PRAXIS II PRACTICE ---- Chapter 3: Words, Phrases, & Language

Prefixes

- affixes added at beginning of words/roots - EXAMPLES: de, dis --> develop, discover

Suffixes

- affixes added at the end of a word/root - EXAMPLES: able, en --> disable, wooden

Root

- minimum unit w/meaning & cannot be broken down any further - EXAMPLES: bio, cele, micro, hypo, hyper, hydr, multi

If you are writing a poem, your syntax can be:

- rich in figurative language - full of unexpected sentence structure - more open-ended

When writing a cover letter, syntax should be:

- straightforward in structure - professional & clear in style & attitude - grammatically correct & coherent

Name the 3 tiers of words.

1.) conversational 2.) academic 3.) domain-specific

FIGURES OF SPEECH: What are the 4 figures of speech?

1.) metaphor 2.) simile 3.) personification 4.) alliteration --- repetition of sounds 5.) hyperbole --- uses exaggeration to drive a point home

TIERED VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION: What are the 3 tieres of tiered vocab instruction?

1.) tier 1: the foundation --- words that are the foundation to language development; examples include talk, guess, write 2.) tier 2: the chameleon -- words that adapt to many subject areas & can be used easily among them; examples include dialogue, predict, draft 3.) tier 3: the specialist --- words are specific to 1 content area & students need thorough instruction to understand their full meaning; examples include negotiation (law), prophecy (ancient history, compose (music)

Bloom's Taxonomy (which is a hierarchy that describes levels of cognitive thinking) is based on what kind/tier of words?

Tier 2: Academic Words

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "can be?"

able

What kind of words are used across all content areas?

academic words

'The two teams faced off. One team had gone undefeated for three seasons. The other, a young team, was playing their first game. This competition was a David and Goliath match-up.' This passage is an example of which literary term?

allusion

Coversational Words

are words used in daily conversations w/family & friends

Tone

attitude of speaker

ROOTS: What root means "life?"

bio

ROOTS: What root means "honor?"

cele

Place these punctuation marks in order, from shortest pause to longest: comma, dash, period, ellipsis.

comma, dash, period, ellipsis

Which word could be substituted for 'querulous' in the following sentence? 'The querulous child I babysit just won't stop bothering me until I let him play video games.'

complaining

'Youthful' and 'childlike' have similar definitions, but they have different emotional impacts. The emotional impact of a word is the word's:

connotation

What words are not usually taught in school, but are necessary for communication?

conversational words

ROOTS: What root means "govern?"

crac

What punctuation mark would you use for a brief pause?

dash

PREFIXES: What prefix means "opposite?"

de, dis & un

Denotation

definition of word

What kinds of words are specific to a particular hobby?

domain-specific words

Tiered Vocabulary Instruction

enables teachers to break down text for students into levels of understanding & go from basic to complex

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "more?"

er

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "most?"

est

Analogy

expression used to explain something by comparing it to something familiar

Connotation

feeling invoked by word

In the following sentence, which word serves as a definition of 'transient'? 'Her transient thoughts of quitting her dead-end job are fleeting, lasting only as long as the weekly meeting she abhors.'

fleeting

'Cheap posters' and 'economy hatchback car' are examples that define which word in the following sentence? 'Even though he says he likes ornate artwork, extravagant clothes, and immoderate cars, Tom is so frugal that he hangs cheap posters on his walls and drives an economy hatchback car.'frugal

frugalSyntax

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "full?"

ful

ROOTS: What root means "water?"

hydr

ROOTS: What root means "above?"

hyper

ROOTS: What root means "below?"

hypo

ROOTS: What root means "fire?"

ign

PREFIXES: What prefix means "not"?

in, im

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "process"?

ion

ROOTS: What root means "to choose?"

leg

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "without?"

less

ROOTS: What root means "free?"

liber

ROOTS: What root means "many?"

multi

SUFFIXES: What suffix means "condition"?

ness

Syntax

ordering of words to say what needs to be said

Affixes

parts of words that can be added to words to change the meaning

What are three types of end punctuation that playwrights can use, even if they make sentences into fragments?

period, exclamation point, and question mark

PREFIXES: What prefix means "before?"

pre

An author's syntax is determined by:

purpose of writing

PREFIXES: What prefix means "again?"

re

Allusion

reference to something well-known

Context

refers to other words & sentences around word in question

PREFIXES: What prefix means "half?"

semi

ROOTS: What root means "likeness?"

simil

ROOTS: What root means "heat?"

therm

Domain-Specific Words

words that are learned on an as-needed basis in order to understand info in a specific area

Academic Words

words you need to know in order to be successful in any academic setting

Ellipsis

use to show that words have been left out such as "I've been thinking ....."