Praxis 5038

Sonnet 18

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" This has a couplet with ABAB CDCE EFEF GG rhyme scheme by William Shakespeare

Hasty Generalizations

(LF) - A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts. Size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion Ex. Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this will be a boring class.

Bandwagon

(LF) - A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Half-Truths

(LF) - A statement usually intended to deceive that omits some of the facts necessary for an accurate description.

Appeal to Emotion

(LF) - Occurs when emotions or emotionally-charged language is used in an attempt to persuade the reader Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.

Argument from Adverse Consequences

(LF) - asserting that an argument must be false/true because the implication of it being true/false would create negative results. ex. we should judge the accused as guilty, otherwise others will commit similar crimes.

Sandra Cisneros

(born in America but of Mexican decent) - For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, she has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities, to the extent that The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel The House on Mango Street

Caricature

(n.) a representation (especially in drawing) in which the subject's characteristic features are deliberately exaggerated; (v.) to present someone or something in a deliberately distorted way Device used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect

Emily Dickinson

19th century female poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meterwrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;"

Sonnet

: a lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines.

Alice Walker

A Female African American author and poet. She wrote The Color Purple; self-declared feminist and womanist; For Color Purple recieved the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Mildred Taylor

A Female African American author, known for her works exploring the struggle faced by African-American families in the Deep South. Her most famous book is Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. In 1977, the book won the Newbery Medal.

Literary Ballad

A ballad not meant for singing, written by a sophisticated poet for educated readers, rather than arising from the anonymous oral tradition.

Nominal Clause

A clause that fills a noun phrase slot a clause which functions as a noun, e.g. What she said is awful

Closet Drama

A dialogue-based form of literature that reads as a play but is not intended to be performed.

Anticlimax

A drop from a dignified or important idea...usually ridiculous or humorous.

Epic

A long narrative poem composed in an elevated style recounting the trials and adventures of a hero and his fateful exchanges with the gods or God.

RENNS

A memory device to check for specific, concret details: Reason, Examples, Names, Numbers, Senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch)

Stream of Consciousness

A method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters "Interior Monologue" where the individual thought process of a character associated to his or her actions is portrayed in the form of a monologue that addresses the character itself.

Iambic Pentameter

A metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line. (an iamb, or iambic foot, consists of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.) Ex. When do / I count / the clock / that tells / the time. Ex. Shall I / compare thee / to a / summer's day?

Caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. A grammatical pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. Usually dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics In poetry scansion, a caesura is usually dictated by the symbol //.

Epistolary Novel

A novel in letter form written by one or more of the characters. The novelist can use this technique to present varying first-person points of view and does not need a narrator. Use of documents/letters to advance plots.

Lord of the Flies

A novel written by William Golding about a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty

Pastoral

A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds. A poem about nature or simple, country life. If the poem you're reading features babbling brooks, gently swaying trees, hidden valleys, rustic haystacks, and sweetly singing maidens, you're probably dealing with a pastoral. The oldest English pastoral poems were written about the English countryside, but there are plenty of pastorals about the American landscape, too.

Memoir

A record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation An autobiographical account of one's personal life and experiences.

Motif

A recurring element that appears frequently in works of literature.

Rhyme Scheme

A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem

Inversion

A reversal of the usual order of words to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter. Also known as anastrophe

Antithesis

A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses.

Directive

A sentence that requests someone to do something

Novella

A short narrative, generally between 50 and 100 pages long

Epigram

A short, pithy saying, usally in verse, often with a quick, satirical twist at the end. Subject is usually a single thought or event. Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker.

Creole

A stable, natural language developed, with grammatical rules, from the mixing of parent languages

Quatrain

A stanza of 4 lines.

Strophe

A stanza sung aloud, alternating with the antistrophe.

Aphorism

A statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. term is often applied to philosophical, oral, and literary principles. Concise statement stating a truth or observation. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and cliches are forms of aphoristic statements.

Drama

A story written to be performed by actors in front of an audience. Script includes stage directons that explain how characters should look, speak, move, and behave Plays often divided into acts, which might be divided into scenes, indicating a change in location or the passage of time.

Cause and Effect

A type of writing organization. Usually happen in time order. Action => Result

Sprung rhythm

Accentual rhythm - the accent falls on the first syllable of every foot.

Overstatement

Also called hyperbole; a type of verbal irony in which the speaker exaggerates, says more than what he or she means.

Lord Byron

British poet and leading figure in Romanticism. He wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;"

KWL Chart

Can be used to document what ss know, what they want to know, and what they learned. And effective way of collecting data and activating ss prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives

Literary Elements

Characterization, Setting, Tone, Plot Structure, Mood.

Webbing

Commonly used as a tool to help begin the writing process or a research assignment Brainstorming method that provides structure for ideas and facts. Brainstorming webs provide ss with a flexible framework for idea development, organizing and prioritizing info

Satire

Criticism or an attack on something that the author doesn't agree with / sees as stupid.

Onomatopoeia

Defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. Creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting

Types of clauses

Dependent, independent, subordinate, adjective, restrictive/non-restrictive, elliptical, coordinate, nominal

Magical Realsim

Describing events realistically but within a magical haze of local customs and beliefs. A literary genre or style associated especially with Latin America that incorporates fantastic or mythical elements into otherwise realistic fiction Presents the impossible and takes us to an unreal world that could only exist in our minds; a new way of looking at things, but within the realm of possible

Scansion

Describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the variables Process of analyzing the number and type of feet in a line

Grammar Types (3)

Descriptive - naming parts of speech Comparative - comparing different languages functional - the behavior of language when it is properly functioning

Spenserian Stanza

Developed by Edmund Spenser Fixed verse form Each stanza contains nine lines total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single line in iambic hexameter Rhyme scheme ABABBCBCC

Narrative Hook

Draws the reader's attention so that they will keep reading.

Effect v Affect

Effect = a result of something or the ability to bring about a result Affect = to produce a change in something

Scholarly Writing

Essays, research papers, biographies - these types of writing are most prevalent in middle or secondary level classrooms.

Hyperbole

Exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. Unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation

Ester Forbes

Female American novelist, historian and children's writer who received the Pulitzer Prize and the Newbery Medal for writting Johnny Tremain

Zeugma

Figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas. Produces a unique artistic effect making the literary works more interesting and effective as it serves to adorn expressions and to add emphasis to ideas in impressive style.

Oxymoron

Figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect, e.g., jumbo shrimp A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase

Conceit

Figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors. Develops a comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is still, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between two things whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious of and for this reason, conceits are often surprising. An extended metaphor associated with poetry that pushes the reader to imagine something indescribable

Metonymy

Figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated Figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it

Octave

First eight lines of a Shakespearean sonnet are called the octave. Shakespeare often introduces an idea in the first eight lines of a poem and then changes direction or presents the idea from a different perspectivein the concluding six lines

James Fenimore Cooper

First novel 1820 - famous series - Leatherstocking Tales (5) incl. The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), The Deerslayer (1841). First book was Precaution, which attempted to Satirize Jane Austen's novels.

Chiasmus

FoS - A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.") Repetition in which certain words, sounds, concepts, or syntactical meanings are reversed or repeated in reverse order. May heighten paradox.

Litotes

FoS - An understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite

Dramatic Irony

FoS - Discrepancy between a character's perception and what the reader/audience knows to be true. Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.

Situational Irony

FoS - Discrepancy between what the reader expects to happen and what actually happens. An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected

Socratic Irony (expand)

FoS - Feigned ignorance of the other's situation. Socrates pretended ignorance of a subject in order to draw knowledge out of his students by a questions and answer device.

Euphemism

FoS - Inoffensive ways of saying something offensive.

Cosmic Irony

FoS - The Irony of Fate Misfortune is the result of Fate, chance, or deity when a writer uses God, destiny, or fate to dash the hopes and expectations of a character or humankind in general

Understatement

FoS - Writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important than it is.

Verbal Irony

FoS - discrepancy between what is said and what is meant

Sprung Rhythm

Form of accentual meter Accentual meter: Strong stress meter = number of stressed syllables in a line is fixed, but no

Limerick

Has five lines. Rhyme scheme is aabba

Subject Writing

How to writer interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about

Holistic Scoring

Impressionistic; method based on theory that a whole piece of writing is greater than the sum of its parts; essays are read for a total impression they create, rather than individual aspects; grammar, spelling, and organization should not be considered as separate entities

nymphs

In greek mythology, always take the form of maidens

Future Perfect Tense

Indicates completed action in the future (Will have taken)

Telegraphic Stage

Lang development - Period in which the child may omit some syllables in words, substitute sounds, and use only a pivot word with other words, much like a telegram.

Denotation

Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings

Noun genders

Masculine, Feminine, Common - if it refers to a member of species which can be male or female, Neuter - if it refers to a member of a species, or a lifeless object, which is neither male nor female

Epiphany

Moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness, or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story. Sudden eye opener regarding the nature of a person or situation

Infinitive Verbs

Most basic form of a verb and is usually preceded by the preposition "to". A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the "verb" (to boldly go)

Concrete nouns

Names a thing that is tangible. Concrete nouns can be either proper or common

Clustering Organizational Tool

Nonlinear - starts with a single word idea which ss build upon. As they enlarge their word bank, patterns might become apparent which will help with organizing paragraphs. This is a good small group or class activity also

Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses

Nonrestrictive clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence; it can be removed from the sentence w/out changing its basic meaning. Often set apart from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a pair of commas

Reciprocal Teaching

Occurs when dialogue takes place between the ss and the teacher, and participants take turns assuming the role of the teacher

Science Fiction

Often tell about science and technology. Normally set in the future, in space, on a different world, in a different universe, or dimension

Prose

One of the major divisions of genre, ___ refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech.

