PRAXIS 5309

metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

appositive phrase

A noun that renames or clarifies another noun

Constructivism

A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences

ballad

A poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas

allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

rhyme scheme

A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem

meter

A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry

Deconstructionist Criticism

A school of criticism that rejects the traditional assumption that language can accurately represent reality.

simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

blog

A series, or log, of discussion items on a page of the World Wide Web

linguistic competence

A speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their native language.

paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

legends

A story about mythical or supernatural creatures or events, or a story coming down from the past.

myths

A symbolic story expressing ideas about reality or spiritual history.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

Literary Theory

A systematic study of literature using various methods to analyze texts.

author's craft

A technique, language, and storytelling of an author to craft/create a piece of writing.

perfect tense

A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.

problem and solution

A text structure that presents a problem and offers solutions to solve the problem.

Marxist Theory

A theory that government is merely a reflection of underlying economic forces

science fiction

A type of fantasy that uses science and technology. (Robots, time machines, etc.).

closed form

A type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern.

open form

A type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, metrical pattern, and overall poetic structure.

regular verb

A verb that adds -ed or -d to its base form to make A) simple past tense and B) its past participle. → talk - talked → recognize - recognized → look - looked

pre-reading strategies

Activities that take place just before reading, like reviewing a book cover or looking at the pictures, predicting, and formulating questions; these strategies provide students with valuable information about the text and prepare them for reading.

French literature

Albert Camus - The Stranger Victor Hugo - Les Miserable Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary Voltaire - Candide Jules Vern - 20,000 leagues under the sea

Victorian authors and works

Alfred Tennyson Robert Browning Elizabeth Browning Rudyard Kipling Charles Dickens - A tale of two cities Thomas Hardy - Return of the Native

make connections

Connect what you know with what you are reading. text to text, text to self, and text to world.

conjunctions

Connects words and phrases; always followed by a comma Remember FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Dialogue

Conversation between characters

Difference between literary theory and criticism

Criticism process of analysis, theory is the study of various analytical perspectives

imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

sentence errors

Fragments, Comma Splices, and Fused Sentences

Enlightenment authors and works

Francis Bacon - various essays John Locke - various essays Jean Jacques Rosseau - various essays

South American Literature

Gabriel Garcia Marquez - One hundred years of Solitude Isabel Allende - The House of the Spirits Pablo Neruda

Lost Generation Authors and works

Gertrude Stein - The autobiography of Alice B Toklas, Tender Buttons, other works Ernest Hemingway - Old Man and the Sea, Farewellto Arms, For whom the Bell tolls, Hills like white elephants T.S. Eliot - "The love song of J Alfred Prufrock, poetry and plays F.Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night

Ancient Greek/Roman Literature

Homer - Illiad, Odyssey Lots of Plays

Ethos

Ethical appeal

falling action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

figures of speech

Expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations.

mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

Revolution era literature

Focused on the colonies' quest for independence

previewing

Reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection

Modern Authors and Works

Robert Frost - Poetry E.E. Cummings - Poetry Sinclair Lewis - Babbit, Main Street Edith Wharton - The Age of Innocence Flannery O'Connor - Wise Blood, short stories Katherine Porter - Ships of fools, short stories Ezra Pound - Ripostes, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley Eudora Welty - The Optimist's Daughter Tennessee Williams - Plays Margaret Mitchell - Gone with the Wind

Romantic Literature

Romantic writers while responding to the Industrial Revolution and to various political revolutions, broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works. *Ex: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo

Restoration authors and works

Samuel Pepys - diaries Alexander Pope - poems Samuel Johnson - poems Jonathan Swift - GulliversTravels

irregular verbs

The past tense doesn't add an -ed; Usually the past tense and past participle forms are not the same

past progressive tense

Used for events that continued for some time in the past. It usually sets the scene for another action. Form: was / were + present participle → Mrs Sun was running when I saw her. → I was painting while he was drawing.

linking verbs

Verbs that don't show action. They link the subject to words or groups of words that identify or describe the subject. Examples: grew (large), tasted (delicious)

VISA

Vocabulary, Inferences, summaries, analyses

Transcendental Authors and works

Walt Whitman - leaves of Grass Ralph Waldo Emerson - Self Reliance, the American Scholar Henry David Thoreau - Walden and Civil Disobedience

play

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

gerund phrases

a gerund (verb with -ing), acts as a noun, Cant function without it, it test (RUNNING is fun) (The suit shows EXPERT TAILORING)

phrase

a group of words that communicates a partial idea and lacks either a subject or a predicate.

