Praxis 5081 Practice Test with all the choices
From the locations listed below, click the two choices that correspond with the geographic positions. 0° Longitude | 90° Latitude A. North Pole and South Pole B. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn C. International Date Line D. Prime Meridian
0° Longitude = Prime Meridian 90° Latitude = North Pole and South Pole
Which of the following was most significant in allowing river valley civilizations to flourish? A.Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils B.Religious traditions that provided regional stability C.Protection from warring groups provided by hills and mountains D.Use of waterways for long-distance trade with other civilizations
A. Agricultural production from relatively enriched soils
Which of the following is a similarity between Christianity in western Europe and Islam in the Middle East before 1000 C.E.? A.Both were strongly influenced by Judaism. B.Both spread primarily by missionaries along trade routes. C.Both encouraged the spread of literacy. D.Both were led by one individual with supreme religious authority.
A. Both were strongly influenced by Judaism
Which of the following are most common in states that use proportional representation electoral systems? A. Coalition governments B. Single-party governments C. Hybrid regimes D. Authoritarian regimes
A. Coalition governments (Proportional representation = amount of seats is based on how many votes; smaller parties have more chances)
Which of the following best describes a system in which powers are distributed between the national and subnational governments? A. Federalism B. Separation of powers C. Checks and balances D. Limited government
A. Federalism (Means power is divided between central and regional governments)
Interest groups regularly engage in which of the following activities? Select all that apply. A. Filing amicus curiae briefs B. Nominating candidates for office C. Donating to electoral campaigns D. Conducting scientific public opinion polls
A. Filing amicus curiae briefs C. Donating to electoral campaigns **Amicus curiae is Latin for "friend of the court"; someone who isn't part of a party but has a strong interest
Which of the following countries has had a woman president or prime minister? Select all that apply. A.India B.Israel C.Mexico D.Great Britain
A. India (Indira Ghandi) B. Israel (Golda Meir) D. Great Britain (Margaret Thatcher / Theresa May)
Which of the following supported the unequal treatment of African Americans in the United States throughout the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century? A.Jim Crow laws B.Radical Reconstruction C.Black Codes D.Republicanism
A. Jim Crow laws
Which of the following regions was the first to develop settled agriculture? A.Middle East B.North America C.West Africa D.Western Europe
A. Middle East (i.e. Mesopotamia had the Tigris and Euphrates rivers)
Why did the European revolutions of 1848 fail in the years immediately following the uprisings? A.Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes. B.Disagreement among the revolutionaries about the goals of socialism and nationalism split the revolutionaries into warring factions. C.European leaders acted quickly to preserve their power and pacify their people by implementing reforms such as universal suffrage. D.The movement toward national unification of city-states into nations was largely complete by 1849.
A. Military repression and the splitting of labor and the middle class by elites restored authoritarian regimes.
Which of the following is a widely shared belief in political culture in the United States? A. Participating in elections is an important civic duty. B. Direct action, such as civil disobedience, is more important than voting. C. Economic equality is as important as political equality. D. Majority preferences should be given more weight than minority rights.
A. Participating in elections is an important civic duty.
Which of the following most likely accounts for acid precipitation occurring far from its point of origin, as indicated by the map? A. Prevailing wind B. Groundwater runoff C. Temperature fluctuation D. Depletion of the ozone layer
A. Prevailing wind (when containments become airborne, the wind carries them to different regions) **Acid precipitation is caused by the burning of fossil fuels
Singapore has become one of the outstanding centers of manufacturing, finance, and trade along the Pacific Rim. This is due in part to which of the following geographic advantages? A. Relative location B. Absolute location C. Topography D. Mineral resources
A. Relative location (relative location = location based on the location of another) **Absolute Location = an exact place's location based on latitude and longitude.