Types of Writing activities

Personal, workplace, subject, creative, persuasive/argumentative, scholarly

Kennings

Phrases that are an elaborative and indirect way of naming persons, places things (nouns). Ex "the pathless deep"= the sea; "soul's prison house"= the body; "wave-skimmer"=ship Kennings were figurative descriptions of people, things, and concepts that were commonly used in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse narrative poetry. , Metaphorical phrase or compound word used instead of a person or thing, closely related to riddles

Free Verse

Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme Based on normal pauses and natural rhythmical phrases as compared to the artificial constraints of normal poetry.

Free Verse

Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.

Soliloquy

Popular literary device often used in drama to reveal the innermost thoughts of a character. Technique used to convey the progress of action of the play by means of expressing a character's thoughts about a certain character or past, present, or upcoming event while talking to himself without acknowledging the presence of any other person. Often used as a means of character revelation or character manifestation to the reader or audience of the play. Due to a lack of time and space, it was sometimes considered essential to present information about the plot and to expose the feelings and intentions of the characters. Use has become somewhat outdated.

Stages of the Writing Process (6)

Pre-writing, writing/drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating

Direct Quote

Quoting directly from an article word for word exactly as the author wrote it

Dialect

Refers to a variation of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Consonance

Refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase (pitter patter). Repetition often takes place in quick succession.

Orthography

Relationship between spelling and pronunciation. a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

Anticlimax

Rhetorical device which can be defined as a disappointing situation or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one.

Burlesque

Ridicules a topic by treating something exalted as if it were trivial. And vice versa.

Sentence Types

Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

Revising Stage

Stage where you add or omit information to make your paper clearer Stage of writing that involves re-writing or re-seeing; emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece

Prosody

Study of the elements of poetry - rhyme, rhythm, meter, and stanza form

Picaresque

Telling a story about the adventures of a usually playful and dishonest character. Type of fiction dealing with the episodic adventures of a usually roguish protagonist

Plath

The Bell Jar; born during the great depression

Robert Cormier

The Chocolate War (The Chocolate War was challenged in multiple libraries. His books often are concerned with themes such as abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the protagonists do not win.) The Chocolate War is a young adult novel. First published in 1974, it was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time.

Amy Tan

The Joy Luck Club

Avi

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Nothing But the Truth Crispin

Phonology

The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect

Syntax

The arrangement - the ordering, grouping, and placement - of words within a sentence

Scansion

The art of scanning a poem to determine its meter.

Refrain

The repetition of a line or phrase at the end of several stanzas of a poem

Non-Countable Nouns / Mass Nouns

Things you cannot count, e.g., food, music

Sarcasm

To speak bitterly Literal meaning is different from what the speaker intends to say through sarcasm Meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone or some section of society simultaneously. Intentional derision, generally directed at another person and intended to hurt

Catastrophe

Tragic denouement in a play, especially a tragedy. The scene in a tragedy which includes the death or moral destruction of the protagonist

Cliche

Trite phrase that has become overused.

Faulty Parallism

Two or more parts of a sentence are equivalent in meaning but not parallel, or grammatically similar, in form.

Homonyms

Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings. (mean = average, nasty)

Archetype

Universal symbol

Transitions.

Unneccary during the conclusion paragraph, since it is the end of the document

Zuegma

Using a single verb to defer to two different objects in a way that is unusual - "kill the boys and the luggage"

Metonymy

Using an object to embody a general idea.

Antithesis

Using opposite phrases in close conjunction.

Anne Bradstreet

Was an English-American writer. She was the first notable American poet; AND She was the first woman to be published in Colonial America. She wrote "In Reference to her Children"

Denotation

What a word means, strictly based on its definition.

Homophones

Words that Sound the same, but spelled differently, and different meanings (steak v stake)

Homographs

Words which are spelled the same way but may have different pronunciations and have different meanings. e.g.: 'bow' (to the audience) and 'bow' (and arrow)

Apostrophe

Writer detaches self from reality and addresses some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

Traditional Ballad

Writer is oftan unknown, tells a single story (in song) and is passed on from generation to generation, reaching back to oral tradtition

Chronological order

Writing organization. In this pattern, ideas are presented in the order in which they occured in time. Words and phrases such as "weeks before", "when", "then", relate events sequentially.

Cause and Effect

Writing organization. Usually happen in time order. Action => Result

Donald Graves's 6 writing principles

Writing time, Modeling, Ownership, conferencing, revising, post writing/publishing

1984

Written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

Rondeau

a 15 line poem made up of three stanzas. Each line of this type of poem has 8-10 syllables

Katherine Patterson

a Female American author best known for children's novels. For four different books published 1975 to 1980, she won two Newbery Medals and two National Book Awards. She is one of three people to win the two major international awards: for "lasting contribution to children's literature" she won the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award A Bridge to Terabithia Jacob Have I Loved The Great Gilly Hopkins

Jane Eyre

a Gothic novel written by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. The story is about who an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; novel, bildungsroman (coming of age), social portest novel

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power. Written by Dr. Maya Angelou Maya Angelou - A black female writer.

Harper Lee

a female American author who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

Reader Response Theory

a form of literary theory that focuses on the reader and their interpretation of written works. There are different camps that believe the reader has more control over the derived meaning of the text than others.

Cinquain

a short poem consisting of five, usually unrhymed lines containing, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables. Tells a small story

Lyric Ballad

a short poem of songlike quality. Moves the reader or listener to some emotion. These poems were often accompanied by a musical instrument, such as the lyre.

Diction

a speaker or writer's choice of words. A style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or writer.

Sestet

a stanza or poem of six lines

Allegory

a story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or generalization about life a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one

Read-Share-Write

a technique used for writing in the content areas. Ss read for comprehension. They read a passage, tell what it means, record their understanding in a journal, and then discuss the information they have gleaned again with a partner. This helps ss internalize information. It also helps ss transfer information from one area to another and apply info in new ways.

Miracle Play

a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories about saints

E.B . White

an American writer who wrote Charlotte's Web

Argument from Omniscience

an arguer would need omniscience to know about everyone's beliefs or disbeliefs or about their knowledge ie All people believe in something. Everyone knowns that

Authentic Writing

any writing a student might do for some real world purpose, a purpose other than demonstrating his writing ability to a teacher

Broadside Ballad

ballads prepared for circulation on folio sheets, printed on one side only, two pages to the sheet, and two columns to the page. Because of their manner of publication, these were called broadsides. In the 16th century they were called a "people's yellow journal" A broadside ballad was printed on the back of cheap paper and often included lurid illustrations. They could also be folden into chapbooks

Kate Chopin

born Katherine O'Flaherty she was an American author of short stories and novels. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. She wrote The Awakening and The Storm; She was born in St. Louis, Missouri

Alice In Wonderland

children's novel; fantasy The story is about a girl who falls asleep and dreams of a series of adventures.

Types of nouns

common, abstract, collective, compound, concrete, non-countable/mass nouns, gender-specific, verbal nouns, gerunds

Compound Sentence

contains at least two independent clauses, which are joined together by a conjunction.

Realistic Fiction

fictional story where people and events are realistic and could happen in real life

Past Perfect Tense

for an earlier action that is mentioned in a later action. (Ex: Cindy ate the apple that she HAD PICKED. - First she picked it, then she ate it.)

Indirect Quote

information from a source that is reworded or paraphrased by the writer of the research paper

Patricia Maclachlan

is a bestselling female U.S. children's author. She is best known for winning the 1986 Newbery Medal for her book Sarah, Plain and Tall.

Caroline Cooney

is an American author of suspense, romance, horror, and mystery books for young adults. The Voice on the Radio The Face on the Milk Carton

Sharon Creech

is an American writer of children's novels. She was the first American winner of the Carnegie Medal for British children's books and the first person to win both the American Newbery Medal and the British Carnegie. She wrote Walk Two Moons

Aurora Leigh

is an eponymous epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books. (1856)

Civil Disobedience

is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

"Self-Reliance"

is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. Some of his quotes: NOT anti-society or anti-community; pre-supposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

Daniel Defoe

known as the father of the English novel He wrote Robinson Crusoe

Gender-Specific Nouns

nouns which are definitely male or female, e.g., boy, bull, vixen, actress, cow

Beloved

novel by the female African-American writer Toni Morrison, published in 1987. Story is about an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured.Margaret is visited by the spirit of her deceased daughter.

Frame Story

one in which the main story organizes a series of shorter stories it's the big overarching story that contains all of the little stories within it. It provides the background story that gives the real story an excuse to be told. (Canterbury tales)

Aphra Behn

one of the first English female writers. She wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century),

Frankenstein

or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. This is a Gothic novel.

Types of Pronouns

personal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, reciprocal, relative, reflexive, and intensive

Elegy

poem or song expressing lamentation;

written retellings

reading a text, then writing down all they can remember from the text. WRs help ss organize and analyze data. After ss have practiced this technique, it can be used to asses ss' understanding of a text. After reading strategy

Miscue Analysis

studying how a student's oral reading differs from the printed text. Miscue analysis can help a teacher understand a student's reading strategies and identify the source of reading problems.

The Three Main Themes in Literature

survival of the unfittest, the picaresque/journey, the reversal of fortune. Theme can be implicit or explicit.

Portfolios

teachers can monitor progress over time. Students get a sense of ownership when they pick pieces to include. Authentic evidence of progress can be shared with parents. Also support accountability and can help maintain the focus of assessment

in media res

term used to describe a story that begins in the middle of the action. Literally means "in the middle of things".