clauses

a group of words with a subject and a verb

opinion

a judgement, belief, or viewpoint that is not based on evidence.

monologues

a long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Realistic Fiction Genre

a narrative with events that are not factual but could actually happen

cliche

a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.

euphemism

a pleasant-sounding expression for words that might be unpleasant in meaning

indefinite pronoun

a pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; examples: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one

possessive pronoun

a pronoun that shows ownership

internal rhyme

a rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next.

compound-complex sentence

a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

essay

a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

Petrarchan sonnet

a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd

Shakespearean sonnet

a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

sililoquy

a speech given by one character on stage expressing the characters thoughts

fairytales

a story about fairies or other imaginary beings, magical events, or legends intended for children.

adjective clauses

a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun

progressive tense

a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going (form of be & ing)

cause and effect

a text structure that shows how or why one thing leads to another

transitive verb

a verb that has a direct object

noun phrase

a word or group of words that functions in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.

drama

a work of literature designed to be performed in front of an audience

verbs

action words

parts of speech

adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs

unity

all the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea

Formalism/New Criticism

emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader

Modern Literature

emphasizes psychology and rejects traditional forms of writing

problem and solution

starts by introducing a problema nd concludes by exploring solutions to that problem.

indicative verbs

state facts ex: My brother PLAYS tennis.

testimonial

statement about the quality or value of a person, idea, or thing

the circular argument

states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument

syntax

study of how words are combined to create sentences.

Rhetorical support

support generalizations, claims, and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence

Writing Strategies

teach students the importance of plannign in order to conceive and organize ideas. can influde draft, revisions and edits.

Problem-solving strategies

teach students to understand the problem, then to develop a plan for solving it.

language objectives

tell how students will learn and/or demonstrate their mastery of materials b reading, writing, speaking, or listening.

verb tense

tells the time of the action (past, present, future)

strategic competence

the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting

sentence structure

the arrangement of the parts of a sentence

connotation

the implied or associative meaning of a word

audience

the listener, viewer, or reader of a text

coherence

the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs

Critical thinking

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.

point of view

the perspective from which a story is told

annotating

the process of highlighting, underlining, making marginal notes, or marking specific information in printed materials

terminal punctuation

the punctuation marks used to identify the end of a portion of text. Example: periods, exclamation point, question marks

purpose

the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists.

sociolinguistics

the study of language and its relation to society and culture

semiotic analysis

the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures

climax

the turning point of the story

comma splice

the use of a comma to join two independent clauses

punctuation

the use of marks such as commas and periods in writing

verbal irony

the use of words that have an entirely different meaning from their literal interpretation

irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

passive voice

the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb

plot structure

the way the author arranges the events of a narrative

reflect

think deeply or carefully about

demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these, those

mechanics

those rules that govern the minutia of written english: punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

first person

told from the narrator's point of view, using "I"

Horror Genre

told to deliberately scare or frighten the audience, through suspense, violence or shock

dramatic irony

when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't

chronological order

when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occured

spatial sequence

when a writer organizes information according to its position in space

relative pronouns

who, whom, whose, which, that

Reader Response Theory

widely accepted perspective in literature that focuses on the role of the reader in interpreting a story rather than just relying upon the author's version

Renaissance [neo classical] (1485-1660)

wit, beauty, and truth.

adjectives

word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun, such as "happy," "sad," or "pretty." (definite articles are limiting adjectives)

euphony

words sound pleasant because of their letter sounds

professional journal

Published periodical texts that represent a specific industry

Transcendentalism (1830-1865)

emphasis on the individual and beauty of nature

implicit language

implied though not plainly expressed

slang

informal language

facts

information based in truth and can usually be proven

interrogative pronouns

introduces a question

Agreement errors

involve faulty subject/verb or pronoun/antecedent agreement

queer literary theory

involves recognizing and challenging all cultural assumptions related to sex and gender, especially those related to identity.

verb phrase

is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

introduction

sets the tone, topic, direction, style, and mood for the writing that is to follow

past tense

shows action that has already happened

present tense

shows action that is happening now

future tense

shows action that will happen

Harlem Renaissance (1920-1930)

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

Satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.

synthesizing

Putting all the different sources of information together in a process that gives you a better understanding of the whole subject.

repetition

Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis

consonance

Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.

alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds

set a purpose

Begin with a question in mind. Setting a purpose helps you focus on what is most important when reading.

pronouns

Replaces a noun. Examples: I, he, she, they, it, his

Renaissance authors and works

Christopher Marlow - Plays Edmund Spenser - Plays, The Faerie Queen

Historical Fiction Genre

Common to Fiction: a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Civil War Literature

(1861-1865). This was one of the most important milestones in American history, and it represented the 19th century. Many of the works were categorized in nonfiction diaries, letters, and memoirs.

