Praxis II Elementary Content Knowledge

direct vs indirect measurement

'Direct measurement' refers to measuring exactly the thing that you are looking to measure, while 'indirect measurement' means that you're measuringsomething by measuring something else.

etymology

(1) Etymology refers to the origin or derivation of a word (also known as lexical change). Adjective: etymological. (2) Etymology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the history of the forms and meanings of words

onset-rimes

(onset = beginning sound, e.g., /b/ in "ball"; rime = the vowel and everything after it, e.g., /all/) -Similar to teaching beginning readers about rhyme, teaching children about onset and rime helps them recognize common chunks within words.

number theory

(or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued functions. ... Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations

semantic map

(or graphic organizers) are maps that can visually display a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts. ... Most importantly, the maps will help your students recall the meaning of words they read the text. As you differentiate instruction, provide options for each map you share with students.

immigration timeline

-10,000 years ago: Native Americans -1500s spanish immigrants -1600s pilgrim immigrants from europe -late 1800s-early 1900s Europe and China -mid 1900s-present all around the world

political, economic, and social changes that occurred in the United States during the nineteenth century

-American History, 19th Century American History, United States History, and 18th Century United States History are emphasized in this fifth 19th Century Turning Points Program. 00:03:28The Civil War, fought to end Slavery and bring the Confederacy back into the Union was led by Abraham Lincoln. -economics: From the era of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United Statesunderwent an economic transformation marked by the maturing of the industrial economy, the rapid expansion of big business, the development of large-scale agriculture, and the rise of national labor unions and industrial conflict.

important ideas in the Declaration of Independence and in the Constitution, including the Bill of Rights

-Declaration of independence: People have certain Inalienable Rights including Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness. All Men are created equal. Individuals have a civic duty to defend these rights for themselves and others. -Constitution: The Six Big Ideas are: limited government. republicanism. checks and balances. federalism. separation of powers. popular sovereignty. -Bill of Rights: Freedom of Religion. ... Freedom of Speech, Press, Petition, and Assembly. ... Privacy. ... Due Process of Law. ... Equality Before the Law.

Louisiana Purchase

-In exchange, the United States acquired the vast domain of Louisiana Territory, some 828,000 square miles of land. The treaty was dated April 30 and signed onMay 2. In October, the U.S. Senate ratified the purchase, and in December 1803 France transferred authority over the region to the United States -The purchase doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

Origin of slavery in U.S. and in constitution

-Slavery in America started in 1619, when the privateer The White Lion brought 20 African slaves ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia. The crew had seized the Africans from the Portugese slave ship Sao Jao Bautista. -The Constitution thus protected slavery by increasing political representation for slave owners and slave states; by limiting, stringently though temporarily, congressional power to regulate the international slave trade; and by protecting the rights of slave owners to recapture their escaped slaves.

Basic provisions and impact of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendment

-The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves. The 13th Amendment banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime. -The Fourteenth Amendment affirmed the new rights of freed women and men in 1868. The law stated that everyone born in the United States, including former slaves, was an American citizen. No state could pass a law that took away their rights to "life, liberty, or property." -The Fourteenth Amendment also added the first mention of gender into the Constitution. It declared that all male citizens over twenty-one years old should be able to vote. In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment affirmed that the right to vote "shall not be denied...on account of race." -

The Constitution

-The Constitution was written during the Philadelphia Convention—now known as the Constitutional Convention—which convened from May 25 to September 17, 1787. It was signed on September 17, 1787. -The founders set the terms for ratifying the Constitution. They bypassed the state legislatures, reasoning that their members would be reluctant to give up power to a national government. Instead, they called for special ratifying conventions in each state. Ratification by 9 of the 13 states enacted the new government. -Great CompromiseAlso known as the Connecticut Compromise, a major compromise at the Constitutional Convention that created a two-house legislature, with the Senate having equal representation for all states and the House of Representatives having representation proportional to state populations. -Electoral CollegeA body of representatives from every state in the United States who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president -Three-Fifths CompromiseAn agreement added to the Constitution that would count each enslaved person as three-fifths of a white person for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives. -Jefferson supported the Constitution under the condition that basic human rightswould be protected through a series of amendments. ... All thirteen states finally ratified by 1790, but only with the addition of ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, that guaranteed citizens' rights and freedoms.

causes of American Revolution

-The Founding of the Colonies One thing to keep in mind is that many of the American colonies were first founded by people trying to escape religious persecution in England. As the British government became more involved in the affairs of colonies, people began to worry that they would once again lose their freedoms. -French and Indian War The French and Indian War took place between the American colonies and New France. Both sides allied with various Native American tribes. This war lasted from 1754 to 1763. British troops not only helped the colonists to fight the war, but were stationed in the colonies for protection after the war. These troops weren't free and Britain needed money to pay for the troops. The British Parliament decided to tax the American colonies to help pay for the troops. -Taxes, Laws, and More Taxes Prior to 1764, the British government had pretty much left the colonists alone to govern themselves. In 1764, they began to impose new laws and taxes. They implemented a number of laws including the Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act. The colonists were not happy with the new taxes. They said they should not have to pay British taxes because they had no representatives in the British Parliament. Their motto became "No Taxation Without Representation." -protests in Boston Many colonists began to protest against these new British taxes and laws. A group called the Sons of Liberty formed in 1765 in Boston and soon spread throughout the colonies. During one protest in Boston, a fight broke out and several colonists were shot and killed. This incident became known as the Boston Massacre. In 1773, the British imposed a new tax on tea. Several patriots in Boston protested this act by boarding ships in Boston harbor and dumping their tea into the water. This protest became known as the Boston Tea Party. -Intolerable Acts The British decided that the colonies needed to be punished for the Boston Tea Party. They issued a number of new laws that the colonists called the Intolerable Acts. -Boston Blockade One of the Intolerable Acts was the Boston Port Act which shut down the port of Boston for trade. British ships blockaded Boston Harbor, punishing everyone who lived in Boston, both patriots and loyalists. This angered not only people in Boston, but also people in other colonies who were afraid the British would do the same thing to them. -Growing Unity Among the Colonies The increased laws punishing the colonies did little to control the colonies as the British had hoped, but actually had the opposite effect. The laws caused the colonies to become more united against the British. Many colonies sent supplies to help Boston during the blockade. Also, more and more colonists throughout the Americas joined up with the Sons of Liberty. -First Continental Congress In 1774, twelve of the thirteen colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress as a direct response to the Intolerable Acts. They sent a petition to King George III to repeal the Intolerable Acts. They never got a response. They also established a boycott of British goods. -The War Begins In 1775, British soldiers in Massachusetts were ordered to disarm the American rebels and to arrest their leaders. The Revolutionary War began on April 19,1775 when fighting broke out between the two sides at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.

removal act

-The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears." -In 1830, just a year after taking office, Jackson pushed a new piece of legislation called the "Indian Removal Act" through both houses of Congress. It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of their home state. This act affected not only the southeastern nations, but many others further north. The removal was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that agreed to the conditions. But the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

-The Lewis And Clark Expedition Begins Their mission was to explore the unknown territory, establish trade with the Natives and affirm the sovereignty of the United States in the region. One of their goals was to find a waterway from the US to the Pacific Ocean. -

impact of the reconstruction policies on the south then and now

-The Reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society.

decisions made by the united states government in the 19th century concerning the native americans

-The U.S. government's policies towards Native Americans in the second half of the nineteenth century were influenced by the desire to expand westward into territories occupied by these Native American tribes. By the 1850s nearly all Native American tribes, roughly 360,000 in number, lived to the west of the Mississippi River. These American Indians, some from the Northwestern and Southeastern territories, were confined to Indian Territory located in present day Oklahoma, while the Kiowa and Comanche Native American tribes shared the land of the Southern Plains. -To calm these fears, in 1851 the U.S. government held a conference with several local Indian tribes and established the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Under this treaty, each Native American tribe accepted a bounded territory, allowed the government to construct roads and forts in this territory and pledged not to attack settlers; in return the federal government agreed to honor the boundaries of each tribe's territory and make annual payments to the Indians. -With so many newcomers moving west, the federal government established a policy of restricting Native Americans to reservations, small areas of land within a group's territory that was reserved exclusively for their use, in order to provide more land for the non-Indian settlers. In a series of new treaties the U.S. government forced Native Americans to give up their land and move to reservations in exchange for protection from attacks by white settlers. In addition, the Indians were given a yearly payment that would include money in addition to food, livestock, household goods and farming tools. These reservations were created in an attempt to clear the way for increased U.S. expansion and involvement in the West, as well as to keep the Native Americans separate from the whites in order to reduce the potential for conflict. -In 1871 the federal government passed a pivotal law stating that the United States would no longer treat Native American groups as independent nations. -wanted the native americans to abandoned their routes and go to school and leave culture behind -In 1887, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, the most important component of the U.S. government's assimilation program, which was created to "civilize" American Indians by teaching them to be farmers.

human characteristics of place and how humans adapt to variations in the physical environment

-They include land forms, bodies of water, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life. The human characteristics of a place come from human ideas and actions. They include bridges houses, and parks. -Genetic adaptation and the three types of adjustments to environmental stresses are not always distinct phenomena. Acclimatization occurring in childhood may result in permanent anatomical changes, as is often the case with malnutrition.

expository text

-Type of text that has factual information-written to explain things using facts -contain headings, tables of contents, glossaries, charts, graphs, and similar features -help readers navigate expository texts and locate specific information quickly -a science book explaining the water cycle

americans role in the first WW

-United States in WWI. Although World War I began in 1914, the United States did not join the war until 1917. The impact of the United States joining the war was significant. The additional firepower, resources, and soldiers of the U.S. helped to tip the balance of the war in favor of the Allies.