Non Fiction

the branch of literature comprising works of narrative prose dealing with or offering opinions or conjectures upon facts and reality, including biography, history, and the essay

Roman a' clef

these novels use characters based on real people and events based on real world events in fictional guise. Authors may use this form for a satire or to comment on social issues or scandals

abstract nouns

things you cannot see or touch, e.g., bravery, joy

Coordinate Clause

two or more clauses with equal grammatical importance one of two or more clauses of equal status in a sentence (Ex: The sun came out AND the ice started to melt.)

Iamb (Iambic Foot)

u/ one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable

common nouns

used for a class of person, place or thing

Anapest

uu/ A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable. usually used in a light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick

Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

was a Female American author who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. She wrote The Yearling

Paul Zindel

was an American playwright, author, and educator. The Pigman is a young adult novel first published in 1968.

Cognate

words that are related and have the same origin or root word.

collective

words to describe groups, e.g., team, choir

"In Reference to her Children"

written by Anne Bradstreet, maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

To Kill a Mockingbird

written by Harper Lee is a Southern gothic novel. It was published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era South, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his kids against prejudice. The plot and characters are loosely based on the Harper Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality.

Not Without Laughter

written by Langston Hughes, which is the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

Short Story

"A brief prose tale," as Edgar Allan Poe labeled it. This work of narrative fiction may contain description, dialogue and commentary, but usually plot functions as the engine driving the art. The best short stories, according to Poe, seek to achieve a single, major, unified impact.

H.G. Wells

"The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

Ad Populum

(LF) - Also Known as Bandwagon. An argument made saying if something is popular then it must be right. Emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue at hand.

Ad Hominem

(LF) - An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. Attack the person instead of the argument.

Circular Reasoning

(LF) - An argument in which the writer, instead of supplying evidence, simply restates the point in other language, rather than proving it. EX: students should not be allowed to park in lots now reserved for faculty b/c those lots should only be for faculty.

Appeal to Consequences

(LF) - An argument that concludes a premise (usually a belief) as either true or false based on whether the premise leads to some desirable or undesirable consequences. Ex. Some religious people believe that knowledge of evolution leads to immorality, therefore evolution proves false.

Argumentum Ad Baculum

(LF) - Appeal to Force Arguments that distract by making the audience afraid of the consequences of disagreeing with the speaker

Loaded Questions

(LF) - Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty.Embodies an assumption that, if answered, indicates an implied agreement Ex. Have you stopped beating your wife yet?

Composition Fallacy

(LF) - Assuming that what's true about one part of something has to be applied to all or other parts of it When the conclusion of an argument depends on an erroneous characteristic from parts of something to the whole or vice versa Ex. Daniel reasoned that atoms are invisible, and that he was made of atoms, and therefore invisible too

Appeal to Ignorance

(LF) - Assumption that whatever cannot be proven false must be true (or vice versa). "No one can prove that the Loch Ness monster doesn't exist, so therefore, it does exist."

False Dilemma

(LF) - Either/Or ; Black/White , A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available. Ex. We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

Confusion of Correlation and Causation

(LF) - Invalid assumption that correlation proves causation Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of another Ex. More men play chess than women, therefore men make better chess players than women. Ex. Children who watch violence on TV tend to act violently when they grow up, there for TV violence is the cause of adolescent violence. Ex. Pointing to a fancy chart, Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst at the same time the numbers of pirates have been decreasing, thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax.

Genetic Fallacy

(LF) - Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from or from whom it comes. Conclusion based on the argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Ex. The VW Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by the Nazis. Ex. Accused on the 6 o'clock news of corruption, the senator said that we should all be very wary of the things we hear on the media because we all know how unreliable the media can be

Non Sequitur

(LF) - Latin for "It does not follow" An inference or conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence. Ex. There occurred an increase of births during the full moon. Conclusion: full moons cause birthrates to rise

No True Scotsman

(LF) - Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument An informal logical fallacy, an ad hoc attempt to retain an unreasoned assertion. When faced with an example, rather than denying it, this fallacy excludes the specific case without reference to any objective rule. Ex. Example: Many Christians in history have started wars. Reply: Well, no true Christian would ever start a war. Ex. Angus declares that Scotsmen do not put sugar on their porridge, to which Kyle points out that he is a Scotsman and puts sugar on his porridge. Furious, Angus yells that no TRUE Scotsman sugars his porridge.

Begging the Question

(LF) - Often called circular reasoning, occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim. Circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise. Assuming the answer. Conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Ex. We must encourage our youth to worship God to Instill moral behavior Ex. Filthy and polluting coal should be banned. Ex. The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in the Great Book of Zorbo.

The Fallacy Fallacy

(LF) - Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that it is necessarily wrong. Ex. Recognizing that Amanda had committed a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alise said that we should therefore eat double bacon cheeseburgers everyday

Confirmation Bias

(LF) - Refers to a form of selective thinking that focuses on evidence that supports what believers already believe while ignoring evidence that refutes their beliefs. Confirmation bias plays a stronger role when people base their beliefs upon faith, tradition, and prejudice. Pointing out favorable circumstances while ignoring the unfavorable. Ex. If someone believes in the power of prayer, the believer will notice the few answered prayers, while ignoring the majority of unanswered prayers.

Burden of Proof

(LF) - Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove. Ex. Bernard declares that the teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the sun between the earth and mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong his claim is therefore a valid one.

Argument to Authority

(LF) - The writer whose argument is weak resorts to citing some authority whose pronouncements they assume the reader will accept as sufficient Using the opinion or position of an authority figure or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument. Using the words of an "expert" or authority as the bases of the argument instead of using the logic or evidence that supports and argument. Simply because an authority makes a claim does not necessarily mean he got it right.

Appeal to Nature

(LF) - This argument goes that because something is natural, it must be better.

Ambiguity

(LF) - Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth

Anecdotal

(LF) - Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics.

Appeal to Tradition

(LF) - a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way. Just because people practice a tradition says nothing about its viability. Ex. "We've always done it this way."

Middle Ground Fallacy

(LF) - assuming that the middle position between two extremes must be correct simply because it is the middle position

Moral Equivalence

(LF) - compares minor problems with much more serious crimes (or vice versa) Ex. That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler.

Appeal to Faith

(LF) - the arguer relies on faith as the bases of his argument. Faith relies on a belief that does not rest on logic or evidence, but irrational thought, and produces intransigence

Amy Tan

(born in China) But an American writer. She is widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film.

Trochee

/u foot with two syllables, with the first stressed and the second unstressed

Dactyl

/uu a metrical foot consisting of one stressed followed by two unstressed syllables. The words "poetry" and "basketball" are both dactylic

Chomsky - Stages of Language Development

1. Prelinguistic (Cooing & Crying), 2. Holophrastic (1 word), 3. Two Word, 4. Telegraphic , 5. Intermediate development, 6. Adult

Harlem Renaissance

1920s -1940 black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society occurred during the years 1920 to 1940. The term is used to describe the flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life during these years. Notable writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Nella Larson

Existentialism

20th-century philosophical movement Emphasizes personal responsibility and individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialists argue that there is no objective, rational basis for human choice A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Terza rima

3-line stanza form with interlocking rhymes that move from one stanza to the next. ABA BCB CDC

Sestet

6-line rhyme with a varying pattern.

Rhyme royal

7 lines, poetry, iambic pentameter, fixed rhyme scheme.

Spenserian stanza

9-line stanza - first eight lines are pentameter and the last line is alexandrine.

Essay

A brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or limited view of the topic.

Literary Genre

A category meant to describe the writing style, techniques, tone, length, and content of certain literary forms

Stock Character

A character in literature, theater, or film of a type quickly recognized and accepted by the reader or viewer and requiring no development by the writer Stereotypical fictional characters. Frequently one-dimensional in nature

Elliptical Clause

A clause in which some words have been left out. Because of the pattern or logic of the entire sentence, it is clear what the missing words are. Usually an adverb clause - majority are dependent adverb clauses. Must have a subject and a verb (subject and/or verb may be implied). Has one or more implied words Ex. He likes Marge more than I [like Marge].

Analogy

A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way

Paradox

A contradiction that oddly makes sense.

Figure of Speech (FoS)

A device used to produce figurative language. The various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order, or significance. Using words in distinctive ways

Red Herring

A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them An irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to 'win' an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic When an arguer diverts the attention by changing the subject Ex. The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?

Tragedy

A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.

Comedy

A dramatic work that is light and often humorous or satirical in tone and that usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict. A dramatic work, usually light and humorous in tone and subject matter, often involving the triumph of characters over adverse circumstances.

Ballad

A form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by an exciting or dramatic episode in fairly short narratives; a poem written in a song-like stanza form. Ballads feature repetition and often center on themes of love and hate, lust and murder, royalty and fantasy

Gerund

A form that is derived from a verb and functions as a noun: "Watching you play baseball is fun." Verbal that ends in -ing and functions as an noun. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s)

Concentric Circles

A highly effective exercise in agendas where building relationships is important. An effective way to encourage one on one communication between ss

Poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination. Imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response.

Trochiac Pentameter

A line with five trochaic feet or stresses

Exposition

A literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters, etc. to the audience or readers. Literal meaning is "showing forth" The essential background information at the beginning of a literary work

Allegory

A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions

Epistle

A long formal letter that often serves to instruct or a literary work in the form of a letter.

Fairy Tale

A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies, and usually begins with the phrase "Once upon a time..." Examples include Rapunzel, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, and Little Red Riding Hood. A magic story which cannot be true. Undefined time and place and place. Characters that have no need to develop. There must be a character transformation; some kind of magic has to take place.

Couplet

A pair of successive lines of a verse, especially a pair that rhyme and are the same length

Synecdoche

A part of an object representing the whole.

Caesura

A pause. Sometimes signified by a slash or a comma.

