PRAXIS 5309
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
appositive phrase
A noun that renames or clarifies another noun
Constructivism
A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences
ballad
A poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas
allusion
A reference to another work of literature, person, or event
dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
rhyme scheme
A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem
meter
A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry
Deconstructionist Criticism
A school of criticism that rejects the traditional assumption that language can accurately represent reality.
simple sentence
A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause
complex sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
blog
A series, or log, of discussion items on a page of the World Wide Web
linguistic competence
A speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their native language.
paradox
A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.
legends
A story about mythical or supernatural creatures or events, or a story coming down from the past.
myths
A symbolic story expressing ideas about reality or spiritual history.
Bloom's Taxonomy
A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Literary Theory
A systematic study of literature using various methods to analyze texts.
author's craft
A technique, language, and storytelling of an author to craft/create a piece of writing.
perfect tense
A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.
problem and solution
A text structure that presents a problem and offers solutions to solve the problem.
Marxist Theory
A theory that government is merely a reflection of underlying economic forces
science fiction
A type of fantasy that uses science and technology. (Robots, time machines, etc.).
closed form
A type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern.
open form
A type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, metrical pattern, and overall poetic structure.
regular verb
A verb that adds -ed or -d to its base form to make A) simple past tense and B) its past participle. → talk - talked → recognize - recognized → look - looked
pre-reading strategies
Activities that take place just before reading, like reviewing a book cover or looking at the pictures, predicting, and formulating questions; these strategies provide students with valuable information about the text and prepare them for reading.
French literature
Albert Camus - The Stranger Victor Hugo - Les Miserable Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary Voltaire - Candide Jules Vern - 20,000 leagues under the sea
Victorian authors and works
Alfred Tennyson Robert Browning Elizabeth Browning Rudyard Kipling Charles Dickens - A tale of two cities Thomas Hardy - Return of the Native
make connections
Connect what you know with what you are reading. text to text, text to self, and text to world.
conjunctions
Connects words and phrases; always followed by a comma Remember FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Dialogue
Conversation between characters
Difference between literary theory and criticism
Criticism process of analysis, theory is the study of various analytical perspectives
imagery
Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)
sentence errors
Fragments, Comma Splices, and Fused Sentences
Enlightenment authors and works
Francis Bacon - various essays John Locke - various essays Jean Jacques Rosseau - various essays
South American Literature
Gabriel Garcia Marquez - One hundred years of Solitude Isabel Allende - The House of the Spirits Pablo Neruda
Lost Generation Authors and works
Gertrude Stein - The autobiography of Alice B Toklas, Tender Buttons, other works Ernest Hemingway - Old Man and the Sea, Farewellto Arms, For whom the Bell tolls, Hills like white elephants T.S. Eliot - "The love song of J Alfred Prufrock, poetry and plays F.Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night
Ancient Greek/Roman Literature
Homer - Illiad, Odyssey Lots of Plays
Ethos
Ethical appeal
falling action
Events after the climax, leading to the resolution
figures of speech
Expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations.
mood
Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader
Revolution era literature
Focused on the colonies' quest for independence
previewing
Reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection
Modern Authors and Works
Robert Frost - Poetry E.E. Cummings - Poetry Sinclair Lewis - Babbit, Main Street Edith Wharton - The Age of Innocence Flannery O'Connor - Wise Blood, short stories Katherine Porter - Ships of fools, short stories Ezra Pound - Ripostes, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley Eudora Welty - The Optimist's Daughter Tennessee Williams - Plays Margaret Mitchell - Gone with the Wind
Romantic Literature
Romantic writers while responding to the Industrial Revolution and to various political revolutions, broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works. *Ex: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo
Restoration authors and works
Samuel Pepys - diaries Alexander Pope - poems Samuel Johnson - poems Jonathan Swift - GulliversTravels
irregular verbs
The past tense doesn't add an -ed; Usually the past tense and past participle forms are not the same
past progressive tense
Used for events that continued for some time in the past. It usually sets the scene for another action. Form: was / were + present participle → Mrs Sun was running when I saw her. → I was painting while he was drawing.
linking verbs
Verbs that don't show action. They link the subject to words or groups of words that identify or describe the subject. Examples: grew (large), tasted (delicious)
VISA
Vocabulary, Inferences, summaries, analyses
Transcendental Authors and works
Walt Whitman - leaves of Grass Ralph Waldo Emerson - Self Reliance, the American Scholar Henry David Thoreau - Walden and Civil Disobedience
play
a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage
gerund phrases
a gerund (verb with -ing), acts as a noun, Cant function without it, it test (RUNNING is fun) (The suit shows EXPERT TAILORING)
phrase
a group of words that communicates a partial idea and lacks either a subject or a predicate.