Immigrants who settled in large cities in the United States between 1890 and 1914 primarily came from which of the following regions? A.Southern and eastern Europe B.Central and South America C.Northern and western Europe D.South and East Asia
A. Southern and eastern Europe
A population's rate of natural increase is determined by which of the following? A. The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate B. The sum of the native population and the total number of immigrants in the population over a decade C. The difference between the total number of births and the annual rate of infant mortality D. The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants over a set period of time
A. The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate (Natural increase = crude)
The post-Second World War United States foreign policy that called for supporting European countries against communist invasions or communist revolutions was the A.Truman Doctrine B.Marshall Plan C.Roosevelt Corollary D.Monroe Doctrine
A. Truman Doctrine
The massive depletion of the Aral Sea, which has shrunk significantly from the fourth largest lake in the world, is most likely due to which of the following? A. Use of the water from the feeder rivers for irrigation B. Occurrence of persistent drought in Kazakhstan C. Effects of global warming D. Increased dependence on groundwater mining
A. Use of the water from the feeder rivers for irrigation **Farmers decided to irrigate the Aral Sea
In the late nineteenth century, economic development in the southern United States was largely characterized by A.a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises B.the rise of service-sector fields such as tourism and retail sales C.a focus on finance and international trade D.rapid industrialization, with former slaves as the primary workforce
A. a continued reliance on agriculture and related enterprises
An election in which voters are not required to be members of a political party to vote for party candidates is known as A. an open primary B. a closed primary C. a blanket primary D. a top-two primary
A. an open primary
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty focusing on the issue of A. climate change B. world poverty C. nuclear proliferation D. drug trafficking
A. climate change (Kyoto Protocol = climate change)
The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 and the invasion of Panama in 1989 are examples of attempts by the United States to A.eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere B.cultivate peaceful relations with Latin American nations C.combat the production and distribution of illegal narcotics D.force countries to enter the North American Free Trade Agreement
A. eliminate unfriendly governments in the Western Hemisphere
The main goal of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to provide A.public work relief to young men during the Great Depression B.economic recovery assistance for farmers affected by the Dust Bowl C.financial assistance to United States citizens above the age of 65 D.opportunities for civilians on the home front to help the European war effort
A. public work relief to young men during the Great Depression
The elections of Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter as president in the 1960s and 1970s provide evidence for A.the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states B.the domination of American politics by the Democratic Party C.the preference of voters for lower taxes and smaller government D.the unwillingness of voters to elect former members of Congress to the presidency
A. the growing electoral power of Sun Belt states (States in the Southwest and Southeast)
Which of the following strategies did the Union attempt as it sought to defeat the South during the American Civil War? Check all that apply. A.Blockading all major Southern ports to disrupt commerce, especially in cotton, the proceeds of which could be used to fund the purchase of military supplies B.Capturing and controlling the Mississippi River in an effort to cut the South in half and damage Southern efforts to keep troops resupplied C.Campaigning to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and destroy the secessionist government of the South D.Plotting to assassinate Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, leading to chaos in the Confederate government
A.) Blockading all major Southern ports to disrupt commerce, especially in cotton, the proceeds of which could be used to fund the purchase of military supplies B.) Capturing and controlling the Mississippi River in an effort to cut the South in half and damage Southern efforts to keep troops resupplied C.) Campaigning to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and destroy the secessionist government of the South
Which of the following caused Spanish, British, and French forces to fight wars in North America prior to the American Revolution? Check all that apply. A.Disputes about controlling territory in the colonies B.Religious and cultural differences among colonists of different nationalities C.Competition for mineral resources, particularly gold and silver D.International tensions caused by competing alliances among the three nations
A.) Disputes about controlling territory in the colonies B.) Religious and cultural differences among colonists of different nationalities D.) International tensions caused by competing alliances among the three nations
Match the statements to the correct document: Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution A. Gave Congress the power to regulate interstate trade B. Expanded territory through the Northwest Ordinance (1787) C. Established a bicameral legislature D. Established a unicameral legislature
Articles of Confederation: B & D US Constitution: A & C
Which of the following did Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia have in common as monarchs? A.Both rulers attempted to isolate their countries and resist outside influence. B.Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. C.Both rulers held a great interest in maritime technology and visited Dutch and English shipyards to learn their secrets. D.Both rulers were enlightened despots who attempted to rule through the loyalty of their subjects.
B .Both rulers distrusted the people of the noble class and forced them to live in close proximity to their royal courts. (King Louis XIV had the Palace of Versailles built for this reason)
Which of the following best describes the political organization of Maya civilization circa 300-700 C.E.? A.A large empire with a centralized bureaucracy B.A collection of independent city-states C.An early instance of democracy, with voting for property-holding men D.A feudal state dominated by local warlords
B. A collection of independent city-states
In the decade after the end of the Cold War, United States foreign policy was most strongly characterized by which of the following? A. A general retreat from world affairs and a renewed concern for the Western Hemisphere B. A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade C. An effort to prevent the reemergence of fascism by postponing the reunification of Germany D. The modernization of the country's nuclear weapons stockpiles to deter foreign terrorist organizations
B. A focus on expanding economic prosperity through globalization and free trade
Which of the following examples best shows the spatial economic practice of agglomeration? A. The main population center in a fruit-growing region has a juice manufacturing facility. B. A rubber tire factory and windshield producer locate near an automobile assembly plant. C. A popular fast food chain locates their restaurants at roughly equidistant places throughout a metropolitan area. D. A region that specializes in dairy products trades with a region that specializes in grain production.