Playwright

A person who writes plays

Tragic-Comedy

A play that combines elements of tragedy and comedy, either by providing a happy ending to a potentially tragic story or by some more complex blending of serious and light moods.

Sonnet

A poem of fourteen lines that uses a specific rhyme scheme

Cento

A poem that has been put together from other lines of poems. The word "cento" is Latin for "patchwork"

Allusion

A reference to something well-known that exists outside the literary work. An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

Strophe

A rhythmic system composed of two or more lines repeated as a unit; a group of verses in poetry that form a distinct unit within a poem Synonymous with "stanza" Irregular, unrhymed divisions within a poem

Mock Heroic

A satirical imitation or burlesque of the heroic manner or style Imitating the style of heroic poetry in order to satirize an unheroic subject Satirizing the heroic style of literature

Anacoluthon

A sentence that changes its grammatical structure in the middle, often to suggest disturbance or excitement a syntactic interruption or deviation: that is, an abrupt change in a sentence from one construction to another which is grammatically inconsistent with the first. Also known as a syntactic blend, it is sometimes considered a stylistic fault and sometimes a deliberate rhetorical effect.

Rhyme Royal

A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines (iambic pentameter), rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Chaucer.

Exhortation

A strong urging or pleading. An address or communication emphatically urging someone to do something.

Romance

A term that has been used at different times to refer to a variety of fictional works involving some combination of the following: high, adventure, thwarted love, mysterious circumstances, arduous quests, and improbable triumphs.

Persona

A theatrical mask. Can be defined in a literary work as a voice or an assumed role of a character that represents the thoughts of a writer or a specific person the writer wants to present as his mouthpiece

Transitive Verb

A transitive verb is used in a sentence that names the receiver of the action. Intransitive verbs are in sentences that do not name a receiver of the action. Linking verbs join the subject and adjective or noun. The helping verb immediately comes before another verb.

Consonance

A type of alliteration where the consonants stay the same but the vowels change.

Elegy

A type of lyric poem which laments the loss of something or someone

Lyric

A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.

Historical Fiction

A type of realistic fiction that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often the setting is real, but the characters are made up from the author's imagination.

Gothic Novel

A type of romance popular in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, set in medieval castles, replete with secret passageways, mysterious dungeons, peripatetic ghosts, and much gloom and supernatural paraphernalia.

Bildungsroman

A type of story which details the education, development, and maturation of a young protagonist. This can be from early childhood to adulthood or from one level of understanding to another. The development of the character is the key. , "Coming of Age"

Archetype (expand)

A typical character, an action or situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response.

Inverted pyramid

A typical newspaper article is organized as an inverted pyramid. The broad base of the pyramid, at the beginning of the story, represents the most interesting and substantial information. This approach allows the reader to quit the story at any time without missing the "big picture"

Terza Rima

A verse form composed of iambic tercets (3-line grouping). Interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. Often end in a single rhyming couplet Rhyme scheme is "aba, bcb, cdc, etc Dante used terza rima in the divine comedy

Mind Mapping

A visual form of note taking that offers an overview of a topic and its complex information, allowing ss to comprehend, create new ideas, and build connections. Through the use of colors, Images, and words, mind mapping encourages ss to begin with a central idea and expand outward to more in depth sub topics Technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas

Regionalism

A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region

Contranym

A word that can be an antonym of itself. A word that can mean the opposite of itself. Ex. clip, dust.

Capitonym

A word that is spelled the same but has a different meaning when capitalized (ex. Turkey v turkey)

Cliche

A worn-out idea or overused expression. Refers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. May also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events

Apostrophe

Addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

Adjective / Adverb Confusion

Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

Walter Dean Myers

African American author of young adult literature. He has written over fifty books, including novels and nonfiction works. He has won the Coretta Scott King Award for African American authors five times. He wrote The Glory Field

Connotation

All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations

Adjective Clause

Also called adjectival or relative clause Meets 3 requirements 1. contains a subject and a verb 2. begins with a relative pronoun 3. Functions as an adjective

Metaphysical Poetry

Although sometimes used in the broad sense of philosophical poetry, the term usually applies to the work of seventeenth-century poets, such as John Donne. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by the use of conceits, condensed metaphorical language, unusual comparisons between medicine, love, death, and religion, and complex imagery.

Correlative Conjunction

Always come in pairs and connect words of equal importance. Paired conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, and clauses. both/and; either/or, just as/so; neither/nor; not only/but (also), whether/or

F. Scott Fitzgerald

American author who wrote The Great Gatsby. Today The Great Gatsby is widely regarded as a "Great American Novel" and a literary classic. The Modern Library named it the second best English-language novel of the 20th Century.

Helen Keller

American female author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; First writer of short and detective story. American Romantic Movement The Fall of the House of Usher ~ The Murders in the Rue Morgue The Raven - 1845 The Pit and the Pendulum - 1842 Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat - 1843 Cask of Amontillado - 1846 Poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;"

Ben Mikaelson

An American author who wrote Touching Spirit Bear. Touching Spirit Bear is a 2001 young adult novel. The book is about a troubled Minneapolis teen named Cole who completely changes after spending a year on a isolated southwestern Alaska island.

Avi pen name for Edward Irving Wortis

An American male author that wrote The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle in 1990. The novel is a young adult historical fiction It takes place during the transatlantic crossing of a ship from England to America in the 19th century. The book chronicles the evolution of the title character as she is pushed outside her naive existence and learns about life aboard a ship. The novel was well received and won several awards, including as a Newbery Honor

Morality Play

An allegorical play (from 15-16th C) in which characters personify abstract qualities (ie charity) or concepts (like Death).

Logical Fallacy (LF)

An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

Melodrama

An exaggerated reality which lends itself to symbolism, allegory, and surrealism. It is a different kind of exaggeration whereby the meanings implicit in objects, people, or events become more luminous and accessible than meanings normally are in teh chaotic muddle of the everyday world a sensational dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the emotions.

Persona

An external representation of oneself.

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing ss to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development

An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modelling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until ss can use it independently

Motif

An object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work Can be seen as an image, sound, action, or other figures that have a symbolic significance and contributes toward the development of theme. Differs from theme in that motif is a recurrent image, idea or symbol that develops or explains a theme while a theme is a central idea or message. Motifs differ from symbols in that they are recurrent throughout the work and explain or work towards the theme, where symbols are icons that that represent something else and help to understand an idea or a thing, and may only appear once or twice in a work.

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that ss have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

Stock character

Appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre.

Aristotelian Tragedy

Aristotle defines tragedy in terms of specific requirements of plot and character. It depict the downfall of a basically good person through some fatal error or misjudgment, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing fear and pity on the part of the audience classical tragedy an imitation of a painful action and it usually ends with death. Its about a person of high rank creating pity and fear among it's audience.

Slippery Slope

Asserting that if we allow A to happen, the Z will consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen. Conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, Z will happen too, basically equating A and Z, so if we don't want Z to occur, then A should not be allowed to occur either. EX. Colin Closet asserts that if we allow same sex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we'll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars, and even monkeys. Ex. If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment, then eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban hummers.

Formative Assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching. Goal is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by ss to improve their learning. Help ss identify their strengths and weaknesses and the target areas that need work. Help faculty recognize where ss are struggling and address problems immediately. Generally low stakes, which means they have little to no point value

Surrealists

Attacked false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Many espoused communism with arnarchism.

Expository Discourse

Attempts to Explain or Describe something

Tone

Attitude of the author or narrator, determined through analysis of the stylistic elements, such as diction, details, imagery, and figurative language

Robert Louis Stevenson

Author of Treasure Island, creator of the character Long John Silver, and children's poet (Child's Garden of Verses, which features poems such as "The Swing"

Tu QuoQue

Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Born in CT 1811- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

William Golding

British novelist,and poet that wrote Lord of the Flies, & To the Ends of the Earth

Transitions

Can come in all sizes

subordinate Clause

Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction

Capitalization Rules

Capitalize the first word of a document and the first word after a period Capitalize proper nouns, as well as adjectives derived from proper nouns Capitalize titles when they are used before names, unless the title is followed by a comma. Do not capitalize the title if it is used after a name or instead of a name. Titles are not the same as occupations. Do not capitalize occupations before full names Capitalize a formal title when it is used as a direct address Capitalize relatives' family names when they immediately precede a personal name, or when they are used in place of a personal name (e.g. Grandpa Jon, Grandpa) Capitalize nicknames in all cases Capitalize specific geographic regions, do not capitalize points of the compass In general, do not capitalize the word "the" before proper nouns DO not capitalize city, town, county... if it comes before the proper name Always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation, even mid sentence. For emphasis, writers sometimes capitalize a mid sentence independent clause or question. Capitalize the names of specific course titles, but not general academic subjects Capitalize art movements Do not capitalize "the national anthem."

The Texas Sharpshooter

Cherry-picking data clusters to suit and argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption Ex. The makers of Sugar Drinks points to research showing that of the five countries where Sugar sells that most units, three of them are in the top ten healthiest countries, therefore Sugar Drinks are healthy.

Chomsky - Performance of Language

Chomsky defines the performance of language as that which people actually say. This does not have to be grammatically correct but does convey meaning

Steven Krashen's theory of second language acquisition

Cognitive, expressive and receptive are the language acquisition parts of a child learning his/her first language. In Krashen's hypothesis of acquisition-learning, the acquire system and learned system are the two systems utilized in order to learn a second language.

Burlesque

Comic style that works in one of two ways: 1. Elevate something lowly and ridiculous (high burlesque) 2. Trivialize something lofty and important (low burlesque) Makes audiences laugh because of the difference between the content and the form (style and substance) Comic imitation of a literary or artistic form that relies on an extravagant incongruity between a subject and its treatment. The serious is treated lightly and the frivolous seriously; genuine emotion is sentimentalized and trivial emotions are elevated to a dignified plane. Closely related to parody, although burlesque is generally broader and coarser.