clauses
a group of words with a subject and a verb
opinion
a judgement, belief, or viewpoint that is not based on evidence.
monologues
a long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
Realistic Fiction Genre
a narrative with events that are not factual but could actually happen
cliche
a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.
euphemism
a pleasant-sounding expression for words that might be unpleasant in meaning
indefinite pronoun
a pronoun that does not refer to a specific, person, place, thing, or idea; examples: everyone, everything, everybody, anybody, many, most, few, each, some, someone, all, nothing, nobody, and no one
possessive pronoun
a pronoun that shows ownership
internal rhyme
a rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next.
compound-complex sentence
a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
compound sentence
a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions
essay
a short piece of writing on a particular subject.
Petrarchan sonnet
a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd
Shakespearean sonnet
a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg
sililoquy
a speech given by one character on stage expressing the characters thoughts
fairytales
a story about fairies or other imaginary beings, magical events, or legends intended for children.
adjective clauses
a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
progressive tense
a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going (form of be & ing)
cause and effect
a text structure that shows how or why one thing leads to another
transitive verb
a verb that has a direct object
noun phrase
a word or group of words that functions in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.
drama
a work of literature designed to be performed in front of an audience
verbs
action words
parts of speech
adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs
unity
all the details included in a sentence, paragraph, or text share a main idea
Formalism/New Criticism
emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader
Modern Literature
emphasizes psychology and rejects traditional forms of writing
problem and solution
starts by introducing a problema nd concludes by exploring solutions to that problem.
indicative verbs
state facts ex: My brother PLAYS tennis.
testimonial
statement about the quality or value of a person, idea, or thing
the circular argument
states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument
syntax
study of how words are combined to create sentences.
Rhetorical support
support generalizations, claims, and arguments with examples, details, and other evidence
Writing Strategies
teach students the importance of plannign in order to conceive and organize ideas. can influde draft, revisions and edits.
Problem-solving strategies
teach students to understand the problem, then to develop a plan for solving it.
language objectives
tell how students will learn and/or demonstrate their mastery of materials b reading, writing, speaking, or listening.
verb tense
tells the time of the action (past, present, future)
strategic competence
the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting
sentence structure
the arrangement of the parts of a sentence
connotation
the implied or associative meaning of a word
audience
the listener, viewer, or reader of a text
coherence
the logical progression of words, sentences, and paragraphs
Critical thinking
the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
point of view
the perspective from which a story is told
annotating
the process of highlighting, underlining, making marginal notes, or marking specific information in printed materials
terminal punctuation
the punctuation marks used to identify the end of a portion of text. Example: periods, exclamation point, question marks
purpose
the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists.
sociolinguistics
the study of language and its relation to society and culture
semiotic analysis
the study of signs, signals, visual messages, and gestures
climax
the turning point of the story
comma splice
the use of a comma to join two independent clauses
punctuation
the use of marks such as commas and periods in writing
verbal irony
the use of words that have an entirely different meaning from their literal interpretation
irony
the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
passive voice
the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb
plot structure
the way the author arranges the events of a narrative
reflect
think deeply or carefully about
demonstrative pronouns
this, that, these, those
mechanics
those rules that govern the minutia of written english: punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.
first person
told from the narrator's point of view, using "I"
Horror Genre
told to deliberately scare or frighten the audience, through suspense, violence or shock
dramatic irony
when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't
chronological order
when a writer organizes events in a text in the order in which they occured
spatial sequence
when a writer organizes information according to its position in space
relative pronouns
who, whom, whose, which, that
Reader Response Theory
widely accepted perspective in literature that focuses on the role of the reader in interpreting a story rather than just relying upon the author's version
Renaissance [neo classical] (1485-1660)
wit, beauty, and truth.
adjectives
word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun, such as "happy," "sad," or "pretty." (definite articles are limiting adjectives)
euphony
words sound pleasant because of their letter sounds
professional journal
Published periodical texts that represent a specific industry
Transcendentalism (1830-1865)
emphasis on the individual and beauty of nature
implicit language
implied though not plainly expressed
slang
informal language
facts
information based in truth and can usually be proven
interrogative pronouns
introduces a question
Agreement errors
involve faulty subject/verb or pronoun/antecedent agreement
queer literary theory
involves recognizing and challenging all cultural assumptions related to sex and gender, especially those related to identity.
verb phrase
is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
introduction
sets the tone, topic, direction, style, and mood for the writing that is to follow
past tense
shows action that has already happened
present tense
shows action that is happening now
future tense
shows action that will happen
Harlem Renaissance (1920-1930)
A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.