B. A rubber tire factory and windshield producer locate near an automobile assembly plant. (Agglomeration = businesses of a similar trade that are in close proximity to one another will benefit)
Which of the following statements regarding the circumstances of Canada, Australia, and South Africa within the British Empire during the nineteenth century is most true? A.All three regions endured protracted and bitter wars between settlers and native peoples. B.All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy. C.All three regions were wrested from other European states by Great Britain in colonial wars. D.All three regions served as centers of manufacturing and industrial production for British markets.
B. All three regions contained a large proportion of European settlers and had considerable autonomy.
Which of the following best summarizes Thomas Hobbes' argument in favor of a strong central government? A. Legitimate monarchs are right to expect obedience and loyalty from their subjects. B. Anarchy can only be avoided by entering into a social contract enforced by a sovereign. C. The preservation of traditional morality requires a powerful government. D. The prosperity of a country requires a state that can effectively regulate the economy.
B. Anarchy can only be avoided by entering into a social contract enforced by a sovereign. (Thomas Hobbes = leaders need to avoid anarchy because people are corrupt)
Which of the following was an effect of the collapse of centralized communist governments on Eastern Europe in 1989? A.Rapid development of technology industries B.Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions C.Successive waves of invasion by armies of the USSR D.Establishment of neofascist military dictatorships
B. Ethnic conflict as a result of deep historical tensions
Which of the following distinguishes the colonization of New France in the eighteenth century from that of New England? A.French colonists were more likely to create permanent settlements and to engage in warfare with Native American tribes. B.French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them. C.French colonists held the territories they inhabited more securely over time and built more long-lasting settlements. D.French colonists provided greater flows of raw materials and profit to the royal French government than did New England to the British royal government.
B. French colonists were more likely to pursue trade in furs with Native Americans and to intermarry with them.
An equatorial rain forest is associated with which of the following climatic conditions? A. Cold, dry winters and warm, moist summers B. Hot and wet conditions year-round C. Mild winters and hot, sultry summers D. Cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers
B. Hot and wet conditions year-round (Equatorial rainforests = Amazon/tropical)
Which of the following was an important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A.Decreased power of the Catholic Church in Spain and Portugal B.Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states C.Improved relations between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches D.Decreased military threat from the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe
B. Increased literacy in predominately Protestant states
Which of the following was the primary source of agricultural labor in the British colonies in North America during the early years of colonization until the 1660s? A.Slaves imported from Africa B.Indentured servants from Great Britain C.Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine D.Indians who were enslaved by the colonists
B. Indentured servants from Great Britain
Tenement housing in the United States was a response to which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A.The rapid growth of suburbs B.Industrialization and urbanization C.Legislation limiting immigration D.Declining urban populations
B. Industrialization and urbanization
Which of the following is the best example of a nation-state? A. Russia B. Japan C. Spain D. The United States
B. Japan (nation-state = country where your country of citizens share a common culture and ethnic origin)
What causes weather patterns to move from west to east across the United States? A. Trade winds B. Jet stream C. Mountain ranges D. Gulf Stream
B. Jet stream (west to east weather patterns = jet stream)
Which of the following uses curriculum design to promote an adolescent's motivation to read? A. Aligning content and skills to state standards B. Offering students a choice of supplemental reading materials C. Offering cross-age and peer-tutoring programs D. Monitoring student growth through frequent formative assessments
B. Offering students a choice of supplemental reading materials **When students are given the power to make a choice, that provides them encouragement and interest
Voter turnout is typically highest in which of the following elections? A. Off-year congressional elections B. Presidential general elections C. Presidential primary elections D. Local elections
B. Presidential general elections
Which of the following projections, commonly found on classroom maps of the world and in the image above, accurately depicts the size of the continents but is not true to direction? A.Mercator B.Robinson C.Polar D.Conic
B. Robinson (Robinson = world map and round)
Which of the following terms describes the process by which bureaucrats interpret the meaning of laws and decide how they should be implemented? A. Lawmaking B. Rulemaking C. Adjudication D. Lobbying
B. Rulemaking (Bureaucrats = rulemaking process)
The drawing above most closely illustrates which of the following? A. Federalism B. Separation of powers C. Nationalism D. Checks and balances
B. Separation of Powers
Former slaves who could not afford to buy land during Reconstruction often turned to which of the following? A.Factory work B.Sharecropping C.Railroad building D.Clerical work
B. Sharecropping
Which of the following best characterizes the political structures of the Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens in the classical period (circa 510 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.) ? A.Sparta granted citizenship to women, banished slavery, and developed an early form of democracy; Athens granted women citizenship but kept the majority of its population as slaves and lacked institutions for citizen participation in government. B.Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too. C.Both Sparta and Athens were peaceful democracies that had wide participation in the polis (city-state) by all men who were property owners. D.Both Sparta and Athens were military dictatorships that lacked political structures through which citizens could participate in running the state or making decisions about waging war.