Asyndeton (nm)

Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z. Ex: "Be one of the few, the proud, the Marines." Marine Corps Ex: "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." John F. Kennedy

Lyric Poem

Commonly defined as a short poem that expresses personal feelings A type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. A poem that expresses the feelings or thoughts of a speaker rather than telling a story ex. Shakespearean sonnets

The Great Vowel Shift

Completed in the 16th century, marked the transition from Middle English to Modern English. Change in pronounciation of vowels. Reasons for shift unclear

Use-Mention Error

Confusing a word or a concept with something that supposedly exists

Fantasy

Contains elements that are not realistic: talking animals, magical powers, often set in a medieval universe or involving mythical beings.

Complex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Paradox

Contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion. Statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth Also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. Often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative ways. Statement that appears to contradict itself

Hegelian Tragedy

Defines it as a dynamic contest between two opposing forces - in effect, a collision or conflict of rights. Most tragic events are those in which two esteemed values or goals are in opposition and one of them must give way. two rights or values in fatal conflict, good against good; (morals vs. laws)

Maxi-lesson

Display a draft of your own writing; ask for suggestions from the class; comment on the suggestions, select a suggestion and apply it to the piece. First, assemble your materials for the lesson. These would include a writing sample of your own. Next, display it for the class. Then, ask the class for suggestions. "What do you like about this piece?" "What improvements could you suggest?" Comment on their suggestions and choose one to apply. Finally, circulate among the students offering individual help with revising. A student's piece should not be critiqued by the whole class without permission.

Emendation

Emendation seeks to restore a text to its most authentic form. A text can be changed over the course of many years, and these changes may alter its meaning. For example, "The love of money is the root of all evil" is often misquoted as "Money is the root of all evil." a correction

Existentialism .

Emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice

Wordsworth

English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

John Keats

English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century. He wrote: "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Written in October 1816, this is the first entirely successful (surviving) poem he wrote. John Middleton Murry called it "one of the finest sonnets in the English language," One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language.

Catharsis

Events that bring about a moral or spiritual renewal. Relief from tension.

Plot

Events that make up a story or the main part of a story. Events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. Structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story Exposition, conflict, climax, falling action, resolution Key elements of plot Suspense = the quality of tension or anxiety in the plot which keeps the reader's interest Foreshadowing = use of clues to hint at what will happen later in the plot Atmosphere = the overall effect created by the setting and descriptive details, to evoke an emotional response in the reader Mood = the emotional response experienced by the reader

accismus

Feigning a lack of interest in something while actually desiring it. A pretended, ironic refusal of something that one wants.

Zora Neale Hurston

Female African-American writer in the wrote 20th century. She wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; Her work is folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance Themes found in the book Their Eyes Were Watching God include- the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

Toni Morrison

Female African-American writer, who wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; She won Pulitzer Prize in 1988. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Maya Angelou

Female Africica-American. She is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. She wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In the course of Caged Bird, she transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. The author uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

Metaphor

Figure of speech - makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics in common between them A resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics Every metaphor has two parts: the thing being defined is called the tenor, the thing doing the defining is the vehicle

Personification

Figure of speech in which a thing, idea, or animal is given human attributes. Non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.

Pun

FoS - a play on words, sometimes on different sense of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words

Anaphora

FoS - repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses

Irony

FoS - use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

Monologue

Form of dramatic entertainment, comedic solo, or the like by a single speaker. A prolonged talk or discourse by a single speaker, especially one dominating or monopolizing a conversation A part of a drama in which a single actor speaks along Any composition, as a poem, in which a single person speaks alone

Discourse

Foucault defines as: "Systems of thought composed of ideas, attitudes, and courses of actions, beliefs, and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak. In literature discourse means any speech or writing normally longer than a sentence which deals with a certain subject formally in the form of writing or speech. Discourse is the presentation of language in its entirety while performing an intellectual inquiry on a particular area or field.

Apocalypse

Genre of prophetical writing the developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millenialist early Christians. A Greek word for "revelation." It also refers to a type of highly symbolic literature that contains apparitions about the future and the Final Judgement. This form of literature was used to give hope to a persecuted people that God's goodness will triumph over evil. A type of sacred literature characterized by symbolic imagery pointing to the expectation that the powers of evil will be destroyed and the righteous will be raised to a new life of justice.

Summative Assessments

Goal is to evaluate ss learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. Often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value Examples include a midterm exam, a final project, an essay Information from summative assessments can be used formatively when ss or faculty use it to guide their efforts and activities in subsequent courses

3 Types of Antonyms

Gradable (run on a spectrum, such as best to worst); Complementary (are absolute - there is no gradient, such as night & day, or mortal & immortal) Auto Antonyms (are the same word that has two meanings; the word "bound" means both 'headed for' and 'tied to'.)

Incluing

Gradually exposing the reader to background information about the story's world to subtly clue the readers into the world the author is building

Determiner

Grammar . a member of a subclass of English limiting adjectival words that usually precede descriptive adjectives and include the articles the, a, and an, and any words that may substitute for them, as your, their, some, and each. a special class of words that limit the nouns that follow them. Various types of words fit into this category: articles (she, a (n)), demonstratives (this, that, these, those) and possessive determiners (my, you're, his, her, its, our, home).

Graphic organizers

Guide learners' thinking as they fill in an build upon a visual map or diagram Are some of the most effective visual learning strategies for ss and are applies across the curriculum to enhance learning and understanding of subject matter content. Facilitate ss learning by helping them identify areas of focus within a broad topic, such as a novel or article Teachers can use graphic organizers to illustrate a ss knowledge about a topic or section of text showing areas for improvement

Writer's Workshop

In a writer's workshop, ss have an opportunity to try out a variety of genres, with the hope that they will develop a love of writing. Teachers can customize their instruction based on observations of student work. Writer's workshop focuses more on the process of writing itself. Teacher's role is like that of a coach, to lead, teach, model, and encourage student writers. Students do the bulk of the work with the teacher giving mini-lessons as needed, modeling good writing, and encouraging her writers. Informal assessment might take place in conferences. Students can be assigned topics or choose their own, ss develop their skills individually

Catharsis

In literature, is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters. Can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person. Greek word meaning cleansing

Order of Importance

In this pattern the information is given either from the least important feature to the most important, or from the most important feature to the least important. Also known as hierarchical or chain of command

Folklore

Includes stories, song, and dance from a particular group comprising the traditions of the culture.

Concept Mapping

Instructional strategy that requires learners to identify, graphically display and link key concepts. Visually illustrates the relationships between concepts and ideas. Most concept maps represent a hierarchical structure

Anastrophe

Inverted order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme.

Oscar Wilde

Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel. He wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray;

Pidgin Language

Is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not share a common language. Means of communication, no native speakers

Flesch-Kincaid Formula

Is the most widely used method to assign a level of difficulty to a text. It uses the average number of syllables per word and the average length of sentences. Simplest approach to assess the grade level of the reader

Scott O'Dell

Island of the Blue Dolphins The Black Pearl Over Sea, Under Stone

Chiasmus

It involves taking parallelism and turning it inside out.

Legend

It is a narrative of human actions that are perceived by both teller and listeners to take place within human history and possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Exaggerated characters and events. Possibly handed down by tradition Based on a real person/place but facts are stretched beyond nonfiction. Exaggerated in a serious way

The Call of the Wild

Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

Last of the Mohicans

James Fenimore Cooper - 1826 Main character- Natty Bumppo -nickname: Hawkeye - brave and resourceful woodsman armed with unerringly long rifle. Setting: 1757, Upstate NY, Seven Yrs. War. Romantic Allegory- symbolizes Native American removal from the land. Heightened formal rhetoric

Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Latin for "it happened after, so it was caused by" Similar to a non sequitur, but time dependent A conclusion that assumes that if "A" occurred after "B" then "B" must have caused "A". Ex. I drank bottled water and now I'm sick, so the water must have made me sick. Ex. She got six after she visited china, so something in china caused her sickness.

Workplace writing

Learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters

Process Writing

Learning to write by writing; is an approach which encourages ss to communicate their own written messages while simultaneously developing their literary skills in speaking and reading rather than delaying involvement in the writing process; as advocated in the past, until students have perfected their abilities in handwriting, reading, phonetics, spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Synecdoche

Literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. (Ex . "Wheels" for "Car" or "Threads" for "Clothes" May also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. May also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packaging by the name of that container or packing. Figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole

Foreshadowing

Literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. Helps readers develop expectations.

Symbol

Literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is a representative of several other aspects, concepts, or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than it's literal meaning Mean something other than literal sense Generally, an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Meanings may shift depending on context.

Louisa May Alcott

Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boyswrote Little Women; American novelist

Citation MLA/APA (expand)

MLA Salinger, J.D. 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. APA Salinger, J. D. (1945) 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown and Company. Rules When quoting more than three lines of text, quotation marks are not used. Use a colon to introduce a direct quote that is more than three lines long. - double indent

Huckleberry Finn

Mark Twain. 1884. First time American vernacular, dialect in a book. Mock-epic tale of American Democracy. Intended to be sequel to Tom Sawyer. Plot is more connected set of adventures. Main Character, Huck, whose worst experience is having drunken father return. Runs away, faking his own death, goes to Jackson's Island, meets Jim, a runaway slave.

Masculine & Feminine Rhyme

Masculine rhyme and feminine rhymes are terms that come down from earlier literary analysis. Masculine rhyme uses one syllable words to give the feeling of strength or to add impact. Feminine rhyme is more likely to use two or more syllables. This gives a feeling of softness and lightness

Straw Man

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack Oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument Author attacks an argument which is different from and usually weaker than the opposition's best argument Creating a false or made up scenario then attacking it. Painting your opponent with false colors only deflects the purpose of the argument Ex. Evolutionists think that everything came about by random chance. Ex. People who don't support the proposed minimum wage increase hate the poor. Ex: After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenseless by cutting military spending.