Satire
A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.
synthesizing
Putting all the different sources of information together in a process that gives you a better understanding of the whole subject.
repetition
Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis
consonance
Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
alliteration
Repetition of initial consonant sounds
assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds
set a purpose
Begin with a question in mind. Setting a purpose helps you focus on what is most important when reading.
pronouns
Replaces a noun. Examples: I, he, she, they, it, his
Renaissance authors and works
Christopher Marlow - Plays Edmund Spenser - Plays, The Faerie Queen
Historical Fiction Genre
Common to Fiction: a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
Civil War Literature
(1861-1865). This was one of the most important milestones in American history, and it represented the 19th century. Many of the works were categorized in nonfiction diaries, letters, and memoirs.
Naturalism in Literature
A movement that began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and sought to portray society and people as products whose behavior is determined by nature and by their environment.
foreshadowing
A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.
exposition
A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.
perfect progressive tense
1) Combination of something completed before and something ongoing. 2) Shows that something began, continued, and ended before another action.
Early Colonial Period (American)
1620-1750
Age of Revolution (American)
1750-1815
Romantic/Transcendentalism
1800-1865
Victorian Literature
1830-1900; Change and upheaval, Novel replaced the poem Major Writers: Bronte (Jane Eyre), Bronte (Wuthering Heights), Browning, Dickens (Tale of Two Cities), Doyle, Rossetti, Tennyson, Wells, Wilde (The Picture of Dorian Gray), Yeats
Realistic Period
1855-1910
personification
A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes
Modern Period
1900-1950
verbal irony
A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant
Post Modern
1950-Present
oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.
Restoration Literature
A focus on balance, order, and logic; frequent use of satire; primarily nonfiction
haiku
3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature
stanza
A group of lines in a poem
prepositional phrase
A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.
poetry
A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.
villanelle
A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern
Ancient Middle Eastern Literature
A Thousand and one Nights Epic of Gilgamesh
short story
A brief work of fiction
simile
A comparison using "like" or "as"
metaphor
A comparison without using like or as
inferences
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
conditional verb
A conditional verb used when a situation is dependent on a particular condition. An example is I would love to see you if you have some time available today.
symbolism
A device in literature where an object represents an idea.
Hasty Generalization
A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.
slippery slope
A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
red herring
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Indian Literature
Amitav Ghosh - The Glass Palace Mahatma Gandhi - The Story of My Experiments with the Truth Arundhati Roy - God of Small Things Kiran Desai - The Inheritance of Loss Mahabarata
logical fallacy
An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid
situational irony
An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected
Colonial Authors and works
Anne Bradstreet - The 10th Muse Lately Sprung up in America...and other various poetry William Bradford - Of Plymouth Plantation Olaudah Equiano - The Interesting NArrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Jonathan Edwards - "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Coton Mathers - Magnalia chrisit americana
pathos
Appeal to emotion
logos
Appeal to logic
tone
Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character
Nonfiction genres
Biography, autobiography, essay, news article, editorial, professional journal article, book review, political speech, technical manual, primary source material
Medieval Authors and works
Chaucer - The Canterbury Tales Sir Thomas Mallory - Le Morte d'Arthur - Everyman
African Literature
Chinua Achebe - Things Fall Apart Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - The Thing Around your Neck
Romantic Authors and works
Edgar Allen Poe - The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart, etc James Fenimore Cooper - The last of the Mohicans Sojourner Truth - "Ain't I a woman" Washington Irving - "The Devil and Tom Walker", The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Emily Dickinson - various poems Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville - Moby Dick
resolution
End of the story where loose ends are tied up
Contemporary authors and works
J.D.Salinger - The Catcher in the Rye Alice Walker - The color Purple Cormac McCarthy - The Road, No Country for old Men Martin LutherKing - Speeches and letters Sandra Cisneros - The House on Mango St Joseph Heller - Catch-22 Don Dilillo - White Noise Richard Wright - Black Boy, Invisible Man John Updike - Rabbit, run Amy Tan - The Joy Luck Club Kurt Vonnegut - Slaughterhouse-five, Cat's Cradle NikkiGiovani - Black Feeling, Black Talk, Black Judgement, other August Wilson - The Pittsburgh Cycle Ursula K. Le Guinn - The Left Hand of Darkness
Naturalism Authors and works
Jack London - The Call of the Wild Kate Chopin - The Awakening John Steinbeck - The Grapes of Wrath
Metaphysical poets and works
John Donne Andrew Marvell George Herbert
Modern authors and works
Joseph Conrad - Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness D.H.Lawrence - Women in Love George Orwell - 1984, Animal Farm, Shooting an Elephant Bernard Shaw - Pygmalion Virginia Wolf - To the lighthouse and various stories Katherine Mansfield - various stories Doris Lessing - various stories William Yeats - various stories T.S.Eliot - various stories Dylan Thomas - various stories
Harlem Renaissance Authors and Works
Langston Hughes - Poetry Countee Cullen - Poetry Zora Neale Hurston - Their Eyes were watching God
cognitive strategies
Learning strategies that are taught to promote independent learning and higher order thinking skills.
contemporary literature
Literature written in modern times about modern times
Realism Authors and works
Mark Twain - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer William Dean Howells - editor of Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine
Civil War Authors and works
Mary Chestnut - Diary of Mary Chestnut Abraham Lincoln - "Gettysburg Address" Frederick Douglas - My Bondage and My Freedom
Japanese Literature
Murasaki Shikibu - The tale of Genji Kobo Abe - Woman in the Dunes Haruki Murakami - Kafka on the shore
media sources
Publications, Internet, Broadcast media
rhythm
Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Enlightenment Literature
Period beginning in the 17th century and ending after the start of Queen Victoria's reign in the 18th century (reason, secularism)
infinitive phrase
Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)
Writing Process Steps
Planning, drafting, revising, editing, proof-reading
third person
Point of view in which the narrator is outside of the story - an observer
explicit language
Precise, clearly stated words that leave no room for interpretation or doubt
RENNS
Reasons Examples Names Numbers Senses
Elizabethan Age Authors and works
Shakespeare - plays John Donne - Plays Ben Johnson - Plays John Milton - Paradise Lost
fables
Short stories that teach the reader lessons about life or give advice on how to live
prescriptive grammar
Specific rules for using language and grammar
questioning strategies
Strategies used by both students and teachers to plan, organize, explain, and assess knowledge and skills. Adjusting the levels of questions offers flexibility to diverse learners.
metacognitive strategies
Teach students to evaluate their own reading and comprehension by pausing and asking themselves if they understood what they read. Teachers should model this for students to monitor comprehension and help students determine their preferred learning method to select material on their own to help them learn. Ex. Auditory - songs
adverbs
Tells more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Tells how, how many, when.
root word
The base word you start with before adding prefixes or suffixes
denotation
The dictionary definition of a word
central conflict
The main struggle of opposing forces around which the plot revolves
descriptive grammar
describes a language - the way that people use it - w/out judging whether the utterance is correct or incorrect
literary criticism
The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature
active voice
The subject of the sentence performs the action
comprehension strategies
The techniques that students can use to better understand reading texts. These techniques may include note taking, outlining, self-monitoring, rereading, summarizing , story mapping, and the use of learning logs.
narrative
The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.
setting
The time and place of a story
folklore
The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.
subject-verb agreement
The verb agrees with its subject in person and number
media influence
The way the media sways you in your everyday and how it effects your ways of making decisions.
character development
The ways in which a character changes and evolves throughout a story, often as a result of some conflict within the story.
metaphysical poetry
The work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life
Revolution Authors and works
Thomas Paine - Common sense and various essays Thomas Jefferson and various essays and speeches Benjamin Franklin - Poor Richard's Almanack Alexander Hamilton - The Federalist Papers
cause and effect
discussing the causes or reasons for a given phenomena and ends with the revelation of the effect
Regionalism Authors and works
Willa Cather - My Antonia William Faulkner - Absalom! Absalom!, The Sound and the Fury, A rose for Emily, As I lay Dying
Romantic authors and works
William Wordsworth John Keats Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelby Samuel Taylor Coleridge - The rhyme of the ancient mariner Mary Shelley - Frankenstein
interjections
Words to express emotions: Examples: wow! My Goodness! Ouch!
prepositions
Words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)
context
Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.
Colonial Period Literature
Wrote about exploration, Native American relations, and life in the new world.
Chinese literature
Wu Cheng'en - Journey to the West Luo Guanzhang - Romance of the Three Kingdoms The Analects of Confucious
British Modern Period
Yeats, Brooke, Sassoon; Yeats' foreboding of death and the senselessness of war; Yeats known for his hipster style; using stream of consciousness in novels, Woolf used this and also endorsed feminism; WInston Churchill had inspirational public speeches;
dystopian fiction
an imagined world in which life is unpleasant; typically a totalitarian state or environmentally degraded place
fragment
an incomplete sentence; a break in a sentence
stage directions
an instruction in the text of a play, especially one indicating the movement, position, or tone of an actor, or the sound effects and lighting.
iamb
an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
visual aids
any visible props or components of one's presentation
active readers
are aware of and are in control of their reading process. They use active learning strategies.
Feminist Literary Theory
asking questions about the degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior to and dependent on men or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of a man
persuade
attempt to convince the reader to act or think a certain way
inform
author sets out to simply to communicate information
Anglo-Saxon Literature (449-1066) [old English]
began orally, mainly 2 categories heroic- told achieves of warriors and elegiac- laments the loss of someone or something, Beowulf emerges from it, national epic of England
Anglo-Saxon Authors and works
beowulf
summarization
distilling and condensing a text into its main idea and key details by identifying story elements
Romantic Period Literature
emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience. In part a reaction to the industrial revolution. emphasis on emotions such as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.
sequential order
chronological, or time, order of events in a reading passage Example: The sequential order of the events for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich are: 1. Get bread, peanut butter, jelly, a plate and a knife. 2. Spread peanut butter and jelly on the bread. 3. Put the two slices of bread together. 4. Eat and enjoy! YUM!
absolute phrases
combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or objects
participial phrase
contains a participle and acts as an adjective; examples: They arrested the man DRIVING THE CAR.
antithesis
contrast in parallel phrases or clauses
register
degrees of formality, differences in setting, appropriate context and so on
modelling
demonstrating a new concept to the class
noun clauses
dependent clause used as a noun *begins with relative pronouns or when, where, whether, why, how
adverb clauses
dependent clauses beginning with subordinating conjunction
inciting incident
event that introduces the central conflict
text evidence
evidence from the reading selection that proves the answer to a question about the text.
hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
mystery/thriller
fiction that tells an exciting story, especially about something dangerous like a crime
Regionalism Literature
focuses on dialect and customs of a particular region
Medieval Literature (1066-1485)
focuses on values, ethics, morality, religion, and myths
argue
giving readers specific reasons and supporting evidence a to why they should act or think a certain way
Age of Sensibility
gothic novels
Lost Generation (1920-1950)
group of American writers that believed that America was at a moral loss during the beginning of the 20th century
usage conventions
guide writers and speakers more broadly in the area of word choice to ensure accuracy and agreement within a sentence
reasoning strategies
help students determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect
self-regulation strategies
help students monitor their behaviors
compare and contrast
highlighting the similarities between two things and then addresses their differences
Evidence relevancy
how closely the evidence is related to the argument and how recently the information was established
content area standards
identify what students are supposed to learn throughout a given time period in a specific subject area
content objectives
identify what students should be able to do at the end of a content area lesson
discourse competence
knowledge of how to constrct smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles.
technical language
language associated with a particular profession, activity, or field of study
non-technical language
language that does not require specialized knowledge
conclusion
leaves the reader with a sense of closure by reiterating the author's thesis and sometimes even providing a summary of his or her main points
Sonnet
lyrical poem involving 14 lines
subjunctive verbs
make a statement of speculation or wish
Reflexive pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
overwriting
occurs when a writer tries to imbue his or her work with inappropriately and awkwardly ornate language or complex, technical terms
slant rhyme
rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme
Realism Period Literature
sought to portray american life as it was - verisimilitude includes Civil war writers, regionalists, and naturalists.
speech
oral expression of language
outline
overall map of the content of the text
affixes
parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.
free verse
poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter
perspective
point of view
argumentative
presenting a logical argument
errors in parallelism
prevent a smooth flow or coherence
pronoun-antecedent agreement
pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender
informative
providing or conveying information
patterns
recurring characteristics or events
personal pronoun
refers to the one speaking, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about
Targeted Review of Previous Learning
regularly revisits or reviews a concept, which is highly recommended for the most essential skills, spiraling that concept throughout his or her instruction.
fused sentence
two sentences that run together without any punctuation between them
line
unit of poetry
visual persuasion
use of visual images to influence the thinking and choices of viewers
imperitive verb
used to command or tell someone to take action (EX. Sit down!)
journals
used to record the effects of each day's transactions; organized by date
making predictions
using clues from what you know or the text to make a good guess about what might happen next.
sociolinguistic competence
using the language in a socialy appropriate way and includes understanding register
present perfect tense
verb tense that describes an action that began in the past but continues til the present. Ex. Have heard, Has played, Has run
verb tense
verb that tells the time of the action or being
blank verse
verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.
dichotomous thinking
viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms. In argumentation dichotomous thinking is considered fallacious because it simplifies a compleg problem to the degree that only two options are possible. Readers are led to believe that there are no other options.