B. Sparta was a military encampment that required citizens to serve as soldiers most of their lives; Athens was a limited democracy in which citizens participated in government, including the military, but performed other work too.
Which of the following most directly allowed early factories in the United States to appear outside the mill towns of New England? A.Interchangeable parts B.Steam power C.Limited liability D.Slave labor
B. Steam power
Which of the following was an argument made by the Anti-Federalists against the ratification of the Constitution? A. The Constitution did not provide a clear separation of powers. B. The Constitution failed to protect individual rights. C. The Constitution failed to give enough power to the national government. D. The Constitution did not allow the states to be a part of the amendment process.
B. The Constitution failed to protect individual rights. (That's why James Madison drew up the Bill of Rights)
Which of the following initiatives was a Progressive Era response to the threat of environmental degradation? A.The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency B.The creation of the national park system C.The development of air quality legislation D.The banning of synthetic pesticides
B. The creation of the national park system
Which of the following was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979? A.The desire to create a Westernized, secular state on the model of Turkey B.The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force C.The desire to liberate Iran from the political and economic control of the Soviet Union D.The desire to nationalize oil fields to economically support a military regime
B. The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force (The US backed up Shah Phalavi in 1977; Ayotallah Khomeini eliminated secularism)
Which of the following issues caused both the Whig and Democratic Parties to split internally in the 1850s along sectional lines? A.The legalization of labor unions B.The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories C.The cost of acquiring the Louisiana Territory D.The incorporation of Canadian provinces into the federal system of the United States
B. The extension of slavery to newly acquired territories
Which of the following was a direct result of the Neolithic Revolution? A.The establishment of long-distance trade networks B.The growth of agricultural communities C.The use of cave paintings D.The development of metal tools and weapons
B. The growth of agricultural communities
Which of the following were important causes of the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905? Select all that apply. A.The intervention of the United States on the part of its ally, Japan B.The inadequacy of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as a military supply line for Russia C.The continuing expansion of British control over the Japanese economy D.The more advanced industrialization of Japan compared to that of Russia
B. The inadequacy of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as a military supply line for Russia D. The more advanced industrialization of Japan compared to that of Russia
Which of the following has been a primary cause of soil depletion in deforested rain forest environments? A. The overuse of harmful pesticides B. The introduction of cash-crop agriculture C. Contamination by industrial waste D. The use of chemical fertilizers
B. The introduction of cash-crop agriculture (Cash-crops = not suitable for rain forest soil)
Which of the following is the best example of an application of the full faith and credit clause? A. The state of California charges tourists a fee to use state parks. B. The state of Connecticut recognizes marriage licenses from all other states. C. The state of Virginia does not charge churches for property or sales tax. D. The state of Texas must get congressional approval to do business with Mexico.
B. The state of Connecticut recognizes marriage licenses from all other states. (Article IV of the Constitution = all states must recognize Acts of other states)
Which of the following effects of the Industrial Revolution most likely influenced Karl Marx's development of the Communist Manifesto? A.Decreasing economic opportunities for agricultural workers B.The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers C.The increasing role of women in the workforce D.Growing levels of pollution in urban areas
B. The widening socioeconomic gap between factory owners and factory workers
Which of the following can be concluded about most early civilizations from the map above? A.They tended to form in the east and spread west. B.They tended to form where irrigation would be unnecessary or easily accomplished. C.They tended to form adjacent to other civilizations with which they could trade. D.They tended to form in areas with tropical climates.