Special Pleading

Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false. The assertion of a new or special matter to offset the opposing party's allegations. A presentation of an argument that emphasizes only a favorable or single aspect of the question at issue. Ex. How can God create so much suffering in the world? You have to understand that God moves in mysterious ways and we have no privilege to this knowledge. Ex. Edward claimed to be psychic, but when his 'abilities' were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this by saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work.

Verbal Nouns

Nouns derived from verbs, e.g., a building, an attack

Compound Nouns

Nouns made up of more than one word, e.g., court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle

Gerunds

Nouns that represent actions, e.g., running fast, guessing a number

Parts of Speech

Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, Adverbs, Adjectives, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections, Articles, Determiners

Internal Rhyme

Occurs within a single line of poetry rather than from line to line

Types of conflict

Physical - Person v nature Social - Person v society Person v Person Internal/Psychological - person v self Metaphysical - Person v Fate or Deity.

Blank Verse

Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter Unrhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter). Unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. No fixed number of lines. Has a conventional meter that is used for verse drama and long narrative poems Can be composed in any kind of meter Often used in descriptive and reflective poems and dramatic monologues - the poems where a single character delivers their thoughts in the form of a speech.

Parallelism (Literary Device)

Present two ideas that are equal in some way, such as in emphasis, in use, or in fact. Most common in lists, such as those denoting sequences of related activities Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

Grotesque

Primarily concerned about the distortion and transgression of boundaries; exaggeration plays a role Fits in between the real and the fantastic Simultaneously fits somewhere between being funny and frightening Often contains a sort of fusion of human with animal, vegetable, machine, or some combination Ex: Metamorphosis - Kafka

Conferencing

Process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece Conferences should occur before the writing is completed. The purpose of the writing conference is to help students teach you about what they know so that you can help them more effectively in their writing. Student conferences can be planned or spontaneous. They can be teacher-directed, peer-directed, or student-led. the purpose is to provide an audience for the writing.

Creative Writing

Provides ss with the opportunity to play with language, to express emotions, to articulate stories, or to develop a drama for others to enjoy

Spatial Order

Relating to, occupying, or having the character of space. The words "next to, and "adjacent" are typical of the kinds of words used in descriptions of spatial relationships. Spatial organization is descriptive. The reader can be taken from one place to another or led deeper into the meaning of a single concept

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds. Ex. The big bad bear buried bones in the backyard.

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds Rhyming words

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds - Rhyming the vowels

Denouement

Resolution of the issue of a complicated plot. Often in the Epilogue an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot

Sarcasm

Saying one thing but meaning another.

Personal Incredulity

Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that therefore it isn't true. Ex. Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and asked Richard if he really thought were stupid enough to believe that somehow the fish turned into a human through just random things happening over time.

Second Language Learners

Second language learners monitor their new language skills by applying their understanding of its grammar to edit, plan, or initiate their communication. They need time to do this so that they can form and structure their sentences. This stage follows the acquiring and learning stage of a second language.

Frederick Douglass

Self-educated slave who wrote a book named after himself...Narrative of the Life of________, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist. Without his approval, this man became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States

Pre-Raphaelite Movement (expand)

Sought to bring sensuality back into poetry by using lush vowel sounds and sensuous description

Tall Tale

Special kind of hero story because the heroes of tall tales are 'larger than life'. They are bigger or stronger than real people, even when the tall tale is based on a real person. Tall tale heroes solve problems in funny ways that are hard to believe. May be set in wild west, American frontier Main characters skills/size/strength is greatly exaggerated Exaggeration is humorous

Soliloquy

Speech given by a character that believes to be alone. What the character says is what they're truly thinking.

Whole Language Instruction

Ss are immersed in written language, and encourage to decode entire words using context clues

Traditional Phonics Instruction

Ss are taught individual letter sounds first, followed by letter combination sounds and the rules of putting these combinations together to make words.

Personal Writing

Ss can express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses through a variety of personal writing, including journal writing, diaries, logs, personal narratives, and personal essays

Persuasive / Argumentative Writing

Ss learn rh'l strategies to persuade others, such as by writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, and advertisements

Pre-writing stage

Stage where you brainstorm to make topic lists. You can use other graphic organizers like webbing and concept mapping. You can use RAFT to role play

Editing Stage

Stage where you make sure you have corrected all of the details regarding capitalization, punctuation, grammar, sentence and paragraph structure, subject verb agreement, word usage. Clean up.

Writing / Drafting Stage

Stage where you use all the ideas and questions generated in the pre-writing stage and organize them into a rough draft or first draft Drafting is not precise. It should be free flowing and without constraint. Spelling, grammar, and punctuation are not important at this stage of writing. Drafting involves a search for meaning. A writer may begin without having any idea which way his writing will go. It develops as he writes. Pre writing and rehearsal help with drafting

Character Types

Static character = remains unchanged throughout a work Dynamic character = change (for better or worse) in response to circumstances or experience Flat character = caricatures, defined by a single idea or quality Round character = fully developed, with complexities of real people Protagonist / Antagonist Foil = character, who by contrast with the protagonist, serves to accentuate that character's distinctive qualities or characteristics.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but is killed before he can. Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyrs death.

Etymology

Study of the History and origin of words. Etymologists study the history of words, the beginnings of languages and the development of the language. They trace its transmission from one language to another and analyze its component parts. They note its similarities and differences from a common base.

Faulty Predication

Subject doesn't fit logically with the rest of the sentence, in other words, the subject cant "be" or "do" the verb. Examples: The purpose of the movies was invented to entertain people. A waterspout is when a tornado is over water. The reason for low sales is that prices are too high.

Fable

Succinct fictional story that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized. Illustrates or leads to an interpretation of a moral lesson (a "moral") which may at the end be added explicitly in a pithy maxim. A brief story with a moral; often uses animals that act and speak like human beings

The Bell Jar

Sylvia Plath- was an American poet, novelist and short story writer who wrote this novel. It is about a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

Myth

Symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), and may be connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values Gods and goddesses, and usually accounts for the creation of something Myths - They were designed to explain something that the teller does not understand. The Greeks and romans used these stories to explain natural phenomena and filled them with heroes and heroines

Fair Use Doctrine

Teachers are allowed to make a limited number of copies of copyrighted works for use in the classroom. Allows a user to make a copy of all or part of a work within specific parameters of usage, even if permission has not been granted.

Satire

Technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule. Intends to improve humanity be criticizing its follies and foibles A writer in a satire uses fictional characters which stand for real people to expose and condemn their corruption Usually a comical piece of writing which makes fun of an individual or a society to expose its stupidity and shortcomings. In addition the writer hopes that those he criticizes will improve their characters by overcoming their weaknesses. The exposure of humanity's vices, foibles, or follies, usually with the intent of change or reform

Exposition

Telling, not showing.

Concrete Poetry

Term is used to describe poetry in which the arrangement of words on the page is as important as more traditional poetic elements. Mostly a modern phenomenon

Catastrophe

The "turning downward" of a plot in a tragedy - usually in the 4th act, after the climax.

Mark Twain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - 1884 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - 1876

Peroration

The concluding part of a speech, typically intended to inspire enthusiasm in the audience

Anastrophe

The deliberate changing of normal word order for emphasis. Ex: "Bright he was not" Form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. Creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective.

Publishing Stage

The finished, polished product. Your paper is neat, clean, and presentable. Ready to turn in to teacher. (Final stage of writing process according to Exam Edge)

Hamartia

The flaw in character which leads to the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy (ie. Oedipus Rex) Inherent defect of shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy who is in other respects a superior being favored by fortune.

Linguistics

The formal study of the structures and processes of a language

Basque

The only surviving language of Western Europe's pre Indo-European past. Indo European refers to the geographical area from India to Western Europe with later expansion to the new world. The Basque language is spoken in a region of Spain and is linguistically very complicated.

Denouement

The outcome after a string of complex events.

Discipline Based Inquiry

The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and navigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode.

Revision

The revision operation of Adding Information is the easiest for introducing students to revision. For beginning writers, adding is easier than deleting. Words, phrases, or sentences can be added to make writing more complete. Deleting unncesseasary words, phrases, or sentences is the next step. Rearranging words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs can be a challenge for beginning writers, and is the most difficult revision operation to master. Substituting is simultaneously adding and deleting.

Pragmatics

The role of context in the interpretation of meaning Mastering the rules for social language

Recension

The selection of the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text after researching all the possible material. Recently a gospel according to Judas was presented and studied for evidence of authenticity. Much of the text was missing and plausible fillers were proposed.

Semantics

The study of linguistic meaning. Focuses on the relationship between words, phrases, signs, or symbols and what they stand for

Phonetics

The study of sounds of language and their physical properties

Morphology

The study of the structure of words Free morpheme = a simple word only consisting of a single morpheme (can stand on its own as a word

Vocative

The term ______ is the linguistic term for the name or title of the person that you actually say when you address him or her. Direct address an optional element used to show the person to whom a sentence is directed or addressed. "Hey Pat, It's me, Charlie!"

Quatrain

Type of stanza, or complete poem consisting of four lines Many variations

Blank verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter - lines of 10 syllables that don't rhyme, each even-numbered syllable has an accent.

Enjambment

Use of a line of poetry whose sense and rhythmic movement continues to the next line. Occurs when one line ends and continues on to the next line to complete meaning A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.

Syllepsis

Use of a single word in two different senses at once.