Naturalism in Literature

A movement that began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and sought to portray society and people as products whose behavior is determined by nature and by their environment.

foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.

exposition

A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.

perfect progressive tense

1) Combination of something completed before and something ongoing. 2) Shows that something began, continued, and ended before another action.

Early Colonial Period (American)

1620-1750

Age of Revolution (American)

1750-1815

Romantic/Transcendentalism

1800-1865

Victorian Literature

1830-1900; Change and upheaval, Novel replaced the poem Major Writers: Bronte (Jane Eyre), Bronte (Wuthering Heights), Browning, Dickens (Tale of Two Cities), Doyle, Rossetti, Tennyson, Wells, Wilde (The Picture of Dorian Gray), Yeats

Realistic Period

1855-1910

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Modern Period

1900-1950

verbal irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant

Post Modern

1950-Present

oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

Restoration Literature

A focus on balance, order, and logic; frequent use of satire; primarily nonfiction

haiku

3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature

stanza

A group of lines in a poem

prepositional phrase

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.

villanelle

A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern

Ancient Middle Eastern Literature

A Thousand and one Nights Epic of Gilgamesh

short story

A brief work of fiction

simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

inferences

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

conditional verb

A conditional verb used when a situation is dependent on a particular condition. An example is I would love to see you if you have some time available today.

symbolism

A device in literature where an object represents an idea.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Indian Literature

Amitav Ghosh - The Glass Palace Mahatma Gandhi - The Story of My Experiments with the Truth Arundhati Roy - God of Small Things Kiran Desai - The Inheritance of Loss Mahabarata

logical fallacy

An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

situational irony

An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected

Colonial Authors and works

Anne Bradstreet - The 10th Muse Lately Sprung up in America...and other various poetry William Bradford - Of Plymouth Plantation Olaudah Equiano - The Interesting NArrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Coton Mathers - Magnalia chrisit americana

pathos

Appeal to emotion

logos

Appeal to logic

tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

Nonfiction genres

Biography, autobiography, essay, news article, editorial, professional journal article, book review, political speech, technical manual, primary source material

Medieval Authors and works

Chaucer - The Canterbury Tales Sir Thomas Mallory - Le Morte d'Arthur - Everyman

African Literature

Chinua Achebe - Things Fall Apart Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - The Thing Around your Neck

Romantic Authors and works

Edgar Allen Poe - The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart, etc James Fenimore Cooper - The last of the Mohicans Sojourner Truth - "Ain't I a woman" Washington Irving - "The Devil and Tom Walker", The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Emily Dickinson - various poems Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville - Moby Dick

resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

Contemporary authors and works

J.D.Salinger - The Catcher in the Rye Alice Walker - The color Purple Cormac McCarthy - The Road, No Country for old Men Martin LutherKing - Speeches and letters Sandra Cisneros - The House on Mango St Joseph Heller - Catch-22 Don Dilillo - White Noise Richard Wright - Black Boy, Invisible Man John Updike - Rabbit, run Amy Tan - The Joy Luck Club Kurt Vonnegut - Slaughterhouse-five, Cat's Cradle NikkiGiovani - Black Feeling, Black Talk, Black Judgement, other August Wilson - The Pittsburgh Cycle Ursula K. Le Guinn - The Left Hand of Darkness

Naturalism Authors and works

Jack London - The Call of the Wild Kate Chopin - The Awakening John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath

Metaphysical poets and works

John Donne Andrew Marvell George Herbert

Modern authors and works

Joseph Conrad - Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness D.H.Lawrence - Women in Love George Orwell - 1984, Animal Farm, Shooting an Elephant Bernard Shaw - Pygmalion Virginia Wolf - To the lighthouse and various stories Katherine Mansfield - various stories Doris Lessing - various stories William Yeats - various stories T.S.Eliot - various stories Dylan Thomas - various stories

Harlem Renaissance Authors and Works

Langston Hughes - Poetry Countee Cullen - Poetry Zora Neale Hurston - Their Eyes were watching God

cognitive strategies

Learning strategies that are taught to promote independent learning and higher order thinking skills.

contemporary literature

Literature written in modern times about modern times

Realism Authors and works

Mark Twain - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer William Dean Howells - editor of Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine

Civil War Authors and works

Mary Chestnut - Diary of Mary Chestnut Abraham Lincoln - "Gettysburg Address" Frederick Douglas - My Bondage and My Freedom

Japanese Literature

Murasaki Shikibu - The tale of Genji Kobo Abe - Woman in the Dunes Haruki Murakami - Kafka on the shore

media sources

Publications, Internet, Broadcast media

rhythm

Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

Enlightenment Literature

Period beginning in the 17th century and ending after the start of Queen Victoria's reign in the 18th century (reason, secularism)

infinitive phrase

Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)

Writing Process Steps

Planning, drafting, revising, editing, proof-reading

third person

Point of view in which the narrator is outside of the story - an observer

explicit language

Precise, clearly stated words that leave no room for interpretation or doubt

RENNS

Reasons Examples Names Numbers Senses

Elizabethan Age Authors and works

Shakespeare - plays John Donne - Plays Ben Johnson - Plays John Milton - Paradise Lost

fables

Short stories that teach the reader lessons about life or give advice on how to live

prescriptive grammar

Specific rules for using language and grammar

questioning strategies

Strategies used by both students and teachers to plan, organize, explain, and assess knowledge and skills. Adjusting the levels of questions offers flexibility to diverse learners.

metacognitive strategies

Teach students to evaluate their own reading and comprehension by pausing and asking themselves if they understood what they read. Teachers should model this for students to monitor comprehension and help students determine their preferred learning method to select material on their own to help them learn. Ex. Auditory - songs

adverbs

Tells more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells how, how many, when.

root word

The base word you start with before adding prefixes or suffixes

denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

central conflict

The main struggle of opposing forces around which the plot revolves

descriptive grammar

describes a language - the way that people use it - w/out judging whether the utterance is correct or incorrect

literary criticism

The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature

active voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action

comprehension strategies

The techniques that students can use to better understand reading texts. These techniques may include note taking, outlining, self-monitoring, rereading, summarizing , story mapping, and the use of learning logs.

narrative

The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.

setting

The time and place of a story

folklore

The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.

subject-verb agreement

The verb agrees with its subject in person and number

media influence

The way the media sways you in your everyday and how it effects your ways of making decisions.

character development

The ways in which a character changes and evolves throughout a story, often as a result of some conflict within the story.

metaphysical poetry

The work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life

Revolution Authors and works

Thomas Paine - Common sense and various essays Thomas Jefferson and various essays and speeches Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard's Almanack Alexander Hamilton - The Federalist Papers

cause and effect

discussing the causes or reasons for a given phenomena and ends with the revelation of the effect

Regionalism Authors and works

Willa Cather - My Antonia William Faulkner - Absalom! Absalom!, The Sound and the Fury, A rose for Emily, As I lay Dying

Romantic authors and works

William Wordsworth John Keats Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelby Samuel Taylor Coleridge - The rhyme of the ancient mariner Mary Shelley - Frankenstein

interjections

Words to express emotions: Examples: wow! My Goodness! Ouch!

prepositions

Words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)

context

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

Colonial Period Literature

Wrote about exploration, Native American relations, and life in the new world.

Chinese literature

Wu Cheng'en - Journey to the West Luo Guanzhang - Romance of the Three Kingdoms The Analects of Confucious

British Modern Period

Yeats, Brooke, Sassoon; Yeats' foreboding of death and the senselessness of war; Yeats known for his hipster style; using stream of consciousness in novels, Woolf used this and also endorsed feminism; WInston Churchill had inspirational public speeches;

dystopian fiction

an imagined world in which life is unpleasant; typically a totalitarian state or environmentally degraded place

fragment

an incomplete sentence; a break in a sentence

stage directions

an instruction in the text of a play, especially one indicating the movement, position, or tone of an actor, or the sound effects and lighting.

iamb

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

visual aids

any visible props or components of one's presentation

active readers

are aware of and are in control of their reading process. They use active learning strategies.

Feminist Literary Theory

asking questions about the degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior to and dependent on men or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of a man

persuade

attempt to convince the reader to act or think a certain way

inform

author sets out to simply to communicate information

Anglo-Saxon Literature (449-1066) [old English]

began orally, mainly 2 categories heroic- told achieves of warriors and elegiac- laments the loss of someone or something, Beowulf emerges from it, national epic of England

Anglo-Saxon Authors and works

beowulf

summarization

distilling and condensing a text into its main idea and key details by identifying story elements

Romantic Period Literature

emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience. In part a reaction to the industrial revolution. emphasis on emotions such as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.

sequential order

chronological, or time, order of events in a reading passage Example: The sequential order of the events for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich are: 1. Get bread, peanut butter, jelly, a plate and a knife. 2. Spread peanut butter and jelly on the bread. 3. Put the two slices of bread together. 4. Eat and enjoy! YUM!

absolute phrases

combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or objects

participial phrase

contains a participle and acts as an adjective; examples: They arrested the man DRIVING THE CAR.

antithesis

contrast in parallel phrases or clauses

register

degrees of formality, differences in setting, appropriate context and so on

modelling

demonstrating a new concept to the class

noun clauses

dependent clause used as a noun *begins with relative pronouns or when, where, whether, why, how

adverb clauses

dependent clauses beginning with subordinating conjunction

inciting incident

event that introduces the central conflict

text evidence

evidence from the reading selection that proves the answer to a question about the text.

hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

mystery/thriller

fiction that tells an exciting story, especially about something dangerous like a crime

Regionalism Literature

focuses on dialect and customs of a particular region

Medieval Literature (1066-1485)

focuses on values, ethics, morality, religion, and myths

argue

giving readers specific reasons and supporting evidence a to why they should act or think a certain way

Age of Sensibility

gothic novels

Lost Generation (1920-1950)

group of American writers that believed that America was at a moral loss during the beginning of the 20th century

usage conventions

guide writers and speakers more broadly in the area of word choice to ensure accuracy and agreement within a sentence

reasoning strategies

help students determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect

self-regulation strategies

help students monitor their behaviors

compare and contrast

highlighting the similarities between two things and then addresses their differences

Evidence relevancy

how closely the evidence is related to the argument and how recently the information was established

content area standards

identify what students are supposed to learn throughout a given time period in a specific subject area

content objectives

identify what students should be able to do at the end of a content area lesson

discourse competence

knowledge of how to constrct smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles.

technical language

language associated with a particular profession, activity, or field of study

non-technical language

language that does not require specialized knowledge

conclusion

leaves the reader with a sense of closure by reiterating the author's thesis and sometimes even providing a summary of his or her main points

Sonnet

lyrical poem involving 14 lines

subjunctive verbs

make a statement of speculation or wish

Reflexive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

overwriting

occurs when a writer tries to imbue his or her work with inappropriately and awkwardly ornate language or complex, technical terms

slant rhyme

rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme

Realism Period Literature

sought to portray american life as it was - verisimilitude includes Civil war writers, regionalists, and naturalists.

speech

oral expression of language

outline

overall map of the content of the text

affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

free verse

poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter

perspective

point of view

argumentative

presenting a logical argument

errors in parallelism

prevent a smooth flow or coherence

pronoun-antecedent agreement

pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender

informative

providing or conveying information

patterns

recurring characteristics or events

personal pronoun

refers to the one speaking, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about

Targeted Review of Previous Learning

regularly revisits or reviews a concept, which is highly recommended for the most essential skills, spiraling that concept throughout his or her instruction.

fused sentence

two sentences that run together without any punctuation between them

line

unit of poetry

visual persuasion

use of visual images to influence the thinking and choices of viewers

imperitive verb

used to command or tell someone to take action (EX. Sit down!)

journals

used to record the effects of each day's transactions; organized by date

making predictions

using clues from what you know or the text to make a good guess about what might happen next.

sociolinguistic competence

using the language in a socialy appropriate way and includes understanding register

present perfect tense

verb tense that describes an action that began in the past but continues til the present. Ex. Have heard, Has played, Has run

verb tense

verb that tells the time of the action or being

blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.

dichotomous thinking

viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms. In argumentation dichotomous thinking is considered fallacious because it simplifies a compleg problem to the degree that only two options are possible. Readers are led to believe that there are no other options.