B. They tended to form where irrigation would be unnecessary or easily accomplished.
The rapid economic growth of Japan in the 1970s and 1980s and, slightly later, of the group of countries that were known as the Asian Tigers (South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) was largely a result of A.centrally planned economies on the model of the People's Republic of China and North Korea B.government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods C.the provision of raw materials to the United States and Europe and the resulting importation of finished goods from them D.cultivation of direct foreign investment by the United States and encouragement of consumer spending over saving
B. government-backed industrialization, high tariffs on imported goods, and export of manufactured goods
Media coverage of elections that primarily focuses on which candidates are ahead and behind in the polls is referred to as A. yellow journalism B. horse race journalism C. muckraking D. watchdog journalism
B. horse race journalism **yellow journalism = eye catching headlines **watchdog journalism = investigative journalism **muckraking = 1890s-1920s reform journalism for exposing
Political polarization is best described as a process in which A. party coalitions in the electorate shift such that groups supporting each party change B. individuals' political preferences increasingly resemble those of the political parties they are affiliated with C. citizens increasingly identify as independent and do not affiliate with a major political party D. Democratic and Republican legislators are able to achieve compromise and pass legislation together
B. individuals' political preferences increasingly resemble those of the political parties they are affiliated with (Political Polarization = your political preferences aligns with the political party you're affiliated with)
The framers of the Constitution argued that judicial independence would be best protected by A. the nomination power of the president B. life tenure with good behavior C. the confirmation power of the Senate D. traditions and norms in the legal profession
B. life tenure with good behavior
Unemployment that occurs as a result of a mismatch between currently available workers and required job skills is A. frictional unemployment B. structural unemployment C. cyclical unemployment D. seasonal unemployment
B. structural unemployment **Structural employment is the mismatch between jobs and skills
Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were all advocates for the claim that A.women should be encouraged to consume alcohol in public B.women should be granted the same voting rights as men C.women should be allowed to enlist in the armed services D.women should receive equal pay for the same work done by men
B. women should be granted the same voting rights as men
"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with." Question: The thought of which of the following Renaissance thinkers is expressed by the passage above? A.Francesco Petrarch B.Niccolò Machiavelli C.Dante Alighieri D.Leonardo da Vinci
B.Niccolò Machiavelli (End justifies the means; Better to be feared than loved)
According to the map above, the distance between Nome and Barrow, Alaska, is approximately how many miles? A. 150 B. 300 C. 500 D. 650
C. 500 **Look on the map where it says the distance of miles
Which of the following best describes a major effect of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the period 1500 to 1700? A.Asian indentured servants immigrated to the Caribbean. B.European convict laborers were sent to work in North America. C.Africans involuntarily migrated to South America. D.Indigenous peoples in North America were often enslaved.
C. Africans involuntarily migrated to South America
Which of the following changes indicates long-run economic growth? A. An increase in consumption spending B. An increase in the price level C. An increase in long-run aggregate supply D. An increase in wages in response to an inflationary gap
C. An increase in long-run aggregate supply (long-run aggregate supply = more capacity/amount means more economic growth)
Which of the following most likely led to the shift in human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture beginning circa 8,000 B.C.E. ? A.Development of metallurgy B.Larger-capacity braincases C.Climate change D.Spread of language
C. Climate Change
Which of the following is an example of pork-barrel politics? A. Accepting federal funds for political campaigns B. Passing state legislation that helps only one political party C. Directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation D. Approving state subsidies to farmers for agricultural use
C. Directing federal funds to a representative's district through legislation (Pork barrel = making legislation so that the federal government gives your district $$)
Which of the following accusations did colonists make against King George III and the British Parliament in the Declaration of Independence? A.Violating the law of eminent domain by seizing private property for use by the government B.Embezzling tax money for the personal use of the Crown C.Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies D.Waging an illegal war against the French in Canada and mistreating Native Americans
C. Frustrating the working of representative government and the law in the colonies
Which of the following led to Islam becoming the dominant religion in Indonesia from circa 1600 C.E. to the present? A.Indonesia's importance as a key province of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates B.The conquest of Indonesia by Shiite Muslims from Sri Lanka in the sixteenth century C.Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean D.Indonesia's importance as a colony in India's trade empire in the fourteenth century
C. Indonesians' trade with Arab and Persian merchants across the Indian Ocean
Which of the following philosophers argued that the protection of private property is a central function of governments? A. Plato B. Machiavelli C. John Locke D. Thomas Paine
C. John Locke
Which of the following powers does the Constitution grant to the president? A. Declaring war B. Levying taxes C. Making appointments D. Submitting a budget to Congress
C. Making appointments
Which of the following best characterizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Griswold v. Connecticut? A. Prayer in schools is a violation of the First Amendment. B. The Court may exercise judicial review to invalidate legislation. C. Married couples have certain privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. D. Evidence obtained in unconstitutional search and seizures is inadmissible in court.
