectonic process.
Metamorphic rocks
formed under surface of the earth from the change that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). -changes chemically/structurally 2 Classifications - Foliated (minerals are flatted or aligned into sheets) and Non-foliated ex. marble, slate, quartzite, schist
Igneous rocks
formed when magma or lava cools and crystallizes (hardens). Can be changed into Metamorphic or Sedimentary rock 2 Classifications - Intrusive (Plutonic) and Extrusive (Volcanic) ex. basalt, obsidian, and granite
Transform plate boundary
formed when plates move in opposite directions along a boundary
Sedimentary rock
formed when rock fragments are compacted as a result of weathering and erosion.
carbon...
forms the key building block of life at an atomic level
fossil cast
fossil mold that's filled with hardened sediment that recreates the organism's shape
supporting evidence of darwin's theory of evolution
fossil records, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequence
the main way to look at human history on earth
fossils
Eukaryotic cell
found in protists, fungi, plants and animals
protons and neutrons
found in the nucleus of a cell
less dense than the four planets that is closests to the sun
four planets farthest from the Sun compared with the four planets closest to the Sun?
where is the genetic code of an organism stored?
in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Plastids
in photosynthetic organisms only 3 types: 1) chloroplasts (green, work in photosynthesis) 2) chromoplasts (store yellow and orange pigments; provide color to leaves, fruit, flowers) 3) amyloplasts (store starch)
Cell wall
in plant cells only; thick enough for support & protection but porous enough to allow water to enter
where are the blood cels produced
in the bone marrow
six simple machines important to know
incline plane wheel and axle lever pulley wedge screw
plant cells
include many of the same organalles as animal cells as well as a number of additional organelles including the vacuole, chloroplast, and cell wall
infectious pathogens
include some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and multicellular parasites
Distance
length of path it takes (speed X time)
Mantle
lies below the crust
sources of light
light can come from a variety of sources including the sun, light bulbs and excited atoms
Concave mirror
light is reflected such that angle of incidence equals angle of reflection and they all meet at point called focus or focal point; image is REAL, UPSIDE DOWN, and SMALLER
Convex lens
light refraction in lens where rays meet at focal point on other side of lens; image is REAL, INVERTED and SMALLER; used for farsightedness so focal point focuses closer (on) to retina
isobar weather map
line of constant or equal pressure. Used to find areas of high or low pressure over broad area like the US
Isobar
line on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time or on average over a given period.
isotherm weather map
lines of constant or equal temperature. gives large scale view of temperature across the U.S.
heat of vaporization
liquid <--> gas
heat of fusion
liquid <--> solid
Outer Core
liquid iron and nickel
adaptation
living things can adapt to their environment and there are variations in every living thing
reproduction
living things have a way of reproducing whether it is sexually or asexually
cerebellum
located at base of the brain responsible for the timing of motor movements
Tundra
located north and south of the taiga; incredibly cold
Meristematic (root cap)
location of growth, where most of the cell division or mitosis occurs.
Climate
long-term average of weather for a given region.
Chromatin
loose chromosomes when the cell is not dividing
outer core
made of nickel and iron and it is liquid molten metal
mantle
made of rock that is a maluable solid Thickest layer
inner core
made of solid metal mainly nickel and iron
Chromosomes
made up of only DNA and Protien. its in the nucleaus of each cell
laccolith
magma moves through a dike and pools to creates a surface dome
volcanic neck
magma solidified in the pipe of an inactive volcano that's resistant to erosion
you are given section of periodic table (See picture drawn) which of these has a similar atomic number or mass to NA/sodium?
magnesium/MA because of its atomic number
magnetic force
magnetized items interact with other items in specific ways
velocity
magnitude & direction -30mph North displacement divided by elapsed time
Metalloids
nonmetallic elements with properties in between those of metals and nonmetals. (found in middle of periodic table)
Fission
nuclear reaction of a large isotope breaking apart into two or more smaller elements (releases a lot of energy- atomic bombs, etc.)
parts of a comet
nucleus coma tail - always points away from the Sun
atomic number
number of protons
atomic mass
number of protons + neutrons
atomic number
number of protons in its nucleus
Motion
objects is in motion when it is continuously changing its position relative to a reference point
electrostatic replusion
objects with the same charge and close together has
Eclipses
occur when the shadow of the earth or the moon is cast onto the other body
Subdivisions of rocks
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic
the circulatory system process
see drawn picture
photo of blood cells identified
see picture on desktop bottom is red blood cell middle is platelet white blood cell is top
Homeostasis
self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survive (Sweat Glands, Lungs, and Kidneys)
Glass Prism
separates white visible light into the visible array or spectrum of all the colors of the rainbow.
Meiosis
separation of sex cells that have 23 chromosomes; they need each other to combine to make complete 46; splits twice; same phases as mitosis but twice
Proteins
serve many functions within organism
Respiratory System
set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Gamete
sex cell or germ cell; eggs and sperm
gymnosperms
sexual reproducers; cone bearing plants (pine trees example) has a seed that is being fertilized and grows into the adult version
Covalent compounds
share one or more electron pairs between atoms- usually nonmetals
How to figure out when erosion occured
the erosion underneath a sedimentary layer most likely occured first
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
what gives the earth a magnetic field?
the flow of molten metal as the earth spins is what gives the earth a magnetic field
the milky way
the galaxy we exist in shaped like a spiral disk with several long arms
Prophase
the genetic material (the chromosomes of the cell) duplicate
specific heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree)
Monera Kingdom
the kingdom that includes bacteria, unicellular organisms with no nucleus. Reproduce asexually through cell division
Troposhpere
the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth's surface
Mantle
the layer of the earth between the crust and the core
mitochondria
the powerhouse of the cell; metabolizes things into a usable form of energy
Fossils
the principal type of evidence of prehistoric life
Photosynthesis
the process by which green leaves prepare food (glucose and oxygen) using carbon dioxide, water, and minerals in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation
transpiration
the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
natural selection
the process in which individual with favorable traits survive and reproduce
how are diploid cells created
the process of mitosis and diploid cells are typically capable of beginning the process again
Transpiration
the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers
magnitude
the ranking of how bright a star appears to humans
Acceleration
the rate at which velocity changes over time
Specific gravity
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water
Why certain areas experience more earthquake damage then other areas?
the reason has to do with how solid the ground is underneath buildings. hard ground allows waves to move through it more easily but a softer substance slows down those waves and causes an increased amplitude. soft ground causes more earth quakes then hard ground
what is the probability that two parents who have brown eyes but carry a recessive gene for blue eyes, probability they will have a blue eyed child?
use a punnett square and see picture 1/4 chance
absolute dating
use of radioactivity to make accurate determinations of Earth's age
graduated cylinder
used for an accurate measurement
Radio Waves
used to broadcast audio, radar, and satellite communications (microwaves)
beaker
used to contain fluids but won't give you an accurate measurement
Punnet squares
used to show the possible ways that genes combine and indicate probability of the occurrence of a certain genotype or phenotype
systems of organization provide
useful ways of thinking about the world
carbon dating
using the half-life principle to determine how old a material is
Corona
usually colored circle often seen around and close to a luminous body (such as the sun or moon) caused by diffraction produced by suspended droplets or occasionally particles of dustb
Hurricanes
usually originate over warm ocean water. Have destructive wind speeds of 74 miles per hour or more and create large storm surges, when sea water rises above normal tide. Originate in Atlantic or Eastern Pacific Ocean.