Morpheme

-a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ). -a morphological element considered with respect to its functional relations in a linguistic system. -Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes called (a) bases (or roots) and (b) affixes. A "base," or "root" is a morpheme in a word that gives the word its principle meaning. An example of a "free base" morpheme is woman in the word womanly. An example of a "bound base" morpheme is -sent in the word dissent

syllables

-a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; e.g., there are two syllables in water and three in inferno. -pronounce (a word or phrase) clearly, syllable by syllable.

phonemes

-any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. -A phoneme is a unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language. -is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. An example is the English phoneme /k/, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit.

multisyllabic words

-clapping each syllable or saying the word while looking in a mirror and observing how many times the mouth opens-taught to recognize common syllable spelling patterns and the sounds that they make-look at prefixes and suffixes

common syllable spelling patterns

-closed syllables, which end in a consonant and usually have a short vowel sound (rabbit)-open syllable, which ends in a vowel and usually have a long vowel sound (bagel)-r-controlled vowels (e.g. carpet)-vowel digraph pairs (detain)-vowel-consonant-silent-e syllables, which usually have a long vowel sound (athlete)-consonant -le words, which are usually found at the end of a word (maple)

Phonemic Awareness

-focuses on the ability to identify and manipulate sounds at the phoneme level only. -smallest units of speech, and phonemic awareness is therefore the most advanced component of phonological awareness -one component of phonological awareness

print-rich environment

-have several books and texts (audio and digital) of different genres and topics -wall shelves with signs and labels to help with classroom procedures and organization -Posters with content-reading, writing, and listening centers open for play time-puppet theater and flannel board for oral story time -encouraged to display texts they have created -older students, signs and posters of higher vocab and content are displayed; along with procedures. Written and digital texts displayed, computers, tablets, dictionaries and thesauri available

prefixes

-is a letter or a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word

suffixes

-is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word-changes the root word

democratic values

-liberty: freedom from external or foreign rule; independence. freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, hampering conditions, etc.; power or right of doing, thinking, speaking, etc., according to choice. freedom from captivity, confinement, or physical restraint -justice: is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society, as measured by the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges. -equality: is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in possibly all respects, possibly including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and social services.

Earth history (e.g., origin of Earth, paleontology, the rock record)

-origins of Earth:Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. -paleontology: the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants. -rock record: The rock recordis nothing more than the rocks that currently exist. The rock record does not show a tidy, orderly progression of geologic events. Rock formations are eroded, buried, torn apart, melted, squashed together, even turned upside down.

geometric concepts

-points:in geometry is a location. It has no size i.e. no width, no length and no depth. A point is shown by a dot. A line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely in two directions.-lines -ray: can be defined as a part of a line that has a fixed starting point but no end point. It can extend infinitely in one direction. On its way to infinity, a ray may pass through more than one point. -collinear: Three or more points are said to lie on a single straight line. . A line on which points lie, especially if it is related to a geometric figure such as a triangle, is sometimes called an axis. Two points are trivially collinear since two points determine a line. -planes: is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. -coplanar: are three or more points which lie in the same plane. Recall that a plane is a flat surface which extends without end in all directions. It's usually shown in math textbooks as a 4-sided figure.

emergent literacy

-readers display pre-reading behaviors-interacts with the books and how print can show meaning -identify capital and lowercase letters and that letters are combined to form words and words are combined to form sentences -develop oral reading skills: rhyming and alliteration, blend, segment and manipulate phonemes within words -read aloud to students, model concept of print, how to make predictions, and retell story events -explicit instruction on letter identification and letter-sound correspondence -have books that strongly have pictures that support the print-limited amount of text with high frequency words/decodable words, and repetition

Alexander the Great

-served as king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. -most responsible for the spread of Greek art, architecture, and though throughout the ancient Mediterranean world

Manifest Destiny and effects

-the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. -A) It forced the Native American people to abandon their land. B) It established the Oregon Territory in the northwest United States. C) It caused people to fear European control in the Americas.

phonological awareness

-the ability to identify and manipulate sounds in spoken language -refers to identifying and manipulating sounds at the word, syllable, or phoneme level. -activities: rhyming, alliteration, breaking words into syllables, dividing syllables into onsets and rimes, blending and segmenting phonemes

common orthographic

-the conventional spelling system of a language. -An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language. It includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation

semantics

-use prior knowledge from personal experiences along with meaning contained in the text and pictures to make sense of what they are reading -picture walks before students read new text to activate prior knowledge and provide hints about the meaning, predicts, KWL charts, can ask themselves if what they read makes sense to encourage miscue recondition and self-correction

statistics

1 : a branch of mathematicsdealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data. 2 : a collection of quantitative data.

Magna Carta

1 : a charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede. 2 : a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

cause and effect

A cause in social research is the identified construct (variable, event) that brings about a subsequent outcome (usually referred to as the effect). ... A cause (as a noun) is thus the event that precipitates a succeeding event (usually called the effect).

compound-complex sentence

A compound sentence is made of two simple sentences joined by a conjunction. A complex sentence is made of a simple sentence and a dependent, or subordinate, clause (has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. ... In other words, it is a compound sentence with a dependent, or subordinate clause.

concept web

A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. It is a graphical tool that instructional designers, engineers, technical writers, and others use to organize and structure knowledge.

forces and equilibrium

A force is a vector quantity which means that it has both a magnitude (size) and a direction associated with it. If the size and direction of the forces acting on an object are exactly balanced, then there is no net force acting on the object and the object is said to be in equilibrium.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

the purposes and functions of government

A government's basic functions are providing leadership, maintaining order, providing public services, providing national security, providing economic security, and providing economic assistance.

mass

A measure of how much matter is in an object. This gold bar is quite small but has a mass of 1 kilogram (about 2.2 pounds), so it contains a lot of matter. Mass is commonly measured by how much something weighs.

Parliamentary System

A parliamentary system of government means that the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence. The relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.

atoms and elements

A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron.

control group

A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements.

simple machines

A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage to multiply force

portfolios

A student portfolio is a compilation of academic work and other forms of educational evidence assembled for the purpose of (1) evaluating coursework quality, learning progress, and academic achievement; (2) determining whether students have met learning standards or other academic requirements for courses, grade-level

experiment

A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried. b. The process of conducting such a test;

ordered sets

A total order (or "totally ordered set," or "linearly ordered set") is a set plus a relation on the set (called a total order) that satisfies the conditions for a partial orderplus an additional condition known as the comparability condition. A relation is a total order on a set (" totally orders.

composites

A whole number that can be made by multiplying other whole numbers. Example: 6 can be made by 2 × 3 so is a composite number. But 7 can not be made by multiplying other whole numbers (1×7 would work, but we said to use other whole numbers) so is not a composite number, it is a prime number.

basic math facts

Addition. The numbers used in addition are called addends; the answer is called the sum. ... Subtraction. The top, or higher, number in subtraction is called the minuend, the lower number is the subtrahend and the answer is the difference. ... Multiplication. ... Division.

post-reading

After or post-reading strategies provide students a way to summarize, reflect, and question what they have just read. They are an important component of the pre-, during, and post-reading strategy and is the core of good comprehension.

living characteristics and cells

All living things are made of cells, use energy, respond to stimuli, grow and reproduce, and maintain homeostasis. All living things consist of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living organisms. Energy is the ability to change or move matter

physical and chemical properties and structure of matter

All properties of matter are either physical or chemical properties and physical properties are either intensive or extensive. Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter being measured. ... Chemical properties can be measured only by changing a substance's chemical identity.

congressional representatives

Also referred to as a congressman or congresswoman, each representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district. Among other duties, representatives introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments and serve on committees.

Tundra

An extremely cold, dry biome.

prephonetic

At this stage, children have realized that letters represent certain sounds but in their spellings they represent only a few of the sounds. It is common at this stage to see one, two or three-letter spellings.

governments role in maintaining the country's currency

By adjusting spending and tax rates (fiscal policy) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment.

background knowledge

Call it schema, relevant background knowledge, prior knowledge, or just plain experience, when students make connections to the text they are reading, their comprehension increases. Good readers constantly try to make sense out of what they read by seeing how it fits with what they already know.

Frederick Douglass

Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1877. Read Douglass' "Secession and War," in which he called for a commitment that the war would be fought to end slavery as well as to save the union. He made an appeal for the use of African American troops from the very beginning of the war.

classical civilization Greece

Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th centuries BC) in Greek culture. ... Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought (architecture, sculpture), scientific thought, theatre, literature and philosophy derives from this period of Greek history.

cause and effects of European exploration and colonization of Native Americans

Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them, which decimated Native American populations. Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources.

common volume units

Common volume units are the teaspoon, tablespoon (3 teaspoons), fluid ounce (two tablespoons), cup (8 ounces), pint (2 cups, or 16 fluid ounces), quart (2 pints, or 32 fluid ounces), US gallon (16 cups, 128 fluid ounces, or 3.8 liters). A barrel is the unitto measure oil.

compound words

Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form a new word with a new meaning

national labor relations board

Congress enacted the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA") in 1935 to protect the rights of employees and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and to curtail certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses and the U.S. economy.

transfer and conservation of energy

Conservation of energy means that the total change of energy in any system is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out of the system. Energycannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transported from one place to another and transferredbetween systems.

conventional

Conventional, or standard, spelling is the correct spelling of a word. This is the spelling you will find in the dictionary. Convential spelling is the formal way of writing.

editing

Correct errors and clear up clutter to polish your prose Editingis a stage of thewritingprocess in which awriteroreditorstrives to improve a draft by correcting errors and making words and sentences clearer, more precise, and as effective as possible.

responses to external stimuli

Definition: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.