C. Married couples have certain privacy rights that legislatures may not violate. (Griswold v. Connecticut = right to privacy)
Which of the following statements best describes the environmental consequences of the Columbian Exchange? A. A wave of epidemic diseases from the Americas sharply diminished European and Asian populations. B.Domesticated animals from the Americas became key to Europe's meat supply. C.Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans. D.Tobacco was transplanted to large central African plantations.
C. Native American populations were decimated by diseases spread through contact with Europeans
Which of the following potential hazards has seen coordinated international efforts to prevent further damage to the environment? A. Earthquakes B. Tropical storms C. Ozone depletion D. Seasonal flooding
C. Ozone depletion **Montreal Protocol of 1987 was the first international agreement that was a collected effort where countries began to limit the use and production of ozone-depleting chemicals) **The Ozone layer protects the Earth from the Sun's rays
"You may well ask: 'Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?' You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored." Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) Question: Of the following, which is a strategy reflected in the passage above that the Civil Rights movement used to obtain racial equality? A.Repudiation of the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s B.Violent confrontation to destroy patterns of segregation in the South C.Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change D.Alliance with foreign critics of the United States' record of racial discrimination
C. Peaceful civil disobedience to obtain social change
Between circa 1820 and 1840, the growing economy of the United States relied primarily on which of the following for transportation of goods between regions? A.The extensive system of roads that had been installed by the British before the American Revolution B.A new system of roads and railroads built by the federal government of the United States C.Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals D.The postal service that had been established under the Articles of Confederation
C. Privately built roads and railroads as well as water transport, including canals
Which of the following was an immediate cause of the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803? A.The French feared that the United States would ally with the Spanish to invade the territory. B.The British threatened to invade France if they did not reduce the size of their empire. C.The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean. D.The Spanish preferred the United States as an immediate neighbor in North America to the French.
C. The French could no longer afford the territory after the loss of its sugar colonies in the Caribbean.
Which of the following is a difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives? A. The Senate has many more committees than the House does. B. The Senate uses a system of seniority, but the House does not. C. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is. D. The Senate is more receptive to legislative proposals from the president than the House is.
C. The Senate is governed by fewer formal rules than the House is. (Debate procedures are less formal for Senators than Representatives of the House)
In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court relied on which of the following constitutional provisions to find that public school segregation is unconstitutional? A. The commerce clause B. The supremacy clause C. The equal protection clause D. The necessary and proper clause
C. The equal protection clause (Brown v BOE = equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment)
Which of the following resulted from the Bantu migrations in sub-Saharan Africa from circa 500 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E.? A.The northward spread of Indo-European languages and culture B.The northward spread of gold mining to Nubia and North Africa C.The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals D.The southward spread of nomadic settlement patterns and hunting and gathering
C. The southward spread of agricultural cultivation and the domestication of animals (When you see Bantu just think south of Africa for agriculture)
Which of the following is a function of standing committees? A. They resolve discrepancies between bills that have been passed by both houses of Congress. B. They are formed on a temporary basis to investigate a pressing issue. C. They allow members of Congress to gain expertise in specific policy areas. D. They provide an opportunity for the minority party to gain leadership positions.
C. They allow members of Congress to gain expertise in specific policy areas. (Standing committee = specific policy area)
In contrast to developed countries, developing countries are generally characterized by A. a higher proportion of high school graduates in their population B. lower population growth rates C. a higher proportion of their population working in agriculture D. lower emigration rates
C. a higher proportion of their population working in agriculture (developing countries = mostly agriculture)
Selective incorporation is the process by which A. the president selects judicial nominees for federal court B. the bureaucracy decides how a policy should be implemented C. certain Bill of Rights protections have been applied at the state level D. amendments have been incorporated into the Constitution
C. certain Bill of Rights protections have been applied at the state level (Selective incorporation = Bill of Rights for the states)
The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water molecules escape the surface of the Earth and enter the atmosphere is called A. precipitation B. condensation C. evaporation D. surface runoff
C. evaporation (evaporation = water molecules escape the surface)
The enactment of the New Deal programs in the 1930s could best be characterized as reflecting a popular belief that A.free-market policies were sufficient to restore economic prosperity in the United States B.the Interstate Commerce Act was ineffective and should be repealed C.the federal government should provide assistance to people in times of economic distress D.Keynesian economic principles were immediately effective in times of economic depression
C. the federal government should provide assistance to people in times of economic distress
Confucianism developed as a system of thought in China primarily in response to A.social and economic dislocation brought about by rapid urbanization and industrialization B.the introduction of European ideas and Christian missionary activity that challenged Chinese traditions C.the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period D.the cultural shock caused by military reversals in the wake of nomadic invasions by the Xiongnu
C. the instability and political crises brought about by frequent regional conflict during the Warring States period
A mental map would most likely be used to determine A. the optimal number of alternative energy sources in a given municipality B. the current number of public libraries in a region C. the most interesting route to school from home D. the site with the best transportation infrastructure for a new industrial park
C. the most interesting route to school from home (mental map = based on your memory)
Which of the following best describes the Eastern Woodland peoples, such as the Iroquois and Algonquin, before European colonization? A.Hunter-gatherers who had no knowledge of settled agriculture B.Pastoralists who herded large numbers of domesticated animals C.Maritime people who primarily relied on fishing D.Agriculturalists who supplemented their diet with hunting and gathering
D. Agriculturalists who supplemented their diet with hunting and gathering
Which of the following contributed to the spread of Islam into East Africa before 1450 C.E.? A.East African scholars studying in Saudi Arabia B.Military invasions by Islamic caliphates C.Missionaries sent into sub-Saharan Africa from Egypt D.Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes
D. Cultural diffusion along Indian Ocean trade routes
Which of the following describes an effect of the First World War on civil liberties in the United States before 1920? A.Women were granted the right to vote and the opportunity to serve in military combat roles. B.Prohibition was abolished as returning troops demanded the right to buy alcohol. C.Immigration laws were changed to allow admission of large numbers of refugees from war-torn Europe. D.Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior.
D. Laws on espionage and sedition were expanded to target anti-American language and behavior
Which of the following significantly contributed to the decline of both the Western Roman Empire and the Han dynasty? A.Climate change B.The spread of epidemic disease C.The collapse of major trade networks D.Nomadic invasions and internal unrest
D. Nomadic invasions and internal unrest
Which of the following forms of agriculture would traditionally be practiced in a tropical climate? A. Pastoral farming B. Aquaponic agriculture C. Mixed livestock and crop farming D. Slash-and-burn agriculture
D. Slash-and-burn agriculture (tropical climate = slash-and-burn)
Which of the following was an effect of the Mongol conquests under Genghis Khan and his successors during the thirteenth century? A.The Pope's renunciation of crusades against Muslims B.The rapid growth of literacy throughout Eurasia C.The suppression of Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent D.The revival of trade along the Silk Road
D. The revival of trade along the Silk Road
If a state's population increases, its representation in Congress is most likely to change in which of the following ways? A. The size of Congress will be increased to account for the population increase. B. The state will gain representation in both the House and the Senate. C. The state will gain representation in the Senate only. D. The state will gain representation in the House only.
D. The state will gain representation in the House only. (The amount of reps in the House is dependent on state population)
Which of the following describes an application of the Global Positioning System (GPS) ? A. Gathering atmospheric information from a satellite to forecast the weather B. Employing a tool to automatically maintain a minimum distance from the vehicle ahead C. Measuring angular distances of stars with a hand-held device for sea navigation D. Using a voice-activated device and a visual display to access driving directions
D. Using a voice-activated device and a visual display to access driving directions
During Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, those who protested against the leadership of the colony were chiefly A.grandees (elite planters) who wanted to shift the tax burden to poorer farmers B.slaveholders who sought harsh penalties for fugitive slaves C.Native Americans who revolted against being displaced from their lands D.small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands
D. small farmers who wanted to settle on Native American lands
The Federalist papers were written in support of A. popular protests against the Stamp Act B. the signing of the Declaration of Independence C. the drafting of the Articles of Confederation D. the ratification of the Constitution
D. the ratification of the Constitution