Parallelism (Grammar)

Use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same, or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Adds balance and rhythm to sentences, giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs

Tone.

Used to describe the attitude of a writer as expressed in word choice or other rhetorical elements. The tone of a piece of writing might be light hearted, serious, ironic, or threatening.

Semicolon

Used to join independent clauses in compound sentences that do not have coordinating conjunctions and commas as connectors. Words like however, moreover, thus, and therefore are often used as connectors in these sentences

Present Progressive Tense

Uses am, is, or are and the present participle form of the verb , indicates continuing action, something going on now

Pastiche

Using the form or style of another author, generally in tribute piece of literature or music imitating other works

Connotation

What words mean past their literal definition.

Proving Non-Existence

When an arguer cannot provided the evidence for his claims, he may challenge his opponent to prove that it doesn't exist

Top-Down Approach (linguistic)

When analyzing a language, a linguist takes a "top down" approach. She will start with larger structures which leads to the study of the smaller components of a language. Thes, she would approach her study from sentences to clauses to words. A synthetic study would build the language up from the bottom up

Reification Fallacy

When people treat an abstract belief or hypothetical concept as if it represented a concrete event or physical entity Ex. IQ tests as an actual measure of intelligence Ex. The concept of race (even though genetic attributes exists)

Parallelism

When there are similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.

Evaluating Stage

Where the author self-evaluates his/'her work and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the piece

The Pigman

Written by Paul Zindel, first published in 1968 The novel begins with Lorraine's delinquent friend named John. signed by John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen, two high school sophomores, which pledge that they will report only the facts about their experiences with the principal

The Outsiders

Written by SE Hinton this novel is about a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: This story is a bildungsroman novel (bildungsroman means - coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important.

Emily Bronte

Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by this aurthor. The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them. Jane Eyre is this author's sister. Today Wuthering Heights is considered a classic of English literature

Antagonist

a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist. Commonly referred to as the villain, but in some cases an antagonist may exist within the protagonist that causes an internal conflict or moral conflict within their mind.

clause

a group of related words containing a subject and a verb, unlike a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship

Apositive

a noun or pronoun- often with modifiers - set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. Appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but may also precede it. Usually offset with comma, brackets, or dashes.

Moby Dick

a novel by Herman Melville, first published in 1851. It is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. The story tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael, and his voyage on the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge. In this novel Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and the metaphor to explore numerous complex themes. Allegorical - Whale = Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/Civilization/Human Will; Ishmael=Poet/Philosopher (Debate between Ahab and Ishmael)

The Joy Luck Club

a novel written by Amy Tan (born in China but an American author). The story is about a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

Animal Farm

a novel written by George Orwell about a group of animals who mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

Macbeth

a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland the play is inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

Present Tense

a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking , verb that tells something that is happening now; example: Dena LAUGHS at the jokes.

David Copperfield

after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, this young man finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

Subordinating conjunction

connects an independent clause with one or more dependent-subordinate clauses EX: after, although, as, as soon as, because, before, by the time, even if, even though, every time, if, in case, in the event that, just in case, now that, once, only if, since, since, the first time, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, whether or not, while

Simple Sentence

contains only one independent clause

Compound-Complex Sentence

contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

Future Progressive Tense

describe an ongoing action that takes place in the future. The tense is formed by using the future form of the helping verb to be, plus the -ing form of a verb

Donald Graves

his book Writing: Teachers and Children at Work (1983) described six principles of the writing process. He's known as the Father of the Writer's Workshop. He was most influential in focusing writing instruction on process over product focuses on the writing process rather than the final product of writing. He also advises that revision is crucial to effective writing and that the publishing stage provides a reason for writing; having an audience motivates the writer Beginning in first grade, ss should write for 35-40 minutes a day, at least 4 days a week. Graves describes a "rhythm of writing" which involves thinking about writing, writing rehearsal, and actual writing which must be inculcated very early in students

Their Eyes Were Watching God

is a 1937 novel and the best-known work by African American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny." Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received for its rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions. Today, it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African American literature and women's literature

Fahrenheit 451

is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

Lois Lowry

is a Female American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newbery Medal, and Number the Stars

The Aeneid

is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. *A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas

Edith Wharton

is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome Ethan Frome struggles to make a living as a farmer near the bleak Massachusetts town of Starkfield, while his dour wife Zeena whines and complains about her imaginary ailments. When Zeena's destitute cousin, Mattie Silver, a sweet and cheerful young woman, comes to live with the couple, the growing friendship between Ethan and Mattie arouses Zeena's jealousy, and she evicts Mattie from the house. As they are about to part, Ethan and Mattie take a sled ride down the big hill near town. In despair now and aware of their love for each other, they decide to end their lives by crashing the sled. Instead they are both left crippled for life. At the end of the story, the original roles have changed. Ethan is deformed, hopeless, and poorer than ever, and Mattie is now the helpless invalid. Caring for them both—presiding over their wrecked lives—is Zeena.

1984

is a book written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

Watership Down

is a classic heroic fantasy novel, written by English author Richard Adams, in 1972 about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

The Giver

is a dystopian children's novel by Lois Lowry. The novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life. It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; book allegedly glorified Communism

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

is a female American author best known for her children and young adult fiction books. She is best known for her children's-novel trilogy Shiloh (a 1992 Newbery Medal winner), Shiloh Season and Saving Shiloh, all made into movies. She is also known for her "Alice" book series; The Grand Escape, the short story collection The Galloping Goat and Other Stories; The Witch Saga; and a series of books, starting with The Boys Start the War, about boys and girls pulling pranks on each other.

Nancy Farmer

is a female American author of children's and young adult books and science fiction stories. She has written three Newbery Honor Books and she won the 2002 National Book Award for Young People's. She wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm - a story for children about Africa and is a Newbery Honor book. The story takes place in Zimbabwe in the year 2194. The book combines elements of science-fiction, Afrofuturism and African culture, and depicts the struggle of a notorious general's three children to escape from their kidnappers in a crime-infested area of Zimbabwe.

The Great Gatsby

is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

Little Women

is a novel by American female author Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). This story is about four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

Robinson Crusoe

is a novel by Daniel Defoe that was first published in 1719. It is about a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic

Crime and Punishment

is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It Is a novel about an attempt to prove a theory. A student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s.

Holes

is a novel for children or young adults written by Louis Sachar. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commitcommit

Anna Karenina

is a realistic fiction - novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. THis novel is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city After having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russion, 1970s, psychological novel

The Red Badge of Courage

is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

Christopher Paul Curtis

is an Africican American children's author and a Newbery Medal winner who wrote The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Elijah, & Bud, Not Buddy. Bud, Not Buddy is the first novel to receive both the Coretta Scott King Award and the Newbery Medal. His book Elijah of Buxton (winner of the Scott O'Dell Historical Fiction Award, the Coretta Scott King Award, and a Newbery Honor) is set in a free Black community in Ontario that was founded in 1849 by runaway slaves.

S.E. Hinton (Susan Eloise Hinton)

is an American author best known for her young adult novel The Outsiders. By the time she was 17 years old, she was a published author. While still in high school in her hometown—Tulsa, Oklahoma—she put in words what she saw and felt growing up and called it The Outsiders, a now classic story of two sets of high school rivals, the Greasers and the Socs (for society kids). Because her hero was a Greaser and outsider, and her tale was one of gritty realism, she launched a revolution in young adult literature.

Louis Sacher

is an American author of children's books. He is best known for the series Sideways Stories From Wayside School and for the novel Holes which he has followed with two companion novels. Holes won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom

Karen Hesse

is an American author of children's literature and literature for young adults, often with historical settings. She wrote Out of the Dust. Set in Oklahoma during the years 1934-1935, this book tells the story of a family of farmers during the Dust Bowl years. With Billie Jo being the main character, the book goes into her own life and struggles. The structure of the novel is unusual in that the plot is advanced entirely through a series of free verse poems. She recieved an 1998 Newbery Medal for Out of the Dust and Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction

Jerry Spinelli

is an American author of children's novels on adolescence and early adulthood. He is best known for the novels Maniac Magee and Wringer. Maniac Magee is a young adult fiction novel and published in 1990. Exploring themes of racism and homelessness, it follows the story of an orphaned boy looking for a home in the fictional Pennsylvania town of Two Mills. He becomes a local legend for feats of athleticism and fearlessness, and his ignorance of sharp racial boundaries in the town. Recieved Boston Globe/Horn Book Award ·1991: Carolyn Field Award, Newbery Medal (American Library Association)·1992: Charlotte Award, Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award,Flicker Tale Award, Indian Paintbrush Book Award, Rhode Island Children's Book Award·1993: Buckeye Children's Book Award, Land of Enchantment Award, Mark Twain Award, Massachusetts Children's Book Award, Nevada Young Readers' Award, Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader's Choice Award,Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award

Kate Dicamillo

is an American female author of children's fiction. Her 2003 novel The Tale of Despereaux won the annual Newbery Medal as the "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children", three years after Because of Winn-Dixie was a runner up (Newbery Honor Book). She is also known for the Mercy Watson series of picture books, illustrated by Chris Van Dusen

Carl Hiaason

is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. He wrote Hoot Hoot is a 2002 young-adult novel The story takes place in Coconut Cove, Florida, where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site. The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003.

Gary Paulsen

is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel. Hatchet Brian's Winter Tracker Dogsong

The Picture of Dorian Gray

is an English Gothic novel written by Oscar Wilde, about the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful

Richard Adams

is an English novelist who wrote Watership Down. Watership Down is a classic heroic fantasy novel, Set in south-central England, the story features a small group of rabbits. Although they live in their natural environment, they are anthropomorphised, possessing their own culture, language (Lapine), proverbs, poetry, and mythology. Evoking epic themes, the novel is the Aeneid of the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home, encountering perils and temptations along the way. Watership Down has never been out of print, and it is Penguin Books' best-selling novel of all time. It won the annual Carnegie Medal, annual Guardian Prize, and other book awards. It has been adapted as a 1978 animated film that is now a classic and as a 1999 to 2001 television series.