Democracy

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws.

Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott Case • slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free state) • sued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri • saidhewasmadefreeinWisconsin• Decisionofcase: − 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to sue..) − 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced− 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

George Washington

During the American Revolution, he led the colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. In 1787, he was elected president of the convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution. Two years later, Washington became America's first president.

Harriet Tubman

During the Civil War, Tubman worked for the Union army as a nurse, a cook, and a spy. Her experience leading slaves along the Underground Railroad was especially helpful because she knew the land well. She recruited a group of former slaves to hunt for rebel camps and report on the movement of the Confederate troops.

how conflict between the American colonies and Great Britain led to American independence

During the war the colonies had asserted their economic independence by trading with the enemy, flagrantly defying customs laws, and evading trade regulations. After the war the British government resolved to bring the colonies into proper subordination and to use them as a source of revenue for repaying the war debt.

the various levels of government

Each level of government is divided into three branches: the legislative branch (which makes the laws), the executive branch (which carries out the laws), and the judicial branch (which applies the laws to specific court cases, determines whether someone has broken the law, and evaluates laws to make certain that they ...

the purposes of earning, spending, and saving money

Earning — your ability to bring in money. Spending — your ability to live frugally and spend wisely. Saving — your ability to produce a surplus and to make that surplus grow.

Earth patterns, cycles, and change

Earth Patterns, Cycles, and Change. ... The phases of the moon appear in sequence as the moon makes one revolution around Earth. Seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth as it revolves around the sun. The main cause of the tides is the gravitational attraction between Earth and the moon.

economic and cultural differences between the north and south during the civil war and reconstruction

Economy of the North • MORE Cities & Factories• Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine − products were made cheaper and faster− shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled laborers− Economy BOOST!!! Economy of the South • Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves − White Southerners made living off the land − Cotton Kingdom - Eli Whitney •cotton made slavery more important •cotton spread west, so slavery increases Transportation of the North National Road - better roads; inexpensive way to deliver products Ships & Canals - river travels fast; steamboat (i.e. Erie Canal) Railroad - steam-powered machine (fastest transportation and travels across land) Transportation of the South • WATER! Southern rivers made water travel easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi) • Southern town sprang up along waterways Society of the North - industrial, urban life• Maine to Iowa • Black Northerners− free but not equal (i.e. segregation) − worked as laborers & servants • White Northerners− most lived on farms− children expected to help with harvesting− cities next to factories or RR tracks Society of the South - agrarian, rural life • Maryland to Florida & west to Texas • Black Southerners − small minority free (live separate, wear special badges) - skilled crafts people or servants − slaves - cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse maids/nannies, MOST field hands • White Southerners− measured wealth in terms of land & slaves

electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days, electricity was considered as being unrelated to magnetism.

Executive Branch

Enforces laws

compose/decompose

Example: Compose 2 hundreds, 7 tens and 9 ones. 200 + 70 + 9 = 279.

the concepts of family and community

Family and community involvements foster partnerships among schools, family and community groups, and individuals. ... And they help children and youth develop healthy behaviors and promote healthy families. Research shows that students whose parents are involved in their education are more likely to: Adapt well to school.

Federalism

Federalism is a system of government in which sovereignty is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. Thus, power is shared between national and provincial governments.

the development of the United States government

Forging a Federal Government. The new federal Congress that assembled in New York in the spring of 1789 and the newly inaugurated president, George Washington, faced enormous tasks. An entire government had to be created in the aftermath of a bitter national battle for ratification of the new federal Constitution.

Benjamin Franklin

Franklin helped to draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, and he negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War. His scientific pursuits included investigations into electricity, mathematics and mapmaking.

major values in the bill of rights

Freedom of Speech30%Protection against cruel and unusual punishment6%Protection against unreasonable search and seizure5%Criminal trial rights4%Freedom of the press2%

westward expansion

From 1803 to 1890, the United States of America grew from 17 states to 44 states; this growth is called Westward Expansion. The Louisiana Purchase, Mexican-American War, and Oregon Territory purchase gave America more land. The Oregon Trail, Homestead Act, and gold mining encouraged people to move west. Conflict: Mexican-American War

Goods vs. Services

Goods: what is produced, products (shoes, medicine) Services: what is offered (lawyer, doctor)

growth and development

Growth is defined as an irreversible constant increase in the size of an organ or even an individual cell. ... Growth refers to the increase in mass and size of a body. Development is the process where a particular organism not only grows physically but acquires mental and physiological growth as well.

Fulton's Steamboat

However, Fulton did invent the first commercially successful steamboat and brought the technology of steam power to the rivers of the United States. Fulton'ssteam boats helped to power the Industrial Revolution by moving goods and people throughout the United States during the 1800s.

Example of opportunity cost

If you spend time and money going to a movie, you cannot spend that time at home reading a book, and you can't spend the money on something else

word anaylsis

In "word analysis" or "word study," students break words down into morphemes, their smallest units of meaning. Each morpheme has a meaningthat contributes to the whole word. ... UDL principles can help you differentiate instruction to meet the wide range of student variability.

purpose of exploration and colonization of north america by england

In 1497 Henry VII of England sponsored an expedition to the New World headed by John Cabot, who explored a part of Newfoundland and reported an abundance of fish. But until Queen Elizabeth's reign, the English showed little interest in exploration, being preoccupied with their European trade and establishing control over the British Isles. By the mid-sixteenth century, however, England had recognized the advantages of trade with the East, and in 1560 English merchants enlisted Martin Frobisher to search for a northwest passage to India. Between 1576 and 1578 Frobisher as well as John Davis explored along the Atlantic coast.

Thomas Jefferson

In 1777, he drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. ... Jefferson regarded this as one of his three greatest life accomplishments (along with drafting the Declaration of Independence and founding the University of Virginia). In 1779, Jefferson was elected the second governor of the state of Virginia.

Whitney's Cotton Gin

In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America's leading export. Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues. Also, his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition.

Trail of tears

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

acquisition of Oregon

In 1846 the Oregon Treaty was signed between the US and Britain to settle the boundary dispute. The British gained the land north of the 49th parallel, including the Vancouver Island and the United States received the territory south of the parallel.

life cycles

In biology, a biological life cycle is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state. "The concept is closely related to those of the life history, development and ontogeny, but differs from them in stressing renewal."

classical civilization rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom (753 BC-509 BC), Roman Republic (509 BC-27 BC) and Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD) until the fall of the

absolute value

In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number x, denoted |x|, is the non-negative value of x without regard to its sign. Namely, |x| = x if x is positive, and |x| = −x if x is negative, and |0| = 0. For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3.

inquiry

In the philosophy of science, models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge.

characteristics of indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of relating to people and the environment. They have retained social, cultural, economic and political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live.

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives before the American Civil War.

John Brown

John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed in using violent methods to eradicate slavery in the United States. ... Historians credit Brown, his raid, and the public debates surrounding his trial and legacy with hastening Southern secession and the Civil War.

King George

King George III ruled the British kingdom through some turbulent times including the American Revolutionary War after which the colonies gained independence. Until Queen Victoria, he was Great Britain's longest reigning monarch.

Major Points of Gettysburg Address

Lincoln advocates the words of the Declaration of Independence; and, Lincoln accentuated the Civil War as not just a fight to preserve the Union, but to bring equality to "all" of its citizens: "... conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."

the concepts of location, distance, and direction

Location refers to the position of an object on the surface of the earth and is commonly expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. Direction is always determined relative to a benchmark. Distance refers to the separation between locations. Navigation is the destination-oriented movement through space.

major features of democratic government

Majority Rule- the system of government is based on parliamentry majorities Representative Elections-the people are allowed to elect represtatives to speak for their views and interests. Multi party system-voters have the opportunity to choose from a variety of political parties, represting a wide range of political opinion. Freedom of speech-no restriction is placed on the right to opinions and express then openly. Freedom of association-no restriction is placed on people organising political parties to take part in democratic life. Freedom of Assembly-no restriction is placed on the right to hold meetings or organise demonstrations provided those do not violate the rights of others. Respect the individual rights-the state protects individuals whose rights are threatened by the actions of others. Respect for Minority rights-minorities should not have their basic rights violated by the majority. Respect for the Law-citizens who are given democratic rights should obey the laws that provide these rights. Respect for Democratic Procedures-individuals or groups who have grievances against the system should operate within it, seeking to change the law through legal means. Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/1384242#readmore

Legislative Branch

Makes laws

adaptation and natural selection

Natural selection is a mechanism, or cause, of evolution. Adaptations are physical or behavioral traits that make an organism better suited to its environment. Heritable variation comes from random mutations. Random mutations are the initial cause of new heritable traits.

laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.

important developments in the United States during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

Nuclear Power. Nuclear power was to the twentieth century what steam power had been to the nineteenth: a game changer. ... The Personal Computer. It's difficult to imagine our world today without computers. ... The Airplane. ... The Automobile. ... Rocketry. ... The Submarine. ... Antibiotics. ... Television.

the characteristics of responsible citizenship

Obeys the law / Respects authority. Contribute to Society and Community/ Performs Civic Duty. Loves his/her country/ Patriotism. Courtesy and respect for the rights of others. Trust worthy and Honesty. Tolerance. Accountability. Moral Courage.

Abraham Lincoln

On December 8, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln offers his conciliatory plan for reunification of theUnited States with his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. By this point in the Civil War, it was clear that Lincoln needed to make some preliminary plans for postwar reconstruction.

supply and demand

One of the most basic concepts of economics is Supply and Demand. These are really two separate things, but they are almost always talked about together. Supplyis how much of something is available. ... Demand is how much of something people want.

one-to-one correspondence

One-to-one correspondence is an early learning math skill that involves the act of counting each object in a set once, and only once with one touch per object.

Fugitive Slave Act

Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

phonemes segmentation

Phoneme segmentation is the ability to break words down into individual sounds. For example, the learner breaks the word run into its component sounds - r, u, and n.

the major characteristics of the thirteen colonies

Physical Characteristics of New England -All of the New England colonies had been covered by ice during the last Ice Age, which created poor, rocky soil. The final melt-back of the glaciers left some of the rocky areas peppered with large boulders. -Rivers are fairly short and their floodplains are narrow, unlike in other areas of America, and do not allow for the creation of huge agricultural plots along their banks. -The major resources available and used by the colonists were lumber and fish. The People of New England -The New England region was an area of mostly homogeneous culture, mostly settled by large groups of people from England who were fleeing religious persecution or seeking new opportunities. -The New England colonists settled in towns, typically surrounded by 40 square miles of land that were farmed by the individuals who lived in the towns. -Indigenous Native American groups such as the Pequot in Connecticut were involved in extensive trading with the Dutch, but the situation became tense when the English started arriving in the 1630s. --Britain launched the Pequot Warin 1636-1637, after which many Pequot were executed and many survivors were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. In 1666 and 1683, Connecticut colony built two reservations for the remaining Pequot. Major Occupations in New England -Agriculture: Farms surrounding the farms were not terribly fertile. As a group, the farmers brought a high degree of mechanical ingenuity and self-sufficiency. -Fishing: Boston began exporting fish in 1633. In 1639, Massachusetts Bay was exempted from paying taxes on fishing boats; and as a result, by 1700, the fishing industry was huge. The colonists obtained crustaceans and pelagic fish from saltwater bays and freshwater rivers, and Pilgrim fathers also hunted right whales off Cape Cod. -Commerce: Individuals from the New England area were heavily involved in commerce. Extensive trade with England allowed ship holders to flourish, and the New Englanders also maintained lucrative trade connections with the West Indies and French colonies to the north. New England Religion -Calvinism and the Social Contract Theory: Many individuals who lived in the New England area were Calvinists or heavily influenced by John Calvin's works and thought. While many look at John Locke as the primary founder of the idea of the social contract (which defined proper government as an agreement or contract between the individuals to join together into a society), the Calvinist doctrine was one of the first to espouse the idea in England. The fact that many New England settlers followed the religious doctrines of John Calvin meant that this theory was part of their religious heritage. Further, this belief in the importance of social contracts transferred to economic contracts as well. -A Belief in Predestination: One of the tenets of Calvinism is the idea of predestination. This was the belief that God had already predetermined everything, including who was going to heaven and who to hell. The idea that God had chosen the British colonies for a special destiny to take the North American continent and develop and maintain an ideal of liberty and democracy later fed into 19th century manifest destiny. -Congregationalism: This style of religion means that the church itself was governed by its own members, and the congregation chose its own minister, rather than being assigned one by a hierarchy. Intolerance: While the Puritans might have escaped England due to religious persecution, they did not come to America to establish religious freedom for all. They wanted to be free to worship the way they wished. In Massachusetts Bay colony, people who did not subscribe to the colony religion were not allowed to vote, and nonconformists such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were excommunicated from the church and banished from the colony.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks.

The origin of political parties in the united states

Political factions or parties began to form during the struggle over ratification of the federal Constitution of 1787. Friction between them increased as attention shifted from the creation of a new federal government to the question of how powerful that federal government would be.

the various forms of government

Power Defined. Sociology is the study of human social behavior, human development, organizations, and institutions. ... -Monarchy:is a country that is ruled by a monarch, and monarchy is this system or form of government. A monarch, such as a king or queen, rules a kingdom or empire. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is limited by a constitution. But in an absolute monarchy, the monarch has unlimited power. -Democracy: is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. -Oligarchy:is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

Stages of Spelling Development

Pre-phonetic: Students spell using random letter and number stringsSemi-phonetic: some letter-sound relationships are used to spell words. Phonetic: some simple words begin to be spelled correctly, such as CVC wordsTransitional: students learn to use syllable patterns to spell more complex words Derivational constancy: students use knowledge of roots and affixes to spell related words

prereading

Pre-reading activities help students prepare for the reading activity by activating the relevant schemata, and motivating them to read. Pre-reading activities can also help learners anticipate the topic, vocabulary and possibly important grammar structures in the texts.

major points of the emancipation proclamation

President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.

previous knowledge

Prior knowledge is the knowledge the learner already has before they meet new information. A learner's understanding of a text can be improved by activating their prior knowledge before dealing with the text, and developing this habit is good learner training for them.

Erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

ratio and proportion

Ratio: The relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other; the ratio of a to b is written as a:b or a/b. Proportion: An equality between two ratios.

McCormick Reaper

Reapers were machines developed in the early 1800s to help farmers harvest grain. The first commercially successful reaper was built in 1831 by Virginia-born inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-1884), who patented it in 1834 and first sold it in 1840 in Virginia. The McCormick reaper was horse-drawn and sharply reduced the amount of manual labor required to harvest grain. It worked in this way: a straight blade (protected by guards) was linked to a drive wheel; as the drive wheel turned, the blade moved back and forth in a sawing motion, cutting through the stalks of grain, which were held straight by rods; the cut grain stalks then fell onto a platform and were collected with a rake by a worker. The device increased average production from two or three acres a day to ten acres a day.

retelling stories

Retelling is a strategy that is used to determine how well a student has comprehended a specific story. Retelling can be used as an effective tool in improving comprehension as well as assessing it

mixtures and solutions

SOLUTIONS are homogeneous mixtures. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution. The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the SOLUTE

scientific skills

Science process skills include observing qualities, measuring quantities, sorting/classifying, inferring, predicting, experimenting, and communicating.

misconceptions

Scientific misconceptions are commonly held beliefs about science that have no basis in actual scientific fact. Scientific misconceptions can also refer to preconceived notions based on religious and/or cultural influences.

research

Social Research is a method used by social scientists and researchers to learn about people and societies so that they can design products/services that cater to various needs of the people. Different socio-economic groups belonging to different parts of a county think differently.

comparison

Social comparison theory states that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. People sometimes compare themselves to others as a way of fostering self-improvement, self-motivation, and a positive self-image.

acquisition of Florida

Spanish minister Do Luis de Onis and U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sign the FloridaPurchase Treaty, in which Spain agrees to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida to the United States. Spanish colonization of the Florida peninsula began at St. Augustine in 1565.

standard units vs informal units

Standard units of measurement are units of measurement that are typically used within each measurement system, such as inches, feet, ounces, pounds, kilograms, or cups. ... Nonstandard units of measurement are units of measurement that aren't typically used, such as a pencil, an arm, a toothpick, or a shoe.

stars and galaxies

Stars are not scattered randomly through space, they are gathered together into vast groups known as galaxies. The Sun belongs to a galaxy called the Milky Way. Astronomers estimate there are about 100 thousand million stars in the Milky Way alone. Outside that, there are millions upon millions of other galaxiesalso!

interpretation

Such an observation is a quantitative one, as opposed to a qualitative one (no measurements). On the other hand, an interpretation is an attempt to figure out what has been observed. Here are some examples designed to help you distinguish between them

acquisition of Texas

The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1845-1848. ... With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, 1845, and Texas was admitted into the United States on December 29.

Commence Clause

The Commerce Clause refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian.

how does the constitution affect us today

The Constitution plays a very important role in our society today. ... The Constitution explains how our government works, when elections are to be held, and lists some of the rights we have. The Constitution explains what each branch of government can do, and how each branch can control the other branches.

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact created laws for Mayflower Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims alike for the good of their new colony. It was a short document which establishedthat: ... the colonists would create one society and work together to further it. the colonists would live in accordance with the Christian faith

New Deals cause of the Depression

The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans.

significant contribution of explores

The New England Colonies The first English emigrants to what would become the New England colonies were a small group of Puritan separatists, later called the Pilgrims, who arrived in Plymouth in 1620 to found Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, a wealthy syndicate known as the Massachusetts Bay Company sent a much larger (and more liberal) group of Puritans to establish another Massachusetts settlement. With the help of local natives, the colonists soon got the hang of farming, fishing and hunting, and Massachusetts prospered. The Middle Colonies In 1664, King Charles II gave the territory between New England and Virginia, much of which was already occupied by Dutch traders and landowners called patroons, to his brother James, the Duke of York. The English soon absorbed Dutch New Netherland and renamed it New York, but most of the Dutch people (as well as the Belgian Flemings and Walloons, French Huguenots, Scandinavians and Germans who were living there) stayed put. This made New York one of the most diverse and prosperous colonies in the New World. In 1680, the king granted 45,000 square miles of land west of the DelawareRiver to William Penn, a Quaker who owned large swaths of land in Ireland. Penn's North American holdings became the colony of "Penn's Woods," or Pennsylvania. Lured by the fertile soil and the religious toleration that Penn promised, people migrated there from all over Europe. Like their Puritan counterparts in New England, most of these emigrants paid their own way to the colonies-they were not indentured servants-and had enough money to establish themselves when they arrived. As a result, Pennsylvania soon became a prosperous and relatively egalitarian place The Southern Colonies By contrast, the Carolina colony, a territory that stretched south from Virginia to Florida and west to the Pacific Ocean, was much less cosmopolitan. In its northern half, hardscrabble farmers eked out a living. In its southern half, planters presided over vast estates that produced corn, lumber, beef and pork, and-starting in the 1690s-rice. These Carolinians had close ties to the English planter colony on the Caribbean island of Barbados, which relied heavily on African slave labor, and many were involved in the slave trade themselves. As a result, slavery played an important role in the development of the Carolina colony. (It split into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1729.)In 1732, inspired by the need to build a buffer between South Carolina and the Spanish settlements in Florida, the Englishman James Oglethorpe established the Georgia colony. In many ways, Georgia's development mirrored South Carolina's.

social society

The Social Security Act of 1935 is a law enacted by the 74th United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The law created the Social Security program as well as insurance against unemployment.

acquisition of California

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which California was ceded to the United States by Mexico, was signed on February 2, 1848, and was proclaimed by the President on June 19, 1848, and news of the same reached California and proclaimed by Governor Mason on August 7, 1848.

Work Progress Administration

The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency, employing millions of job-seekers (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.

constructivist teaching

The constructivist approach is based on the idea that knowledge can never be passed from one person to another. The only way to acquire knowledge is to create or construct them.

forms of energy

The different types of energy include thermal energy, radiant energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy, motion energy, sound energy, elastic energy and gravitational energy.

classical civilization egypt

The dynastic period started with the reign of Egypt's first king, Narmer, in approximately 3100 BCE, and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. During this long period there were times of strong centalised rule, and periods of much weaker, divided rule, but basically Egypt remained one, independent land.

parts of government

The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president and the federal courts, respectively.

Polya's problem solving process

The first step of Polya's Process is to Understand the Problem. Some ways to tell if you really understand what is being asked is to: -State the problem in your own words. -Pinpoint exactly what is being asked. -Identify the unknowns. -Figure out what the problem tells you is important. -Identify any information that is irrelevant to the problem.

how businesses operate

The funds directly acquired by the business in exchange for the goods and services it delivers is the business's revenue. The cost of developing, producing, and delivering these goods and services is the business's expenses.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

The growing attitudes against slavery in the North, which had been reinforced by the content of Uncle Tom's Cabin, no doubt helped to secure the victory of Lincoln. It would be an exaggeration to say that Harriet Beecher Stowe's enormously popular novel directly caused the Civil War.

vena cava

The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. De-oxygenated blood means most of the oxygen has been removed by tissues, and therefore the blood is darker. ... The inferior vena cavaempties into the right atrium of the heart

properties of the solid Earth

The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core.

steam locomotive

The invention of the steam engine created many changes and additions to the technology of the time, including steam powered locomotives. Steam locomotivesare vehicles that run on rails or tracks and are powered by steam engines. They were historically used for moving freight and other materials, as well as passengers

order of presidential succession in the United States

The line of succession follows the order of: vice president, speaker of the House of Representatives, president pro tempore of the Senate, and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president's Cabinet.

controlling the internal environment

The many processes by which the body controls its internal environment are collectively called homeostasis. The complementary activity of major body systems maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body.

purpose of exploration and colonization of north american by spain

The motives for Spanish exploration was to find Northwest Passage, which they believed was a direct and efficient route to the Orient - home of spices, silks and wealth. The Spanish explorers were in search of mineral wealth, looking for El Dorado (the City of Gold) and they aspired to spread Christianity.

odd and even

The number four can be divided into two groups of two. Odd numbers can NOT be divided evenly into groups of two. ... Even numbers always end with a digit of 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 are even numbers. Oddnumbers always end with a digit of 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.

molecular basis of heredity

The physical basis of heredity. When Gregor Mendel formulated his laws of heredity, he postulated a particulate nature for the units of inheritance. ... Today scientists understand not only the physical location of hereditary units (i.e., the genes) but their molecular composition as well.

predictable text

The purpose of predictable or patterned text is to give multiple repetitions of words and phrases so that students memorize the patterns and can predict the picture clue.

10th Amendment

The purpose of the 10th Amendment is to define the establishment and division of power between the Federal government and state governments. This amendmentalso protects these powers from both entities. This amendment was used to define the federal taxing power, federal police power, and federal regulations.

major values in declaration of independence

The rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (among others). The concept that the people have a say in their government. These are the American valuesdefined by the Declaration of Independence

ordinality

The state or condition of being ordinal. A number indicating the position of something in a series or order.

national debt

The sum of government deficits over time.

Earth, Sun, and Moon relationships

The sun, earth, and moon are held together by gravity, and they interact in lots of ways. The moonorbits the earth because of the pull of the earth. And the earth orbits the sun because of the pull of the sun. Because of the way they move relative to each other, we see phases and eclipses

political science

The systematic study of government and politics, is a social science that makes generalizations and analyses about politicalsystems and political behavior and uses these results to predict future behavior.

variable

The things that are changing in an experiment are called variables. A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled.

commutative property

The word "commutative" comes from "commute" or "move around", so the Commutative Property is the one that refers to moving stuff around. For addition, the rule is "a + b = b + a"; in numbers, this means 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. For multiplication, the rule is "ab = ba"; in numbers, this means 2×3 = 3×2

theme

Thematic teaching (also known as thematic instruction) is the selecting and highlighting of a theme through an instructional unit or module, course, multiple courses. It is often interdisciplinary, highlighting the relationship of knowledge across academic disciplines and everyday life.

patterns of inheritance of traits

There are five basic modes of inheritance for single-gene diseases: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and mitochondrial. Genetic heterogeneity is a common phenomenon with both single-gene diseases and complex multi-factorial diseases.

the patterns of economic activities in the United States and the world

There are many different types of economic systems usedthroughout the world. Some examples are socialism, communism, and capitalism. The United States has a capitalistic system. -socialism: is a system of production where goods and services are produced directly for use, in contrast to a capitalist economic system, where goods and services are produced to generate profit (and therefore indirectly for use). "Production under socialism would be directly and solely for use. -communism: is a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public. -capitalism: is an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own capital goods. The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market—known as a market economy—rather than through central planning—known as a planned economy or command economy.

life processes

There are seven life processes that tell us that animals are alive. To help us remember them we have found a friend to remind you - Mrs Nerg. Although her name sounds a bit strange, the letters in it stand for the life processes - movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration and growth.

results of exploration and colonization of north america by england

Thereafter, Queen Elizabeth granted charters to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to colonize America. Gilbert headed two trips to the New World. He landed on Newfoundland but was unable to carry out his intention of establishing military posts. A year later, Raleigh sent a company to explore territory he named Virginia after Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," and in 1585, he sponsored a second voyage, this time to explore the Chesapeake Bay region. By the seventeenth century, the English had taken the lead in colonizing North America, establishing settlements all along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies.

physical characteristics of place and how they affect human activities and settlement patterns

These features include vegetation, climate, the local water cycle, and land formations. Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they adapt to the available food and climate patterns.

major values in Constitution

These values include human dignity, the achievement of equality, the advancement of human rights and freedoms, non-racialism and non-sexism, supremacy of the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, social justice, equity and respect.

how human needs are met

These were a love of life, creativity, high energy, a sense of humour and good relationships in their lives. People with these characteristics are self-fulfilled. ... Maslow found that all human beings have five levels of needs to be satisfied and Self-fulfilled people constantly get all five of these needs met.

miscue analysis

They are miscue analysis and running record. A miscue is an unexpected response to a reading cue; saying something different than what is in the passage. A miscue analysis is the recording and review of miscues in order to determine a pattern of reading strategy.

major responsibilities of state and local government

They plan and pay for most roads, run public schools, provide water, organize police and fire services, establish zoning regulations, license professions, and arrange elections for their citizens.

results of exploration and colonization of north america by spain

This exchange benefitted Europeans more than Native Americans because Europeans spread smallpox , a deadly disease, to Native Americans when they came into contact with them. Missionaries converting Native Americans to christianity, specifically Catholicism was another effect.

classical civilization China

Three dynastic cycles—the Zhou, the Qin, and the Han—covered many centuries of classical China. The dynastic patterns begun in classical Chinese history lasted until the early part of the 20th century. A family of kings, called a "dynasty," began ruling China with great vigor, developing solid political institutions and encouraging active economies. Each dynasty over time grew weaker, tax revenues declined, and social divisions occurred as the population outstripped available resources. In addition, internal rebellions and sometimes invasions from the outside contributed to each dynasty's decline. As the ruling dynasty began to falter, usually another one arose from the family of a successful general, invader, or peasant, and the pattern started anew.

decoding

To convert from code into plaintext. To convert from a scrambled electronic signal into an interpretable one. To extract the underlying meaning from: decode a complex literary text

the concepts of goods and services and the roles of producers and consumers

To produce means to manufacture or create economic goods and services. To consume means to purchase economic goods and services. ... Producers are people who make goods or provide services. Consumers are people who buy goods and services.

reasons government levy taxes

To raise revenue to finance government spending. Managing aggregate demand - to help meet the government's economic objectives. Changing the distribution of income and wealth.

trade/ barter system

Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. ... An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services

relationship between state and federal government

Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states and the people. All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

results of exploration and colonization of north america by france

Unlike Spain's empire, "New France" produced no caches of gold and silver. Instead, the French traded with inland tribes for furs and fished off the coast of Newfoundland. New France was sparsely populated by trappers and missionaries and dotted with military forts and trading posts. Although the French sought to colonize the area, the growth of settlements was stifled by inconsistent policies. Initially, France encouraged colonization by granting charters to fur-trading companies. Then, under Cardinal Richelieu, control of the empire was put in the hands of the government-sponsored Company of New France. The company, however, was not successful, and in 1663 the king took direct control of New France. Although more prosperous under this administration, the French empire failed to match the wealth of New Spain or the growth of neighboring British colonies.

the solar system and planets

When many of us grew up, there were nine planets in the Solar System. It was like a fixed point in our brains. As kids, memorizing this list was an early right of passage of nerd pride: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

multiples

When you learned your times tables in grammar school, you were learning multiples. For examples, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 are multiples of 2. To get these numbers, you multiplied 2 by 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, which are integers. A multiple of a number is that number multiplied by an integer.

purpose of exploration and colonization of north america by france

While Spain was building its New World empire, France was also exploring the Americas. In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano was commissioned to locate a northwest passage around North America to India. He was followed in 1534 by Jacques Cartier, who explored the St. Lawrence River as far as present-day Montreal. In 1562, Jean Ribault headed an expedition that explored the St. Johns River area in Florida. His efforts were followed two years later by a second venture headed by René Goulaine de Laudonnière. But the Spanish soon pushed the French out of Florida, and thereafter, the French directed their efforts north and west. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain built a fort at Quebec and explored the area north to Port Royal and Nova Scotia and south to Cape Cod.

during-reading

While-Reading Activities are defined as activities that help students to focus on aspects of the text and to understand it better. The goal of these activities is to help learners to deal as they would deal with it as if the text was written in their first language.

women's suffrage movement and amendment

Women's Suffrage Fighting Slavery: Women get involved Inspired by Second Great Awakening - religious reform movement; good works get you to heaven Anti - slavery fight helped pave way for women's suffrage (right to vote) -The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women's suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. ... Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women's rights movement

ecosystems

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

inference

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

conferencing

a conference between a student and his adviser. the act of conferring or consulting together; consultation, especially on an important or serious matter.

oxymoron

a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true ).

dyslexia

a general term for disorders that involve difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but that do not affect general intelligence.

communities

a group of people who reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. 2. a locality inhabited by such a group. 3. a social, religious, occupational, or other group sharing common characteristics or interests: the business community.

experimental design

a method of research in the social sciences(such as sociology or psychology) in which a controlled experimental factor is subjected to special treatment for purposes of comparison with a factor kept constant.

factors

a number or algebraic expression that divides another number or expression evenly—i.e., with no remainder. For example, 3 and 6 are factors of 12 because 12 ÷ 3 = 4 exactly and 12 ÷ 6 = 2 exactly. The other factors of 12 are 1, 2, 4, and 12.

dialect

a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

algorithm

a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

assembly line

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

contemporary society

according to social and political scientists, is characterised by at least three fundamental directions: ... the scale of anthropological and ecological transformation due to the interaction between evolutionary factors (social, cultural, economic, and technological) has no historical precedent.

hydrosphere

all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.

graphic organizer

also known as a knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge and concepts through relationships between them.

substance abuse

also known as drug abuse, is use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts.

classical civilization

an advanced state of development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and socialinstitutions.

Cloze Procedure

an instructional strategy in which students read brief passages containing omitted words. They rely on background knowledge, sematic clues, and/or syntactic clues to determine the unknown word

revolution

an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. Sociology. a radical and pervasive change in society and the social structure, especially one made suddenly and often accompanied by violence. Compare social evolution.

Alphabetic Principle

an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

concepts

and themes serve as content organizers for the vast amounts of information people encounter every day. represent mental images, constructs, or word pictures that help people to arrange and classify fragmented and isolated facts and information.

geosphere

any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

decimals

are based on the preceding powers of 10. Thus, as we move from left to right, the place value of digits gets divided by 10, meaning the decimal place value determines the tenths, hundredths and thousandths. A tenth means one tenth or 1/10. In decimal form, it is 0.1.

communicable diseases

are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated food or water.

multiplication and division relationships

are closely related, given that division is the inverse operation of multiplication. When we divide, we look to separate into equal groups, while multiplication involves joining equal groups.

scientific principle

are general scientific laws which explain how something happens or works. These people lack all understanding of scientific principles. Synonyms: rule, idea, law, theory More Synonyms of principle.

context clues

are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word within a book. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers or it may follow in the next sentence.

punctuation

are marks used in printing and writing to separate sentences and clauses and to help make the meaning of sentences more clear. Commas, periods and question marks are examples of punctuation.

addition and subtraction relationship

are opposites. They basically undo each other. ... For each set of three different numbers, you can create two addition and two subtraction number facts that are related. We call these four number facts a fact family, since they're related kind of like the members of a family.

changes of states

are physical changes in matter. They are reversible changes that do not involve changes in matter's chemical makeup or chemical properties. Common changes of state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization.

whole numbers

are positive numbers, including zero, without any decimal or fractional parts. They are numbers that represent whole things without pieces. The set of whole numbers is represented mathematically by the set: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}.

heuristic

are strategies that students can use to solve complex word problems. ... To solve word problems efficiently, students must be familiar with both the problem-solving methods (heuristics) and the problem-solving process.

listening skills

are the ability to actively understand information provided by the speaker, and display interest in the topic discussed. It can also include providing the speaker with feedback, such as the asking of pertinent questions; so the speaker knows the message is being understood.

tissues and organs

are the basic structural units of our bodies. Tissues are collections of cells which serve the same function while organs are collections of tissues. Organsystems are composed of groups of organs with the same purpose and function.

time

as the ongoing and continuous sequence of events that occur in succession, from the past through the present to the future.

informal geometry

as used in everyday life, or by aboriginal or ancient peoples, without historical or geographical limitation. ... This can usefully be called therefore formal mathematics.

volume

can be defined as the 3-dimensional space enclosed by a boundary or occupied by an object. Here, the blocks and books take up space. ... Here, for example, the volume of the cuboid or rectangular prism, with unit cubes has been determined in cubic units.

counting

can be defined as the act of determining the quantity or the total number of objects in a set or a group. In other words, to count means to say numbers in order while assigning a value to an item in group, basis one to one correspondence. Counting numbers are used to count objects.

money

can be defined as the medium of exchange such as notes, coins, and demand deposits, used to pay for commodities and services. The value or price of item or service is paid for using money. The US dollar is the official currency of the United States of America.

computation

comprise what many people refer to as basic arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Generally speaking, computations entail finding an answer to a problem via math or logic. They can be carried out by not only by humans, but calculators or computers, as well.

culture

consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. ... Thus, culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions

developmentally appropriate

describes an approach to teaching that respects both the age and the individual needs of each child. The idea is that the program should fit the child; the child shouldn't have to fit the program! ... A child may, for example, have strong intellectual skills and need more development socially

hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

base ten blocks with 3.4

hundreds is whole number, tens is tens place, ones is the hundredths place

simple sentence

in grammar has only one main or independent clause and no dependent or subordinate clauses. Comprising a subject and a predicate, this short and independent syntactic entity intends to convey a complete idea or meanings of an idea.

narrative text

includes any type of writing that relates a series of events and includes both fiction (novels, short stories, poems) and nonfiction (memoirs, biographies, news stories). Both forms tell stories that use imaginative language and express emotion, often through the use of imagery, metaphors, and symbols.

scientific process

instead they will travel back and forth between the different stages depending on where their research takes them.

coordinate geometry

is a branch of geometrywhere the position of the points on the plane is defined with the help of an ordered pair of numbers also known as coordinates.

arithmetic

is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations on them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

mutations

is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses.

magnetism

is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomenon of electromagnetism.

sets

is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. ... The most basic properties are that a set "has" elements, and that two sets are equal (one and the same) if and only if every element of one is an element of the other.

unity and diversity of life

is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding

Separation of Powers

is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate. This is also known as the system of checks and balances, because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches

cultural diversity

is a form of appreciating the differences in individuals. The differences can be based on gender, age, sex, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and social status. Companies have realized the value in acquiring a diverse workforce.

operations

is a function which takes zero or more input values (called operands) to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation. ... The mixed product is an example of an operation of arity 3, also called ternary operation.

syntax

is a fundamental part of written language. ... Syntax states the rules for using words, phrases, clauses and punctuation, specifically to form sentences. Correct syntax examples include word choice, matching number and tense, and placing words and phrases in the right order.

webbing

is a graphic organizer strategy that provides a visual of how words or phrases connect to a topic, similar to mind mapping. It is used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing.

rubrics

is a great tool for teachers because it is a simple way to set up a grading criteria for assignments. Not only is this tool useful for teachers, it is helpful for students as well. A rubric defines in writing what is expected of the student to get a particular grade on an assignment.

prefix

is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word "unhappy" consists of the prefix "un-" [which means "not"] combined with the root (or stem) word "happy"; the word "unhappy" means "not happy."

society

is a group of people who form a semi-closed system, to mean a group of people who form a semi-closed social system, in which most interactions are with other individuals belonging to the group.

opinion

is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive.

brainstorming

is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas. The teacher may begin a brainstorming session by posing a question or a problem, or by introducing a topic. Students then express possible answers, relevant words and ideas

suffix

is a letter or a group of the letters that is attached at the end of a root or a base word to change its meaning or tense. It serves to create new words out of the old words.

conservation of number

is a mathematical concept that was first identified by Jean Piaget in the mid twentieth century. It is the recognition by a young child that quantity does not change with physical rearrangement.

rational numbers

is a number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, a numerator p and a non-zero denominator q.

writing conference

is a one-on-one direct strategy, designed to guide and assist students through the process of writing. The primary purpose of writing conferences is to help unlock the potential of students as "writers" and to help them understand and realize their potential.

detail

is a particular item of information (including descriptive, illustrative, and statistical information) that supports an idea or contributes to an overall impression in an essay, report, or other kind of text.

number patterns

is a pattern or sequence in a series of numbers. This pattern generally establishes a common relationship between all numbers. For example: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... Try to see the difference between consecutive numbers, it will help us understand the relationship between the numbers.

outlining

is a plan for or a summary of a writingproject or speech. Outlines are usually in the form of a list divided into headings and subheadings that distinguish main points from supporting points.

vocabulary development

is a process by which people acquire words. Babbling shifts towards meaningful speech as infants grow and produce their first words around the age of one year. In early word learning, infants build their vocabulary slowly.

questioning

is a question that may lead to a hypothesis and help us in answering (or figuring out) the reason for some observation. ... A good scientific question has certain characteristics.

area model

is a rectangular diagram or model used for multiplication and division problems, in which the factors or the quotient and divisor define the length and width of the rectangle. ... Then we add to get the area of the whole, which is the product or quotient.

narrative

is a report of related events presented to listeners or readers, in words arranged in a logical sequence. A story is taken as a synonym of narrative. A narrative, or story, is told by a narrator who may be a direct part of that experience, and he or she often shares the experience as a first-person narrator

model

is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations.

complex sentence

is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, but a dependent clause even though it has a subject and a verb cannot stand alone. Here are some examples of complex sentences.

correlation

is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in parallel; a negative correlation indicates the extent to which one variable increases as the other decreases.

conclusion

is a summary of the experiment. For a cause-effect experiment, the conclusion should state the hypothesis and and tell whether the results of the experiment supported the hypothesis. If the results did not support your hypothesis, say so, and then add information about why this happened.

federalism

is a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. The United States government functions according to the principles of federalism. The U.S. political system evolved from the philosophy of federalism.

hierarchal classification

is a system of grouping things according to a hierarchy, or levels and orders. ... The categorization of species is another example of hierarchical classification. At the very top is the kingdom which is the broadest category, followed by phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

clustering

is a type of pre-writing that allows a writer to explore many ideas as soon as they occur to them. Like brainstorming or free associating, clustering allows a writer to begin without clear ideas. To begin to cluster, choose a word that is central to the assignment.

decodable text

is a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction. Decodable texts are carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with the letters and corresponding phonemes that have been taught to the new reader.

running record

is a way to assess a student's reading progress by systematically evaluating a student's oral reading and identifying error patterns. ... This template will help you track your students' oral reading accuracy

learning cycle

is a way to structure inquiry in school science and occurs in several sequential phases. A learning cycle moves children through a scientificinvestigation by having them first explore materials, then construct a concept, and finally apply or extend the concept to other situations.

linguistically diverse

is a way to talk about varied types of traits including language family, grammar, and vocabulary. A language family is a group of languages with related origins that share some traits.

transitional

is a word or phrase that connects one idea to another. This connection can occur within a paragraph or between paragraphs. Transitions are used to show how sen- tences or paragraphs are related to each other and how they relate to the overall theme of the paper.

numeration systems

is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. ... The number the numeral represents is called its value.

Journals

is a written record of incidents, experiences, and ideas. Also known as a personal journal, notebook, diary, and log. Writers often keep journals to record observations and explore ideas that may eventually be developed into more formal essays, articles, and storie

conceptualizing

is an abstract simplified view of some selected part of the world, containing the objects, concepts, and other entities that are presumed of interest for some particular purpose and the relationships between them.

restructuring

is an action taken by a company to significantly modify the financial and operational aspects of the company, usually when the business is facing financial pressures. ... A company restructures its operations or structure by cutting costs, such as payroll, or reducing its size through the sale of assets.

concept

is an idea or model. explaining some natural phenomenon. • For example, our understanding of. objects falling toward the Earth is. explained in our concept of gravity.

informal reading inventory (IRI)

is an individually administered survey designed to help you determine a student's reading instructional needs. ... Specifically, the IRI will help you assess a student's strengths and needs in these areas: word recognition. word meaning.

discovery learning

is an inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned[1].

inquiry

is an intellectual process used by social scientists to address authentic issues. ... The inquiry process laid out in Minnesota's social studies standards asks students to inquire, think critically, solve problems, and communicate.

manipulatives

is an object which is designed so that a learner can perceive some mathematical concept by manipulating it, hence its name.

anecdotal record

is an observational method used frequently in classroom or learning settings in which the observer summarizes a single developmental incident after the event has occurred. Written from memory, the anecdotal record documents a student's growth and trends.

secondary source

is any source about an event, period, or issue in history that was produced after that event, period or issue has passed. Aside from a textbook, the most commonly assigned secondary source is a scholarly monograph - a volume on a specific subject in the past, written by an expert.

trade books

is defined as a book that is to be sold to the public through booksellers.

atoms mass

is defined as the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, where each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 amu (1.0073 and 1.0087, respectively)

scanning

is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names. It can be contrasted with skimming, which is reading quickly to get a general idea of meaning. ... Learners need to learn different ways and understand that choosing how to read is an important step in building reading skills.

literacy

is the ability to decode text and to produce text to make meaning. Literacy is the foundation for all word- based communication. Literature, on the other hand, is the art of reading and writing. It is cerebral and visceral— explicit and implicit.

spelling skills

is the ability to spell words in the correct way. It is also an attempt to spell a word in the correct way. His spelling is very bad. ... basic skills in reading, writing, grammar and spelling.

Subitizes

is the ability to tell the number of objects in a set, quickly, without counting.

colonization

is the act of setting up a colony away from one's place of origin. ... With humans, colonization is sometimes seen as a negative act because it tends to involve an invading culture establishing political control over an indigenous population (the people living there before the arrival of the settlers).

remainders

is the amount "left over" after performing some computation. In arithmetic, the remainder is the integer "left over" after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient (integer division).

context

is the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or occurrences. Simply, context means circumstances forming a background of an event, idea or statement, in such a way as to enable readers to understand the narrative or a literary piece.

logic

is the basis of all mathematical reasoning, and of all automated reasoning

place value

is the basis of our entire number system. A place value system is one in which the position of a digit in a number determines its value. In the standard system, called base ten, each place represents ten times the value of the place to its right. ... Place valueis vitally important to all later mathematics.

reading strategies

is the broad term used to describe the planned and explicit actions that help readers translate print to meaning. Strategies that improve decoding and reading comprehension skills benefit every student, but are essential for beginning readers, struggling readers, and English Language Learners.

standard english

is the dialect of English language that is used as the national norm—the standard language—in an English-speaking country, especially as the language for public and formal usage.

prewriting

is the first stage of the writing process, typically followed by drafting, revision, editing and publishing. Prewriting can consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, storyboarding, clustering (for a technique similar to clustering, see mindmapping).

oral language

is the foundation for reading. You will speak before you write. Oral language is the foundation needed to identify and pronounce written words. You use oral language skills to help sound out words when reading and to sound out how to spell a word when writing.

experimental group

is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. In this way, experimental groups are used to find answers in an experiment.

drafting

is the preliminary stage of a written work in which the author begins to develop a more cohesive product. A draftdocument is the product the writer creates in the initial stages of the writing process. In the drafting stage, the author: develops a more cohesive text. organizes thoughts.

industrialization

is the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines

language acquisition

is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate. Language acquisition involves structures, rules and representation.

structural analysis

is the process of breaking words down into their basic parts to determine word meaning. Structural analysis is a powerful vocabulary tool since knowledge of a few word parts can give you clues to the meanings of a large number of words.

gathering data

is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

Structural Analysis

is the process of recognizing unknown words by using knowledge of word structure. As a result of structural analysis instruction, students learn that signal and signature share the same base or root word, sign.

revising

is the process of rereading a text and making changes (in content, organization, sentence structures, and word choice) to improve it. During the revision stage of the writing process, writers may add, remove, move and substitute text (the ARMS treatment)

observation

is the process of using ones senses to gather information about the world, implies the use of the sense of sight but in social research all senses are used in the catch-all notion of 'observation'.

graphophonemic knowledge

is the recognition of letters and the understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns. Graphophonemic Knowledge is often referred to as phonics.

chronology

is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".

nutrition

is the science that interprets the nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.

graphing

is the set of all the ordered pairs whose coordinates satisfy the equation. For instance, the point (2,−3) is a point on the graph of y=(x−1)2−4 y = ( x − 1 ) 2 − 4 while (1,5) isn't on the graph. ... So, the coordinates of this point satisfies the equation and so it is a point on the graph.

economics

is the study of how society uses its limited resources, is a social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

geography

is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. ... Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.

length

is the term used for identifying the size of an object or distance from one point to another

statistical data

is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. ... analyzing behaviors of groups of people in their environment and special situations, determining the wants of people through statistical sampling.

inventive spelling

is the use of unconventional spellings of words. Conventional written English is not phonetic unlike, for example, German or Spanish, where letters have relatively fixed associated sounds, so that the written text is a fair representation of the spoken words.

investigation

is the way in which scientists and researchers use a systematic approach to answer questions about the world around us. Read on to find out more. A quiz is provided to test your understanding.

higher-ordered thinking

is thinking on a level that is higher than memorizing facts or telling something back to someone exactly the way it was told to you. When a person memorizes and gives back the information without having to think about it, we call that rote memory.

attribute

is used to describe a characteristic or feature of an object—usually within a pattern—that allows for grouping of it with other similar objects and is typically used to describe size, shape, or color of objects in a group.

equations

is written as two expressions, connected by an equals sign ("="). The expressions on the two sides of the equals sign are called the "left-hand side" and "right-hand side" of the equation.

distributive property

lets you multiply a sum by multiplying each addend separately and then add the products.

derivational affixes

letter or groups of letters added to root words to change the meanings of the words or the parts of speech

rounding

means making a number simpler but keeping its value close to what it was. The result is less accurate, but easier to use. Example: 73 rounded to the nearest ten is 70, because 73 is closer to 70 than to 80. But 76 goes up to 80. There are many ways to round.

probability

means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a random event. The value is expressed between zero and one. ... To find the probability of a single event to occur, we should know first the total number of possible outcomes. Let us understand with an example of tossing a coin.

classifying

means putting objects into groups (classes) based on some property they have. If you are given a group of things, such as triangles or people, you can classify them based on some property they have. For example you might classifypeople by eye color.

compare and contrast

means that the student points out the similarities and differences between two or more elements in a literary piece

comparing

means to examine the differences between numbers, quantities or values to decide if it is greater than, smaller than or equal to another quantity. Here, for instance, we are comparing numbers. By comparing, we can define or find by how much a number is greater or smaller.

estimation

means to find something close to the correct answer. In other words, you are approximating. For example, the American statistic for the ideal number of children is 2.5.

compound word examples

moonlight, classroom, sunflower

types of motion

n the world of mechanics, there are four basic types of motion. These four are rotary, oscillating, linear and reciprocating. Each one moves in a slightly different way and each type of achieved using different mechanical means that help us understand linear motion and motion control. -rotary: is turning round in a circle, such as a wheel turning. Linear motion is moving in a straight line, such as on a paper trimmer. Reciprocating motion is moving backwards and forwards in a straight line, as in cutting with a saw. -oscillating: can be termed as the repeated motion in which an object repeats the same movement over and over. In the absence of friction, the oscillatory motion would continue forever; but in the real world, the system eventually settles into equilibrium. -linear and reciprocating: A body/ object is said to be in linear motion when it travels along a straight line or along a curve in a plane. Rectilinear motion ( is also a type of linear motion) which can be described by by a moving body/object that travels only straight path.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships or pay soldiers

expanded form

notation is a way of writing numbers to see the math value of individual digits. When numbers are separated into individual place values and decimal places they can also form a mathematical expression. 5,325 in expanded notation form is 5,000 + 300 + 20 + 5 = 5,325.

primes

number is a whole number greater than 1 whose only factors are 1 and itself. A factor is a whole number that can be divided evenly into another number. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29. Numbersthat have more than two factors are called composite numbers.

John Adams

ohn Adams was a Founding Father of the United States who played a leading role in the American Revolution; by opposing the 1765 Stamp Act, advocating complete separation from Great Britain, being part of the Continental Congress and the committee responsible for the Declaration of Independence, administrating the American war effort during the Revolutionary War and negotiating peace through the 1783 Treaty of Paris. John Adams served as the first Vice President (1789 - 1797) and second President (1797 - 1801) of the United States leading his country through the Quasi-War with France.

Role of the Entrepreneur

profits can only serve as effective signals insofar as someone is able to recognize, appreciate, and respond according to different levels of profit.

primary source

provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects.

informative

providing useful or interesting information.

rational counting

refers to a child's ability to assign a number to the objects she is counting. As she counts a set of objects, the child must understand that the last number is equivalent to the total number of items in the set. Rational counting requires a mastery of rote counting and one-to-one correspondence.

drawing reasonable conclusions

refers to information that is implied or inferred. This meansthat the information is never clearly stated. ... They give you hints or clues that help you "read between the lines." Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your reading is called inferring.

problem solving

refers to mathematical tasks that have the potential to provide intellectual challenges for enhancing students' mathematical understanding and development.)

concept of print

refers to the awareness of 'how print works'. This includes the knowledge of the concept of what books, print, and written language are, and how they function. It encompasses a number of understandings that allow the reading process to take place including: understanding that print conveys a message.

atmosphere

refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity. ... The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, with water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The atmospheres of other planets have a different composition.

phonics

refers to the relationship between letters and the sounds they make

phonetic

representing the sounds and other phenomena of speech: such as. a : constituting an alteration of ordinary spelling that better represents the spoken language, that employs only characters of the regular alphabet, and that is used in a context of conventional spelling.

fractions

represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters.

story problems

require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answer.

percents

s a fraction whose denominator (bottom) is 100. ... If you have to turn a percentage into a decimal, just divide by 100. For example, 25% = 25/100 = 0.25. To change a decimal into a percentage, multiply by 100.

readability

score can tell you what level of education someone will need to be able to read a piece of text easily. The score identifies a grade level approximate to the number of years of education a person has had

connotative meaning

secondary meanings of the words and refer to the positive and negative association that arise from them

constructivism

sees learning as a dynamic and social process in which learners actively construct meaning from their experiences in connection with their prior understandings and the social setting

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

Americans postwar isolationism

solationism refers to America's longstanding reluctance to become involved in European alliances and wars. Isolationists held the view that America's perspective on the world was different from that of European societies and that America could advance the cause of freedom and democracy by means other than war.

jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

science as a human endeavor, a process, and a career

technology constantly changing -passion for science, desire to experiment/gain knowledge, an inquiring mind

number concepts

the ability to form and use associations (as in number concepts and symbol use) ... an understanding of the relationships involved in numeric operations (such as the place value concept behind borrowing and carrying) the ability to make generalizations (as in the application of mathematical learning to everyday situations)

fluency

the ability to speak or write a foreign language easily and accurately.

mathematics

the abstract science of number, quantity, and space.

comprehension

the action or capability of understanding something

classification

the arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities (including at least kingdom and phylum in animals, division in plants, and class, order, family, genus, and species).

Federal Reserve System

the central bank of the United States

Caste

the class structure of traditional Hindu society

great depression

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

SI system of measurement

the kilogram (kg), for mass the second (s), for time the kelvin (K), for temperature the ampere (A), for electric current the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance the candela (cd), for luminous intensity the meter (m), for distance

denotive meaning

the literal meaning of the words

cardinality

the number of elements in a set or other grouping, as a property of that grouping.

space age

the period in modern history characterized by space exploration, usually considered as beginning October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, into orbit around the earth.

government

the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of the affairs of a state, community, etc.; political administration: Government is necessary to the existence of civilized society.

biosphere

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

equivalence

the state of being equal or alike in value or importance

citizenship

the state of being vested with the rights, privileges, and duties of a citizen. the character of an individual viewed as a member of society; behavior in terms of the duties, obligations, and functions of a citizen: an award for good citizenship.

language arts

the study of grammar, composition, spelling, and (sometimes) public speaking, typically taught as a single subject in elementary and middle school.

phonology

the system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language. -the branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds (including or excluding phonetics), within a language or between different languages.

interrelationships

the way in which each of two or more things is related to the other or others.

populations

the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region. b : the total of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole. c : the total of particles at a particular energy level —used especially of atoms in a laser.

visual-spatial

thinking is the ability to perceive the visual information in the environment, to represent it internally, to integrate it with other senses and experiences, to derive meaning and understanding, and to perform manipulations and transformations on those perceptions.

publishing

to make information and literature available for the public to view. Publishing involves the process of producing and distributing literature so that the public can have access to it. ... The traditional meaning of the word "publishing" means to print newspapers and books on paper and distribute them.

Importance of Checks and Balances

to make sure one doesnt do something thats unconstitutional and doesn't get too powerful

analyze

to separate (a material or abstract entity) into constituent parts or elements; determine the elements or essential features of (opposed to synthesize): to analyzean argument. to examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of: to analyze a poem.

sound

vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's ear.

William Lloyd Garrison

was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his widely-read abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831 and published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished by Constitutional amendment in 1865.