Mary Downing Hahn

is an award-winning female American author of young adult. She wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story-. When eleven-year-old Drew goes to spend the summer with his great-aunt in the family's old house, he is drawn eighty years into the past to trade places with his great-great-uncle who is dying of diphtheria.

Self-Reliance

is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

Fishbone Organizer

is helpful for illustrating cause and effect. The result or effect is written along a straight line and the causes are listed on lines which slant up or down from it. These can be further detailed individually.

Geoffrey Chaucer

is known as the Father of English literature, He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. He wrote The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly written in verse although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return. The Canterbury Tales was his magnum opus. He uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which he may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.

Beowulf

is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literaturea. great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

George Orwell

is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair who was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism. He wrote 1984, and Animal Farm -I t was the first British animated feature released worldwide. Despite the title and Disney-esque animal animation, it is in fact a no-holds-barred adaptation. The book is about a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

Countee Cullen

leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance. He was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; He wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet

Infodumping

putting a concentrated amount of background information into a story all at once. This can occur in a conversation which all at once explains things that are necessary to expand the plot.

Naturalism

term used to discribe the literary movement based on the belief that human beings do not have a soul or any life apart from their physical existence. Naturalistic works tend to emphasize the darker side of life, including such things as poverty, disease, and injustice. In the United States, naturalism reached its height in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly in the works of Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser.

Menippean Satire

the reader sees the world through the eyes of another and may change his outlook after reading of the character's experiences a form of storytelling that uses a narrative and dialogues showing different points of view a form of satire that is indirect and nonrealistic in approach that consists typically of a loosely organized narrative incorporating a series of dialogues between representatives of various points of view. MS is a term employed broadly to refer to prose satires that are complex in nature, which combines many different targets of ridicule into a fragmented satiric narrative. reader sees the world through the eyes of another - experiences the character's life developed by the Greek cynic Menippus; uses plot freely and loosely to present the world in sharply controlled intellectual patterns (Gulliver's Travels by Swift, Alice in Wonderland by Carroll)

Jules Gabriel Verne

was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Around the World in Eighty Days

Fyodor Dostoevsky

was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. His literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russia. He is often acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. He wrote Crime and Punishment

Leo Tolstoy

was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays He wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; War and Peace is a novel first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature. It is considered his finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873-1877).

Johann David Wyss

was a chaplain in the Swiss army and served in Italy. He is best remembered for his book The Swiss Family Robinson. It has since become one of the most popular books of all time.

Willa Cather

was a female American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains. Her works include: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I. She has the reputation as being one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

Madeline L'Engle

was a female American writer best known for her young-adult fiction, particularly the Newbery Medal-winning A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, National Book Award-winning. She also wrote The Small Rain and 24 Days before Christmas

J.D. Salinger

was an American author, (January 1, 1919 - January 27, 2010) best known for his novel, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman(coming of age book) .

Edgar Rice Burroughs

was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres

Washington Irving

was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle",

Jack London

was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life. He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf

Edgar Allan Poe

was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, (In works of art, macabre is the quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere. Macabre works emphasize the details and symbols of death) This author was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

Thoreau

was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.. He wrote "Civil Disobedience;"

William Armstrong

was an American children's author and educator. Best known for his 1969 Newbery Medal-winning novel, Sounder. The story of an African-American boy living with his sharecropper family. Although the family's difficulties increase when the father is imprisoned for stealing a ham from work, the boy still hungers for an education. Sounder won the Newbery Award in 1970, and was made into a major motion picture in 1972

Elizabeth George Speare

was an American children's author who won many awards for her historical fiction novels, including two Newbery Medals. She has been called one of America's 100 most popular children's authors and much of her work has become mandatory reading in many schools throughout the nation. Indeed, because her books have sold so well she is also cited as one of the Educational Paperback Association's top 100 authors. Witch of Blackbird Pond The Sign of the Beaver The Bronze Bow

Scott O'Dell

was an American children's author who wrote 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He has been called "the foremost American writer of children's historical fiction." Although he is best known for stories set in the past, his books include gothic romances, nonfiction, and stories of contemporary life. He wrote Island of Blue Dolphins. Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 American children's novel. The story is about a young girl stranded for years on an island off the California coast, it is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Indian left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island in the 19th century. Island of the Blue Dolphins won the Newbery Medal in 1961. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, and Unitarian minister who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. Most important figure in Transcendentalist movement & friend of Thoreau. A champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Nature - 1836 - individualism Self-Reliance - 1841 - optimistic

Ralph Waldo Emerson

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. He wrote "Self-Reliance;"

Ray Bradbury

was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction and horror stories gathered together as The Martian, Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951). He was one of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers. Many of his works have been adapted into television shows or films.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

was an American novelist and short story writer who wrote The Scarlet Letter. His works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement. He wrote "The Birth-Mark," The Scarlet Letter; works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

Herman Melville

was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. Best Known - Moby-Dick (abridged - 1851). He also wrote Billy Budd, and Sailor. Moby-Dick is classified as a Dark Romantic. Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.

Stephen Crane

was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel "The Red Badge of Courage", which he wrote without any battle experience. His first novel was the 1893 Bowery tale "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets", which critics generally consider the first work of American literary Naturalism. His writing is characterized by vivid intensity, distinctive dialects, and irony. Common themes involve fear, spiritual crises and social isolation. Although recognized primarily for The Red Badge of Courage, which has become an American classic, Crane is also known for short stories such as "The Open Boat", "The Blue Hotel", "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky", and The Monster. His writing made a deep impression on 20th century writers, most prominent among them Ernest Hemingway, and is thought to have inspired the Modernists and the Imagists.

Walt Whitman

was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. He is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. He wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy. He also wrote: ·"Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. Franklin Evans (1842) ·Drum-Taps (1865) ·Memoranda During the War ·Specimen Days ·Democratic Vistas (1871)

Robert Frost

was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. One of the most popular and critically respected American poems of his generation, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes was for the poem The Road Not Taken". It was published in 1916. Carved out elder-statesmen role in official American culture.

Ernest Hemingway

was an American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'. He wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun Also Rises

Jean Craighead George

was an American writer who authored over one hundred books for young adults, including the Newbery Medal-winning Julie of the Wolves, the Newbery Honor book My Side of the Mountain, and its sequel, On the Far Side of the Mountain. Common themes in her works are the environment and the natural world.

H.G. Wells

was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. He has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

Christopher Marlowe

was an English dramatist, poet and translator. He wrote Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus, is a play based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.

Charles Dickens

was an English novelist during Victorian era and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. He wrote David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and many more!

Jane Austen

was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. She wrote Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park,

Mary Shelley

was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

William Shakespeare

was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". He was the greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His work includes: Sonnet 18- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Hamlet-follows the young prince Hamlet home to Denmark to attend his father's funeral. Hamlet is shocked to find his mother already remarried to his Uncle Claudius, the dead king's brother. And Hamlet is even more surprised when his father's ghost appears and declares that he was murdered. Exact dates are unknown, but scholars agree that Shakespeare published Hamlet between 1601 and 1603. Many believe that Hamlet is the best of Shakespeare's work, and the perfect play. Macbeth- the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from Banquo, a fellow army captain. Prodded by his ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan, becomes king, and sends mercenaries to kill Banquo and his sons. His attempts to defy the prophesy fail, however; Macduff kills Macbeth, and Duncan's son Malcolm becomes king. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of William Shakespeare about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime. The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama.

J. R. R. Tolkein

was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit (being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's wrote The Hobbitliterature.), The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel), and The Silmarillion.

Virginia Woolf

was an English writer, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. She wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist.

C.S. Lewis

was an Ireland novelist, poet. He wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children Published in 1950, it is the original book of The Chronicles of Narnia and is the best known book of the series Time magazine included the novel in its "All-TIME 100 Novels" (best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005).(It has also been published in 47 foreign languages.)

James Joyce

was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. He wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:

William Butler Yeats

was an Irish/British poet and playwright, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. He wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 191."

Virgil

was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. This poet is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both England and the United States during her lifetime. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband, another famous poet, shortly after her death. She wrote "Aurora Leigh," and Sonnet Number 43 - How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace. I love thee to the level of everyday's Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight. I love thee freely, as men strive for Right; I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise. I love thee with the passion put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose With my lost saints,—I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life!—and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.

Lewis Carroll

was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an English author. His most famous writings are "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and its sequel "Through the Looking-Glass", as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky" ("Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse poem written in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found). All examples of the genre of literary nonsense.

The Catcher in the Rye

written by JD Salinger After being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown. Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages. Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than 65 million books. The novel's protagonist and antihero, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion. it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It has been frequently challenged in the United States and other countries for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality. It also deals with complex issues of identity, belonging, connection, and alienation

T. S. Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

Elie Wiesel

wrote Night - He is a Romanian-born Jewish-American. He is a writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Prize Winner, and Holocaust survivor. The novel -Night - is about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps.

Anne Frank

wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany

Wendy Towle

wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an Aftican American Inventor. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929), the child of escaped slaves, was born in Canada and educated in Scotland as an engineer during the Civil War. Settling in Michigan, he was able to find work only as a fireman, stoking the engines of a locomotive and oiling its parts. But his training was not wasted: he invented an automatic lubricator--possibly the original "real McCoy"--and went on to patent other devices, including the portable ironing board and the lawn sprinkler. He eventually founded the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company but never received his due for his work and died alone in a nursing home.

Langston Hughes

wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance