Praxis Science

Temperature

Is a measurement of an object's stored heat energy. More specifically is the average kinetic energy of an object's particles. When the of an object increases and its atoms move faster kinetic energy also increases. Is not energy since it changes and is not conserved. Thermometers are used to measure.

Mold

Is a type of zygote fungi that reproduces with a stalk but releases zygospores.

Heat

Is energy that can be transferred from one body or system to another without work being done. Everything tends to become less organized and less useful over time entropy. In all energy transfers therefore the overall result is that the is spread out so that objects are in thermodynamic equilibrium and the can no longer be transferred without additional work.

Sound intensity

Is measured as the power per unit area and can be expressed in decibels.

Electric charge

Is measured with the unit Coulomb (C). It is the amount of moved in one second by a steady current of one ampere (1C = 1A * 1s).

Energy

Is the capacity to do work.

Weather

Is the condition of the atmosphere at any given moment. Most occurs in the troposphere. Includes changing events such as clouds storms and temperature as well as more extreme events such as tornadoes hurricanes and blizzards.

Genotype

Is the genetic makeup of an individual based on one or more characteristics while phenotype is the external manifestation of the. For example can determine hair color and phenotype is the actual color of the hair.

Thermal energy

Is the present in a system due to temperature.

Igneous rock forms when hot magma from a volcanic eruption cools and hardens. Which of the following is an example of an Igneous (extrusive) rock?

Andesite. Other examples of Igneous (extrusive) rocks include Rhyolite, Basalt, Obsidian, and Pumice. Diorite is Igneous (intrusive). Shale is Sedimentary (detrital) and Gneiss is Metamorphic (foliated).

Tropical climate zones are characterized by

Frequent rainfall. Tropical climate zones are characterized by frequent rainfall especially during the monsoon season and by moderate temperatures that vary little from season to season or between night and day. Tropical zones do experience frequent rainfall which leads to abundant vegetation.

Sea water has a density of about 66 lbs/ft3, and fresh water has a density of about 63 lbs/ ft3. Which water will freeze the fastest at -4 degrees Celsius?

Fresh water.

Work

Is the quantity of energy transferred by one system to another due to changes in a system that is the result of external forces or macroscopic variables. Another way to put this is that is the amount of energy that must be transferred to overcome a force. Lifting an object in the air is an example of. The opposing force that must be overcome is gravity. Is measured in joules J. The rate at which is performed is known as power.

Orogeny

Is the term for the process of natural mountain formation. Therefore physical mountains are orogens.

Visible light

Interacts with matter through molecular electron excitation (which occurs in the human retina) and through plasma oscillations (which occur in metals). Is between ultraviolet and infrared on the spectrum. The wavelengths of cover a range from 380nm (violet) to 760 nm (red). Different wavelengths correspond to different colors.

A flat coastal wetland ecosystem that is covered with sea water for some period of time, usually at high tide, is called:

a salt marsh. It usually has high grasses that can tolerate salt water. A swamp is a wetland that is usually consistent, with many trees and shrubs. A lagoon is a body of water on an atoll, and a delta is sediment at the mouth of a river.

The creature above in an arachnid. It has a poisonous stinger on its tail that it whips over its head for protection when it is under attack. This animal is:

a scorpion.

Above is a drawing of an animal that is in the same group as jellyfish and corals. They have stinging cells on their tentacles around their mouth. This creature is:

a sea anemone.

The picture above is the immature form of a parasitic worm called a hookworm. Even though this hookworm is a parasite as an adult, throughout its life it has:

a simple, straight, but complete digestive system.

The sun and the moon both have an effect on tides. If the sun, moon, and Earth are in the position shown, the tide would be:

a spring tide, with the greatest difference between high tide and low tide levels. Both sun and moon pull in the same direction, making the tide levels at the greatest difference. Neap tide would be where the sun and moon were at 90 degrees to each other. Moderate tides and equal tides wouldn't occur here.

Echinoderms are invertebrate animals with a "spiny skin", which is what the name means. An example of an echinoderms would be

a starfish. Starfish are echinoderms, with spiny skin. A clam is a mollusk, a millipede is an arthropod, and a sea anemone - not a sea urchin - is a jellyfish-like creature.

When two air masses collide, so that the flow is nearly parallel to the front between cold and warm air masses, the position of the front doesn't move. This is called:

a stationary front.

The drawing above is of a bony fish, the common carp. The bony flap on the side of its head protects the gills and moves to keep water flowing over them. It is called:

an operculum. An operculum is important for protection and for water movement. An osculum is from a sponge. A pectoral fin is on the side of the fish, the caudal fin makes up the tail.

The great majority of plants alive today are which of the following?

angiosperms. The majority of plants alive today are angiosperms, which are also known as flowering plants. There are 235,000 species of flowering plants, 15,600 species of mosses and their relatives, 11,0000 species of ferns and their relatives, and 760 species of cone-bearing plants.

Plants tend to grow in the opposite direction from the pull of gravity. The way that plants know which way is opposite to gravity is because of plant hormones called:

auxins. Auxins are plant hormones. Photochromes measure time of exposure to light. Gibberilins are another kind of plant hormone that stimulate growth. Luteinizing hormone is found in humans.

Because of gravity, falling objects near the Earth's surface fall at the same acceleration (except for the effect of air resistance). This acceleration due to gravity is symbolized by:

g. The lower case g symbolizes acceleration due to gravity. G stands for the universal gravitation constant. Planck's constant is h, and a could be any acceleration.

Above is a flower called Alstromeria. The brown structures are the male parts of the flower that produce:

pollen. The brown specks produced are pollen grains. They have not yet reproduced, so they are not seeds. They are not able to reproduce, so they are not reproductive spores. They are male, so they are not ova (immature seeds).

Above is a picture of a rainbow, close-up. The colors of the rainbow, from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength, are:

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. The colors from longest to shortest wavelengths makes ROY G. BIV, a way to remember them. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red is in exactly reverse order. The other two are mixed up.

Light, and electromagnetic waves of any kind, can hit surfaces and bounce off. This bouncing of waves is called:

reflection. Reflection is when e-m waves bounce off of surfaces. Refraction is the bending of waves. Resolution is the sharpness of and image. And dispersion is the scattering of light waves.

The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest, most dense layer, the part in which we live and in which there is weather, is:

the troposphere. The troposphere.is the lowest layer, then the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere.

The picture above is of a rainbow. All the colors of light, before they were split up to form the rainbow, make:

white light. All the colors from a light source together make white light. Red light is only one color, black light is ultraviolet, and infrared light is invisible, below red.

Which of the following is one of the key traits used to classify algae?

type of photosynthetic pigment. One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain. Light is necessary for photosynthesis, and it is chlorophyll and the accessory pigments that trap the energy of sunlight.

Above is a picture of a commonly used medical technology. It uses high frequency sound waves to "see" internal organs and is most frequently used to see unborn children in the womb. It's called:

ultrasonography (an ultrasound).

These are frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz. Because they can be reflected off inner surfaces, these sound waves can be used to see internal images, especially to see unborn babies.

ultrasound.

Weak acid

A is one that does not donate all of its protons or disassociate completely.

Ionic bond

An is formed when an atom transfers an electron to another atom.

Tornadoes can be measured according to their intensity. The scale was developed that is used today called the:

"F"- scale, or Fujita scale. It's named after Dr. Theodore Fujita, who developed it. The Richter scale is for earthquakes; the Doppler scale is for radar, and the Messier scale really doesn't exist - he cataloged objects in space.

Frogs and toads are amphibians. The word "amphibian" means:

"dual life." They live part of their lives in the water and part of their lives on land (with some exceptions). The word doesn't mean smooth skin, cold-blooded, or bony skeleton.

Geologists divide the history of the earth into units of time called eons which are divided into eras then into periods then into epochs and finally into ages. Dates are approximate of course and there may be variations of a few million years. Million years ago is abbreviated as Ma. Some of the most commonly known periods are:

-Hadean Period About 4.5-3.8 billion years ago -Archaean Period 3.8-2.5 billion years ago -Proterozoic Period 2.5 billion to 542 Ma -Cambrian Period 542-488Ma -Ordovician Period 488-443Ma -Silurian Period 443-416Ma -Devonian Period 416-359Ma -Carboniferous Period 359-290Ma -Permian Period 290-248Ma -Triassic Period 251-200Ma -Jurassic Period 200-150Ma -Cretaceous Period 150-65Ma -Paleogene Period 65-28Ma -Neogene Period 28-2Ma -Quaternary Period about 2Ma to the present.

Power is work done over time. In electricity, it's watts equals volts times amps. if a 60 watt light bulb is connected to a 120-volt circuit, how many amps are drawn through the light bulb?

0.5 amps.

The prefix centi- means 1/100th of a unit. If something measures 54.0 centimeters, how many meters is that?

0.540 meters

Scientific principles must meet a high standard to be classified as laws how are scientific laws identified?

1. Scientific laws must be true not just probable. A highly probable principle may still be proven false. 2. Laws are statements of patterns found in nature. 3. Laws may have a universal form but be stated conditionally. For example the statement All living human beings breathe may be restated If a thing is a living human being it must breathe. 4. Laws refer to a general not a particular class. 5. Laws have purely qualitative predicates. 6. Laws must have a formal language of expression to be fully understood. Such a language does not exist now. 7. Laws may be probabilistic. For example a law may state Eight percent of all dogs are terriers.

What is John's speed or velocity if his motorcycle travels eight miles in seven minutes?

1.14 mile per minute. Speed is distance divided by time, so John's speed is eight miles in seven minutes, or 1.14 miles per minute.

Isaac Newton, pictured above, determined that the Law of Gravitation is an inverse square law. That means, if the Moon were 3 times further away than it is now from the Earth, its gravitational pull would be:

1/9 (one ninth) of what it is now.

The hardest know substance is a diamond, which has a hardness of:

10.

The Sun, pictured above, is, by far, the largest and most massive object in the Solar System. It's radius is:

100 times greater than the Earth. That's its radius - it's mass is 300,000 times greater. The other numbers are incorrect.

One of the physical properties of Earth that students must understand is its diameter (equator). Which of the following correctly identifies this?

12,756 km.

It takes 4.6 pounds of force to lift a 86.0 pound rock using a crowbar as a lever. Mechanical advantage is the resistance force divided by the effort force. What is the mechanical advantage of the crowbar?

18.7.

Theory or hypotheses

2. The development of a based on objective data is the next step in the scientific method. These theories or pose logical expectations that the experiment may yield.

If momentum is conserved, and p = mv (momentum = mass times velocity), then how fast does a 5.0 kg bowling ball bounce away if it collides with an 8.0 bowling ball moving at 1.5 m/s if all momentum of the larger ball is passed to the smaller ball?

2.4 m/s. The momentum of the larger ball is 8.0 times 1.5, or 12 kg-m/s. Divide that by the mass of the second ball - 12/5.0 = 2.4 m/s. The other answers are incorrect.

The volume of water in a bucket is 2.5 liters. When an object with an irregular shape and a mass of 40 grams is fully submerged in the water, the total volume becomes 4.5 liters. What is the density of the object?

20 g/L. One way to measure the density of an irregularly shaped object is to submerge it in water and measure the displacement. This is done by taking the mass (40 grams), then finding the volume by measuring how much water it displaces. Fill a graduated cylinder with water and record the amount. Put the object in the water and record the water level. Subtract the difference in water levels to get the amount of water displaced, which is also the volume of the object. In this case, 4.5 liters minus 2.5 liters equals 2 liters. Divide mass by volume (40 grams divided by 2 liters) to get 20 g/L (grams per liter).

If a bicycle traveled a distance of 1,200 meters in 60.0 seconds, its speed was:

20.0 m/s

99% of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen is the most common gas, then oxygen at:

21%. Nitrogen is at 78%. That means oxygen is 21% to make up to 99%.

Newton's Second Law is F = ma. How much force, in newtons, is needed to accelerate a 10.0 kg mass at an acceleration of 2.5 m/s3 ?

25 N.

A child runs for 90.0 seconds at a speed of 3.0 meters per second. The distance the child travels is:

270 meters.

Using Newton's Second Law (F= ma), what is the mass of an object that is accelerating at 20 meters per second squared (20 m/s2) and has a force of 60 N (= 60 kg-m/s2)?

3 kg.

The category of a hurricane refers to its sustained winds and the type of damage caused. A hurricane that is producing winds at 202 km/h is listed under what category?

3. A hurricane that produces wind speeds of 179-210 km/h is a category 3 hurricane. Within this category, the barometric pressure is 945-964 millibars.

Experimental method

3. Construction of a rigorous and valid designed to test the theories is the next phase of the scientific. This must be carefully constructed to give objective unbiased conclusions based on the hypotheses posited.

According to modern theory the oldest organisms on Earth developed approximately how many years ago?

3.5 billion years. Simple life was thought to have first occurred on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago. That belief comes from the earliest identified organisms, which were small, rod-shaped fossils that were minute and relatively featureless.

Above is a picture of a compound light microscope. If the objective lens has a power of 30X, and the eyepiece lens has a power of 10X, the total magnification is:

300X.

What is the atomic mass of Phosphorus?

31.

Applying Newton's second law, F=ma what is the force on an object with a mass of 100 kilograms, and an acceleration of 32 meters per second per second? 1N = 1(kg*m)/s2))

3200 N.

A box weighing 180 newtons is lifted 0.2 meters to be placed on a shelf. How much work is done to the box?

36 joules of work. Work equals force times distance. So, 180 N times 0.2 meters is 36 joules of work. The other answers are incorrect.

Analysis and evaluation

4. Careful and statistically correct of the experimental results make up the next stage.

The various planets have different average orbital speeds. Which of the following is the average speed for Mercury?

48 km/s. Neptune has the lowest average orbital speed, at 5.4 km/s. Jupiter is 13 km/s and Earth, 30 km/s.

Water has a density of 1 g/ml. If a rock has a mass of 64.0 grams when weighed in the air, how much does it weigh under water if it displaces a volume of 16.0 ml?

48.0 grams. The weight lost by a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. If the density of water is 1g/ml, then a 16.0 ml rock displaces 16.0 ml of water which has a weight of 16.0 g. So, 64.0 grams in the air - 16.0 grams of water displaced = 48.0 grams under water. (And, yes, I know grams don't measure weight, they measure mass, but we don't want to complicate things by having to go to newtons).

A hurricane is producing winds at 260 km/h. What category hurricane is this?

5.

Modification and replication

5. Of the experiment must then follow to provide a statistically accurate demonstration of the validity of the hypotheses. Equivalent results must be shown from a number of repetitions of the experiment.

A softball accelerates at 13.0 m/s over 2.5 seconds. What is the final velocity?

5.2 m/s. If acceleration is the change in velocity over time, then velocity equals acceleration divided by time. So, 13.0 divided by 2.5 is 5.2 meters per second.

A projectile at a point along its path has 30 Joules of potential energy and 20 Joules of kinetic energy. What is the total mechanical energy for the projectile?

50 Joules

Oceans cover more of the Earth's surface than land. The percentage of the Earth's surface covered by water is:

70%.

A toy train can go from moving at 12 centimeters per second to a speed of 40 centimeters per second in 3.5 seconds. The rate of acceleration is:

8 cm/s.

What percentage of vascular plants have mycorrhizae?

95%. Mycorrhizae are very important in natural ecosystems and agriculture. It is estimated that over 95% of all vascular plants have mycorrhizae. Mushrooms that sprout around the bases of some trees are evidence of the underground symbiotic relationship between the tree and its mycorrhizae.

Weather is caused by the interactions of different air masses. The kind of air mass formed over land at low latitudes, that tends to be warm and dry, is:

A Continental tropical air mass.

Which of the following describes an invention used to measure small fractions within already small divisions?

A Vernier Scale is used to measure small fractions within already small divisions. Choices A, B, and C are used for measuring short distances, yet do not go as small as the Vernier Scale.

Which of the following events indicates that a chemical reaction has occurred?

A banana shows brown spots

What is the definition of an enzyme?

A catalyst or a chemical generated by cells to speed up specific chemical processes.

Burning a piece of paper is what type of change?

A chemical change alters the chemical makeup of the original object. When a piece of paper burns it cannot be returned to its original chemical makeup because it has formed new materials. Physical change refers to changing a substance's form, but not the composition of that substance. In physical science, "sedimentary change" and "potential change" are not terms used to describe any particular process.

Too many amps in an electric line can cause the wire to get too hot, causing a fire. One way to prevent that from happening is to use one of the devices shown above. It uses a magnet that responds to current overload by turning the switch off.

A circuit breaker.

In an experiment, to see which factor causes the change, it is very important to just allow one factor to change. A factor that does NOT change in an experiment is called:

A constant.

When a boy on a pogo stick jumps up, what type of energy conversion occurs?

A conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy occurs. When a pogo stick is compressed by the force of gravity, potential energy is stored in its spring. When the spring is released and the boy jumps up, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

When two air masses interact, it is called a front. A cold front occurs when:

A cooler air mass moves into a warmer one, pushing the warmer one up, producing clouds and, often, violent storms. This occurs because cooler air is more dense than warmer air. A warm front occurs when a warm air mass moves into, then above, a cooler air mass, causing a long rainy period. When they collide and don't move, it's a stationary front, and when a cooler air mass is blocked by a colder one, it's an occluded front.

Most microcontinents still exist as the core of today's continents. The oldest and most stable part of a continent is:

A craton. The oldest, most stable parts of continents. False Answers: a crater - a hole from a volcano vent or a meteor strike. a tectonic plate - much larger; a craton is part of one. a shield - what an exposed craton can be called.

How is data verified and confirmed in valid science?

A critical distinction should be made between confirmation and verification of scientific data.

Above is a mineral containing salt. This forms a patterned solid known as:

A crystal.

Chemical to heat

A familiar example of a to energy transformation is the internal combustion engine which transforms the energy a type of potential energy of gas and oxygen into. This is transformed into propulsive energy which is kinetic. Lighting a match and burning coal are also examples of to energy transformations.

Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?

A footprint. A trace fossil is that which shows evidence of existence but is not an organism itself. A trace fossil can be contrasted with a body fossil which has been formed from an organism. Other examples of trace fossils include eggs nests burrows borings and coprolites fossilized feces. A mouse jaw and a shark tooth are examples of body fossils. A cast of a skull is a replica and neither a body nor a trace fossil.

The forces acting upon an object can be illustrated using what?

A force diagram

Scientific law

A is a generally accepted conclusion about a body of observations to which no exceptions have been found. Laws explain things but do not describe them.

Foam

A is a liquid that has gas dispersed through it.

What is an example of a device that can provide an electromotive force (emf)?

A generator.

Scientists often form hypotheses based on particular observations. Which of the following is NOT true of a good hypothesis?

A good hypothesis is complex. A good hypothesis is testable and logical and can be used to predict future events. A good hypothesis is also simple not complex. Therefore the correct choice is A.

Control

A is a normal unchanged situation used for comparison against experimental data.

Theory

A is a scientifically proven general principle offered to explain phenomena. A is derived from a hypothesis and verified by experimentation and research.

Thylakoid

A has chlorophyll molecules on its surface and a stack of thylakoids is called a granum.

Dicot

A has seeds with two cotyledons or two seed leaves of food. Most everyday flowers are dicots with four or five petals and extremely complex leaves with veins. Examples include roses sunflowers cacti and cherry trees.

How does the tilt of Earth's axis cause seasons?

A hemisphere experiences fall and winter when that half of Earth is tilted away from the Sun. It experiences spring and summer when that half of Earth is tilted towards the Sun

Hydrogen bond

A is a weak between a atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom such as nitrogen oxygen or fluorine of another molecule.

Superbase

A is extremely strong compared to sodium hydroxide and cannot be kept in an aqueous solution. Superbases are organized into organic organometallic and inorganic classes. Bases are used as insoluble catalysts in heterogeneous reactions and as catalysts in hydrogenation.

Covalent bond

A is formed when atoms share electrons.

Weak base

A is one that does not completely ionize in an aqueous solution and usually has a low pH.

Which of the following is an example of a homogenous mixture?

A homogenous mixture refers to any substance composed of two or more elements. These elements can be metal or non-metal in nature. Homogenous mixtures cannot be perceived by the five senses to have various components within them. Distilled water is the purest type of water, consisting of just hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Other types of water, such as tidal pool water and deep ocean water, will contain compounds such as salt or sea debris. Sand is also made up of various materials, such as rocks and shells. Mixtures that can be perceived to have multiple components are known as heterogeneous mixtures.

Define the following components of scientific experimentation: hypothesis, theory, law, control, constants, independent variables, and dependent variables.

A hypothesis is a tentative supposition about a phenomenon (or a fact or set of facts) made in order to examine and test its logical or empirical consequences through investigation or methodological experimentation.

Mushroom

A is a fungus that lives as a group of strands underground called hyphae that decompose leaves or bark on the ground. When it reproduces it develops a whose cap contains spores.

Biome

A is a general ecosystem type defined by the plants and animals that live there and the local climate patterns. Examples include tropical rainforests or savannas deserts grasslands deciduous forests tundra woodlands and ice caps. There can be more than one type of within a larger climate zone. The transition area between two biomes is an ecotone which may have characteristics of both biomes.

Cotyledon

A is the seed leaf or food package for the developing plant.

Mixture

A is two or more different substances that are mixed together but not combined chemically. Homogeneous mixtures are those that are uniform in their composition. Solutions consist of a solute the substance that is dissolved and a solvent the substance that does the dissolving. An example is sugar water. The solvent is the water and the solute is the sugar. The intermolecular attraction between the solvent and the solute is called solvation. Contain two or more substances that are combined but have not reacted chemically with each other. Can be separated using physical methods while compounds cannot.

Which of the following terms describes an intrusion of magma injected between two layers of sedimentary rock forcing the overlying strata upward to create a dome like form?

A laccolith is formed when. Eventually the magma cools the sedimentary rock wears away and the formation is exposed. Sills and dikes are both examples of sheet intrusions where magma has inserted itself into other rock. Sills are horizontal and dikes are vertical. A caldera is a crater like feature that was formed from the collapse of a volcano after erupting.

A rollercoaster car going from the top of a loop downward is an example of

A loss in potential energy and a gain in kinetic energy

Discuss the basics of a magnet including composition poles and permanence.

A magnet is a piece of metal such as iron steel or magnetite (lodestone) that can affect another substance within its field of force that has like characteristics. Magnets can either attract or repel other substances.

Discuss magnetic fields and current and magnetic domains.

A magnetic field can be formed not only by a magnetic material but also by electric current flowing through a wire. When a coiled wire is attached to the two ends of a battery for example an electromagnet can be formed by inserting a ferromagnetic material such as an iron bar within the coil. When electric current flows through the wire the bar becomes a magnet. If there is no current the magnetism is lost.

Which of the following represents a helpful inherited adaptation?

A male moose born with bigger horns that enable him to reduce competition for mating.

Briefly define mixtures suspensions colloids emulsions and foams.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not bonded.

Colloidal suspension

A mixture of large 1nm-500nm particles is called a. The particles are termed dispersants and the dispersing medium is similar to the solvent in a solution. Sol refers to a liquid or a solid that also has solids dispersed through it such as milk or gelatin. An aerosol spray is a of gas and the solid or liquid being dispersed.

Describe mountains and define orogeny folded mountains fault block mountains and dome mountains.

A mountain is a portion of the earth that has been raised above its surroundings by volcanic action or tectonic plate movement. Mountains are made up of igneous metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and most lie along active plate boundaries. There are major mountain systems.

The ocean tides are caused by the moon and the sun. If the sun, moon, and Earth are in the positions above, the result is:

A neap tide, the smallest difference between high and low tide levels. The sun and the moon pull at 90 degrees to each other, so they cancel out the greatest effect. A spring tide is when they pull in the same direction. A moderate tide or an equal tide wouldn't usually happen.

Magnetic domain

A occurs when the fields of atoms are grouped and aligned. These groups form what can be thought of as miniature magnets within a material. This is what happens when an object like an iron nail is temporarily magnetized. Prior to magnetization the organization of atoms and their various polarities are somewhat random with respect to where the north and south poles are pointing. After magnetization a significant percentage of the poles are lined up in one direction which is what causes the force exerted by the material.

Which is an example of convection as a method of heat transfer?

A person warming his hands by washing with hot water. Methods of heat transfer include conduction convection and radiation. With convection heat is transferred by moving currents in fluids such as air or water. When a person washes his hands with hot water heat is transmitted to his hands by means of convection. With conduction heat is transferred by direct contact such as when someone touches an electric blanket. In radiation heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves such as when someone places his hands near the sides of a light bulb. When a person warms his hands by rubbing them together heat is generated by friction.

What type of change occurs when liquid transitions to a gas?

A phase change. The addition of energy causes a phase change. Phase changes are physical changes not chemical changes. While sublimation is an example of a phase change it occurs when a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. Condensation another phase change occurs when a gas turns to liquid.

Electric field

A positive (+) charge or a negative (-) charge creates a of sorts in the empty space around it which is known as an. The direction of a positive charge is away from it and the direction of a negative charge is towards it. An electron within the force of the is pulled towards a positive charge because an electron has a negative charge. A particle with a positive charge is pushed away or repelled by another positive charge. Like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract. Lines of force show the paths of charges.

Transverse wave

A provides a good illustration of the features of a which include crests troughs amplitude and wavelength.

A wedge is two inclined planes placed back to back. Which of the following machines is NOT a wedge?

A ramp. A ramp is a simple inclined plane, not two placed back to back. A chisel, a knife, and a wood splitter are all wedges.

In a class demonstration, your science teacher makes contact between a feather and a compound called nitrogen tetraiodide occur. The result is a loud pop and a red puff of smoke. She tells you that the resulting products were nitrogen, gas, and iodine. What do you think happened here?

A rapid exothermic chemical reaction occurred.

Which statement accurately describes an electrolysis reaction?

A reaction that uses electricity to drive it.

A grassland area in Africa gets just enough water to sustain grass, but not trees. It is located between a desert and a forest. What is the correct biological term for that type of ecosystem?

A savanna.

A simple machine is a device that makes the work easier. An inclined plane wrapped around a cone or a cylinder is;

A screw.A screw and a wedge are actually both inclined planes. A lever is a rigid bar with a balance point called a fulcrum. An inclined plane is a slanted surface up which an object can be lifted. A wedge is two inclined planes placed back to back.

Weather front

A separates two masses of air of different densities. It is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena. Air masses are quickly and easily affected by the land they are above. They can have certain characteristics and then develop new ones when they get blown over a different area.

Which event takes place when the moon's orbit causes it to cross between the Sun and the Earth?

A solar eclipse occurs when the moon crosses in front of the Earth and partially or totally blocks the appearance of the Sun in the sky (known as a partial solar eclipse or total solar eclipse, respectively). High tides occur daily. Lunar eclipses occur when the Earth's orbit crosses between the Sun and the moon. The calendar year is not related to the moon's positioning, but rather human interpretation of the Earth orbits the Sun.

Discuss solutions.

A solution is a homogenous mixture.

Science classrooms use various instruments to conduct experiments and make observations. Which would be used to separate colors into visible light and its components.

A spectroscope. A spectroscope separates visible light into its component colors. In a kindergarten class, a teacher might demonstrate with a crystal prism. A spectrophotometer measures the selective absorption of colors as a function of some property of a solution, solid or gas. These tools help students describe, measure, and compare observations.

Which of the following represents a chemical change?

A spoiling apple is an example of a chemical change. During a chemical change one substance is changed into another. Oxidation a chemical change occurs when an apple spoils. Sublimation of water refers to the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter with no intermediate liquid stage. This is a phase change not a chemical reaction. Dissolution of salt in water refers to a physical change since the salt and water can be separated again by evaporating the water which is a physical change. Pulverized rock is an example of a physical change where the form has changed but not the substance itself.

In an experiment, a bean seed is opened up to be examined. First of all, besides size, how is a seed different from a spore?

A spore is produced by asexual reproduction, a seed by sexual reproduction. A spore only has one genetic source for information; a seed has two. A spore has less food in it than a seed. Both could be said to have baby plants in them, although the baby in the seed is larger. And, in reality, they both contain the same amount of genetic information; a seed has a greater possible source of variety, though.

Compare and contrast earth's sun to other stars.

A star begins as a cloud of hydrogen and some heavier elements drawn together by their own mass. This matter then begins to rotate. The core heats up to several million degrees Fahrenheit which causes the hydrogen atoms to lose their shells and their nuclei to fuse. This releases enormous amounts of energy.

Dwarf planet

A such as Pluto does not meet the third condition. Small solar system bodies such as asteroids and comets meet only the first condition.

Nuclear envelope

A surrounds the nucleus and its contents but allows RNA and proteins to pass through.

Above is a picture of a planarian called Dugesia. It is in the group of organisms called the flatworms. The object labelled ph is:

A swallowing tube known as a pharynx. A pharynx is a common structure for most organisms that swallow food. It allows a much larger opening than a phagocytotic structure or a pinhole. it is also not photosensitive - the eyespots are.

This is the most destructive sea wave in the ocean. It is triggered by an earthquake under the ocean.

A tsunami.

Describe weather fronts and weather maps.

A weather front is the area between two differing masses of air that affects weather. Frontal movements are influenced by the jet stream and other high winds. Movements are determined by the type of front. Cold fronts move up to twice as fast as warm ones. It is in the turbulent frontal area that commonplace and dramatic weather events take place. This area also created temperature changes. Weather phenomena include rain thunderstorms high winds tornadoes cloudiness clear skies and hurricanes. Different fronts can be plotted on weather maps using a set of designated symbols. Surface weather maps can also include symbols representing clouds rain temperature air pressure and fair weather.

The rainbow, as pictured above, is made from white light, all the colors of visible light. How much of the electromagnetic spectrum does visible light occupy?

A very small part of it. Visible light doesn't take up much of the e-m spectrum. It's not a very large part, and it's not half, but light is, unlike sound, electromagnetic.

Polar

A water molecule is meaning it is partially positively charged on one end the hydrogen end and partially negatively charged on the other the oxygen end. This is because the hydrogen atoms are arranged around the oxygen atom in a close tetrahedron.

Which of the following simple machines consists of two inclined planes placed back to back?

A wedge.

Above is a photograph of Thomas Edison. In the 1880's, he engaged in "The War of the Currents" with Nikola Tesla. This resulted in:

AC winning over DC as the dominant source of power in the US. Tesla actually won the battle, since he pioneered AC current. Today, AC is the most common power in the United States. They are not equal - and there is not a third choice.

Cellular respiration converts oxygen and simple sugars to energy which is then stored in the cell. What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP.

Explain the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors.

Abiotic factors are the physical and chemical factors in the environment that are nonliving but upon which the growth and survival of living organisms depends. These factors can determine the types of plants and animals that will establish themselves and thrive in a particular area. Abiotic factors include: -Light intensity available for photosynthesis -Temperature range -Available moisture -Type of rock substratum -Type of minerals -Type of atmospheric gases -Relative acidity (pH) of the system

Catalysts

Accelerate chemical reactions while inhibitors decrease reaction rates. Some types of reactions release energy in the form of heat and light. Some types of reactions involve the transfer of either electrons or hydrogen ions between reacting ions molecules or atoms. In other reactions chemical bonds are broken down by heat or light to form reactive radicals with electrons that will readily form new bonds. Processes such as the formation of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the burning and processing of fossil fuels are controlled by radical reactions.

When researching a problem in science, what are the best sources to use?

Accredited laboratories and universities

A heterotrophic organism is one that does which of the following?

Acts as a consumer in the carbon cycle.

The planet pictured above is the third planet from the Sun. It's the only planet in the Solar System where life is possible because:

All of the above; it has an abundant supply of water, necessary for all life, it has temperatures that are moderate enough for organic molecules to be able to function, and it spins at just the right speed so that the days are not too hot and the nights are not too cold.

These birds all have different beak structures. This diversity is a result of what?

Adaptation. Animals also depend on their physical features to help them survive: obtain food, keep safe, build homes, withstand weather, and attract mates. These physical features can be referred to as physical adaptations. Physical adaptations develop in a species over many generations. The shape of a bird's beak, the number of fingers, color of the fur, plumage, size of the animal, are all examples of physical adaptations which help different animals to survive.

A science teacher wants to teach a lesson on changes in a state of matter due to pressure or temperature. Which of the following labs would best teach this concept?

Adding a cube of ice to a warm cup of water

During the winter, many northern communities put salt on the roads when they are snowy or icy. What does adding salt to water do to its properties?

Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point, making it a liquid at temperatures below the normal freezing point.

The four nucleobases that make up DNA are which of the following?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.

Which of the following terms refers to the roots that are formed by meristems growing from other parts of the plant?

Adventitious roots. Not all new roots arise as lateral outgrowths of previously existing roots. Adventitious roots are formed by meristems growing from other parts of the plant. For example, a mature corn plant has many roots that arise adventitiously (or by chance) from the base of the stem. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

When would a peer review be conducted in an experiment?

After the experiment is over and before it is published.

Define precipitation and discuss the different types.

After clouds reach the dew point precipitation occurs. Precipitation can take the form of a liquid or a solid. It is known by many names including rain snow ice dew and frost.

What does the re-radiation of solar waves trapped in the earth's atmosphere contribute to?

All of the above; global warming greenhouse effect and climate change

Contact metamorphism

Ages of rocks can also be determined from the re crystallization of pre existing rocks due to changes in physical and chemical conditions such as heat pressure and chemically active fluids that might be present in lava or polluted waters.

Define the temperature characteristics of air masses and describe their interaction with weather fronts.

Air masses are large volumes of air in the troposphere of the Earth. They are categorized by their temperature and by the amount of water vapor they contain. Arctic and Antarctic air masses are cold polar air masses are cool and tropical and equatorial air masses are hot. Other types of air masses include maritime and monsoon both which are moist and unstable. There are also continental and superior air masses which are dry.

Which element always has 13 protons in its nucleus?

Al.

Which one of the following can perform photosynthesis?

Algae

Which definition describes an ecosystem?

All living and nonliving things in an area

List the kingdoms of life forms and describe the kingdoms within the domains bacteria and archaea.

All living creatures can be classified into one of three domains and then into one of six kingdoms known as eubacteria archaebacteria protista fungi plantae and animalia. Domain Bacteria -Kingdom Eubacteria Single celled prokaryotes with little internal complexity contains peptidoglycan. Members have just one chromosome reproduce asexually may have flagella and are very simple in form. Domain Archaea -Kingdom Archaebacteria Single celled prokaryotes with little internal complexity does not contain peptidoglycan. Members have just one chromosome reproduce asexually may have flagella and are very simple in form.

Discuss the structure of atoms.

All matter consists of atoms. Atoms consists of a nucleus and electrons.

Which statement(s) are true about the phases of the moon?

All of the above are true; full moons are farther away from the sun than new moons crescent moons are smaller than half moons and gibbous moons are larger than half moons.

Esther is left-handed. Hand dominance is a genetic factor. If being right-handed is a dominant trait over being left-handed, which of the following cannot be true about Esther's parents?

All of the above can be true; her parents are both right handed, her parents are both left handed, and only one parent is right handed.

Pictured above is an octopus. Class Cephalopoda, including the octopus, the squid, and the chambered nautilus, are well-known for having:

All of the above. The ability to employ color changes as part of their defense; the best eyes of any invertebrates; the largest individual invertebrates in existence.

According to the illustration which of the following explains the effects of human poisoning of animals?

All of the above; The number of large predatory arthropods would increase, the number of birds would increase, and the number of fungi would stay about the same.

What factors can prompt scientific inquiry and progress?

All of the above; curiosity competition and greed.

In recent decades, which of the following have contributed to an unprecedented increase in carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's atmosphere?

All of the above; fossil fuel consumption, concentrated animal feeding operations, and deforestation

Which of the following involves an exchange between human body systems and the environment?

All of the above; photosynthesis, bio waste, and leucine. Choice A photosynthesis is involved as the carbon dioxide humans exhale is used by producers plants to make glucose and oxygen which humans consume. Choice B bio waste is involved as excretory matter is processed by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Choice C leucine is one of the nine essential amino acids all of which ends in ine except tryptophan involved as humans use amino acids to produce proteins. Leucine has many plant based sources including seaweed whole grain rice sesame seeds sunflower seeds turnip greens figs raisins and olives.

Velocity is a measure of which of the following?

All of the above; speed with direction the change in position over the change in time and meters covered over seconds elapsed

Above is a picture of a diamond-backed terrapin. They are not tortoises because:

All of the above; they live part of their life on land, part in the water, they have longer legs with webbed feet and they have a more-flattened shell.

Core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona

All stars including our sun have a where fusion happens a (surface) that produces sunspots (cool dark areas) a red that emits solar (bright) flares and shooting gases and a the transparent area only seen during an eclipse.

Which of the following statements is false?

All volcanoes have explosive eruptions.

Garnets are a group of silicate minerals. Which of the following gems is made of Garnet?

Almandine.

Protons

Along with neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom. The number of in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element. Carbon atoms for example have six. The atomic number of carbon is 6. The number of also indicates the charge of an atom. The number of minus the number of electrons indicates the charge of an atom.

List the benefits of basic science and explain how it improves the human condition.

Although basic science may have no stated goal or target it provides many benefits to society: 1. Basic science contributes greatly to human understanding and culture enriching society in many ways. 2. Basic science has been responsible for major breakthroughs that have great social and economic impact. 3. Basic science provides derivative solutions that can be used in applied science. For example basic science was critical to the development of the space program from which countless valuable applications have been derived. 4. Basic science contributes to education and research across the broad spectrum of society.

One behavioral pattern in organisms that seems to counter Darwin's Theory of Evolution is known as which of the following?

Altruism. When a creature seems to act not in its own best interest, but in the interest of others, that behavior is referred to as altruism. Superficially, that behavior seems to counter the principle of survival of the fittest.

​In the Earth's continental crust, Quartz is the the second-most abundant mineral. Of the following gems, which is made of Quartz?

Amethyst.

List some of the subjects that can be covered in the personal health portion of science class.

Among the personal and social perspectives of science are the issues of personal and public health care. In this area students learn such things as: -The importance of regular exercise to the maintenance and improvement of health -The need for risk assessment and educated decisions to prevent injuries and illnesses because of the potential for accidents and the existence of hazards -The risk of illness and the social and psychological factors associated with the use of tobacco products -The dangers of abusing alcohol and other drug substances including addiction and damage to body functions -The energy and nutrition values of various foods their role in growth and development and the requirements of the body according to variable factors -The complexities of human sexuality and the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases -The relationship between environmental and human health and the need to monitor soil water and air standards.

Speeding up is a positive acceleration. Slowing down is a negative acceleration. What is the acceleration of a car traveling at a constant speed?

An acceleration of 0.

The electrolysis of water is an example of

An adiabatic process. The electrolysis of water is a chemical change that transforms water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Synthesis reactions are those that combine reactants to form a product which is the opposite of what happens when electrolyzing water. Reverse osmosis is a technique often used to purify water by forcing impure water through a semi permeable membrane using a pressure differential.

A mercury barometer can be used to measure atmospheric pressure. A more commonly used type of barometer uses a vacuum chamber that responds to the air pressure around it. It is known as:

An aneroid barometer. The name means "no air" because of the vacuum chamber. A hygrometric barometer means it uses water instead of mercury. An isobar is a unit used to measure pressure, and aeroid means it uses air.

Describe the two types of aquifers.

An aquifers is an underground water reservoir formed from groundwater that has infiltrated from the surface by passing through the soil and permeable rock layers (the zone of aeration) to a zone of saturation where the rocks are impermeable.

Define an ecological system and biome and give examples of each.

An ecological system or ecosystem is the community of all the living organisms in a specific area interacting with non living factors such as temperature sunlight atmospheric pressure weather patterns wind types of nutrients etc. An ecosystem's development depends on the energy that passes in and out of it. The boundaries of an ecosystem depend on the use of the term whether it refers to an ecosystem under a rock or in a valley pond or ocean.

Element

An is matter with one particular type of atom. It can be identified by its atomic number or the number of protons in its nucleus. There are approximately 117 elements currently known 94 of which occur naturally on Earth. Elements from the periodic table include hydrogen carbon iron helium mercury and oxygen.

A simple machine is a device that makes the work done easier. What simple machine is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other?

An inclined plane. A lever is a rigid bar with a balance point called a fulcrum. A pulley is a grooved wheel through which a rope is pulled. A wedge is two inclined planes placed back to back.

The crumpled fenders on a car after a crash are a very good illustration of which of the following?

An inelastic collision.

Which of the following is true of an object at rest on earth?

An object at rest has forces acting upon it, including gravitational, normal, and frictional forces. All of these forces are in balance with each other and cause no movement in the object's position. This is equilibrium. An object in constant motion is also considered to be in equilibrium or a state of balanced forces.

Objects in which molecules are closest together can be described as which of the following in comparison to objects in which molecules are farther apart?

An object's density refers to how physically close its molecules are to one another in space. Typically, as objects cool and solidify, density increases and volume decreases. As objects heat up and become more liquid or gaseous, volume increases and density decreases.

The chemical definition of an alcohol is which of the following?

An organic compound with a hydroxyl group.

Emulsion

An refers to a liquid or a solid that has a liquid dispersed through it.

List some methods for balancing equations.

An unbalanced equation is one that does not follow the law of conservation of mass which states that matter can only be changed not created. If an equation is unbalanced the numbers of atoms indicated by the stoichiometric coefficients on each side of the arrow will not be equal. Start by writing the formulas for each species in the reaction. Count the atoms on each side and determine if the number is equal. Coefficients must be whole numbers. Fractional amounts such as half a molecule are not possible. Equations can be balanced by multiplying the coefficients by a constant that will produce the smallest possible whole number coefficient. H2 + O2 -> H2O is an example of an unbalanced equation. The balanced equation is 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O which indicates that it takes two moles of hydrogen and one of oxygen to produce two moles of water.

Active and extinct

An volcano is in the process of erupting or building to an eruption a dormant volcano has erupted before and may erupt again someday but is not currently active and an volcano has died out volcanically and will not erupt ever again. Volcanoes endanger plant and animal life but lava and ash add enriching minerals to the soil. There are some types of volcanic mountains: -Shield volcanoes are the largest volcanic mountains because of a repeated viscous lava flow from small eruptions over a long period of time that cause the mountain to grow. -Cinder cone volcanoes or linear volcanoes are small in size but have massive explosions through linear shafts that spread cinders and ash around the vent. This results in a cone shaped hill. -Composite volcanoes get their name from the mix of lava and ash layers that build the mountain.

Latia is running a one-mile run. When she gets to the third lap, she starts to slow down, and her muscles do not work as effectively. Her coach tells her that it is because her muscles do not have enough oxygen and are now doing which of the following?

Anaerobic respiration.

The fermentation of wine is a good example of which of the following?

Anaerobic respiration.

Both maple seeds and birds have wings that are used to carry them on air. In those species, wings are known most accurately as which of the following types of characteristic?

Analogous. When structures differ but are used for a similar purpose across different species, they are known as analogous structures, or characteristics. Ancestral characteristics are those that have remained for long periods of time throughout evolution. Homologous characteristics have the same genetic basis, but serve a different function or purpose; like a bird wing, and a monkey's arm. The correct answer therefore, is (C).

Primates have had five (5) digits on their forearms for quite a long time; yet apes have been without tails for a relatively short period of time. Five (5) digits on the forearm of a primate, and the lack of a tail on an ape can be said to be which type of trait, respectively?

Ancestral, derived.

A teacher wants to instruct students in proper methods for gathering scientific data. As part of an experiment to introduce reliable sources of data for investigative purposes she has the students gather information on how other students feel about the health and nutritional content of their school lunches. What type of data do the students gather?

Anecdotal evidence

Describe the characteristics of angiosperms.

Angiosperms are plants that have flowers. This is advantageous because the plant's seeds and pollen can be spread not only by gravity and wind but also by insects and animals. Flowers are able to attract organisms that can help pollinate the plant and distribute seeds. Some flowering plants also produce fruit. When an animal eats the fruit the plant seeds within will be spread far and wide in the animal's excrement. There are two kinds of angiosperm seeds monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots).

Prey

Animals are those that are captured by predators for food.

Rock layers

Another guidelines for the record is that are older than the folds and faults in them because the rocks must exist before they can be folded or faulted.

Which division of plants produces seeds for reproduction?

Anthophyta is a division of plants that produces seeds as part of reproduction. Anthophyta are also known as the group that contains flowering plants. It is the largest and most diverse grouping of plants and includes many food, clothing and medicinal uses for humans. Grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, spices, tea, coffee, chocolate, cotton, linen, and aspirin are all derived from plants from anthophyta. Lycophyta is a small group of plants including club mosses and scale trees. Sphenophyta contains about 30 species including horsetails, foxtails, or scouring rushes. Pterophyta contains non-seed plants like ferns. Lycophyta, sphenophyta, and pterophyta all use spores to reproduce sexually.

Manned lunar flights began with the American Space Program in the 1960's This culminated with the first lunar landing in July of 1969 with:

Apollo 11. The first mission to land on the moon was Apollo 11 with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin becoming the first human beings on the Moon. Apollo 8 was the first mission around the Moon. Apollo 13 was the ill-fated mission that had a "problem" that prevented them from landing, and Apollo 17 was the last manned mission.

What structures are made by the body's white blood cells that fight bacterial infections?

Antibodies

Microscopes are very important instruments in studying Life Science. The man given credit for pioneering the use of the light microscope, called "The Father of Microscopy", was;

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

What is the best description of what matter is ?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Base

Anything with a pH higher than water greater than 7 is a. Drain cleaner soap baking soda ammonia egg whites and sea water are common bases. Urine stomach acid citric acid vinegar hydrochloric acid and battery acid are acids. A pH indicator is a substance that acts as a detector of hydrogen or hydonium ions. It is halochromic meaning it changes color to indicate that hydrogen or hydronium ions have been detected.

Acidic

Anything with a pH lower than water less than 7 is considered.

Sirius, pictured above, is a double star that is the brightest star in the night sky. The brightness of a star as it appears to us on Earth is called its:

Apparent magnitude. The brightness as it seems to us on Earth. Absolute magnitude is how bright it would be if all objects in space were equidistant from the Earth. Luminosity is its own actual release of energy. Interference is what waves do when they interact.

As part of a unit on the water cycle a teacher has divided the class into cooperative learning groups and assigned each group to complete a presentation. Their presentation is to identify the importance of their component of the water and describe what would occur on the planet if this component were to be changed in some way due to global warming. This is an example of which of the following stages of Bloom's Taxonomy?

Application. Because students are demonstrating what they already know and using that knowledge to postulate on a change in the process the students are applying their knowledge application. Choice A is incorrect because more than comprehension is being used. Comprehension would only measure that the students knew the importance of their component. Choice B evaluation is incorrect because no judgements are involved nor are solutions offered. Choice D synthesis is incorrect because students are not creating a new product.

Which of the following is an example of friction?

Applying a car's brakes at a red light

Autotrophs

Are organisms capable of producing their own food. The organic molecules they produce are food for all other organisms (heterotrophs).

Marsupials

Are special mammals. They give birth to live young but the babies mature in pouches where they are carried and can feed on milk. Many are found in Australia. The isolation of this island continent prevented placental mammals form taking hold. Examples of include kangaroos possums and koalas.

Cycads

Are sturdy plants with big waxy fronds that make them look like ferns or palms. They can survive in harsh conditions if there is warm weather. For reproduction they have big cones located in the center of the plant. The female plant grows a fruit in the middle of the stem.

Pam wants to determine if a gold statue she has is really solid gold or if it is filled with a cheaper metal. Which of the following can she use to make a scientific determination?

Archimedes' Principle.

Hunters and carnivorous

Are animals at the top of the ecological pyramid that eat other animals. Tend to be territorial leaving signs to warn others to stay out or risk a fight. Are equipped to capture with claws curved beaks spurs fangs etc. They try to use a minimum amount of energy for each capture so they prey upon the more vulnerable (the old ill or very young) when given a choice. Predators never kill more than they can eat. Some have great speed some stalk and some hunt in groups.

Omnivores

Are animals that eat both plants and other animals (humans).

Dependent variables

Are changes that result from variations in the independent variable.

Proteins

Are complex substances that make up almost half the dry weight of animal bodies. These molecules contain hydrogen carbon oxygen and other elements chiefly nitrogen and sulfur. Make up muscle fibers and as enzymes act as catalysts. Embedded in the lipid bilayer do most of the transport work. There are hundreds of different types of because they are specific. For instance a protein that moves glucose will not move calcium. The activity of these can be stopped by inhibitors or poisons which can destroy or plug up a protein.

Carbohydrates

Are compounds made of hydrogen carbon and oxygen. There are three types of these macromolecules (large molecules): -Sugars are soluble in water and although they have less energy than fats provide energy more quickly. -Starches insoluble in water are long chains of glucose that act as reserve substances. Potatoes and cereals are valuable foods because they are rich in starch. Animals retain glucose in their cells as glycogen a special type of starch. -Cellulose composed of glucose chains makes up the cells and tissues of plants. It is one of the most common organic materials.

Lipids

Are compounds that are insoluble or only partially soluble in water. There are main types fats which act as an energy reserve for organisms phospholipids which are one of the essential components of cell membranes and steroids such as cholesterol and estrogen which are very important to metabolism.

Chemical properties

Are concerned with the constituent particles that make up the physicality of a substance.

Dome mountains

Are created from magma pushing up through the earth's crust.

Fault block mountains

Are created from the tension forces of plate movements. These produce faults that vertically displace one section to form a mountain.

Folded mountains

Are created through the folding of rock layers when two crustal plates come together. The Alps and Himalayas are. The latter was formed by the collision of India with Asia.

Constants

Are factors in an experiment that remain the same.

Independent variables

Are factors traits or conditions that are changed in an experiment. A good experiment has only one variable so that the scientist can track one thing at a time. The variable changes from experiment to experiment.

Root hairs

Are fuzzy extensions that help with the absorption of water and nutrients. The majority of the plant above ground is made up of the stems (trunk and branches) and leaves.

Producers

Are green plants that manufacture food by photosynthesis.

Nucleic acids

Are large molecules (polymers) composed of a large number of simpler molecules (nucleotides). Each one has a sugar containing five carbons (pentose) a phosphorous compound (phosphate group) and a nitrogen compound (nitrogenated base). Facilitate perpetuation of the species because they carry genetic information as DNA and RNA.

Suspensions

Are mixtures of heterogeneous materials. Particles are usually larger than those found in true solutions. Dirt mixed vigorously with water is an example of a suspension. The dirt is temporarily suspended in water but the two separate once the mixing is ceased.

Electrons

Are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus. The nucleus has considerably more mass than the surrounding. These are atomic particles that are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Biotic factors

Are the living components of the environment that affect directly or indirectly the ecology of an area possibly limiting the type and number of resident species. The relationships of predator prey producer consumer and parasite host can define a community. Include: -Population levels of each species -The food requirements of each species -The interactions between species -The wastes produced.

Monocots

Are the simple flowering plants such as grasses corn palm trees and lilies. They always have three petals on their flowers and their leaves are long strands (like a palm frond).

Leaves

Are the site for photosynthesis and are connected to the rest of the plant by a vascular system.

Chromosome

Are the structures inside the nucleus of a cell made up primarily of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins. The chromosomes carry the genes. The numbers vary according to the species but they are always the same for each species. For example the human has 46 chromosomes and the water lily has 112.

Neutrons

Are the uncharged atomic particles contained within the nucleus. The number of in a nucleus can be represented as N.

Superacids

Are those that are stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. They include fluoroantimonic magic and perchloric acids. Acids can be used in pickling a process used to remove rust and corrosion from metals. They are also used as catalysts in the processing of minerals and the production of salts and fertilizers. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is added to sodas and other acids are added to foods as preservatives or to add taste.

Mechanical waves

Are those that transmit energy through matter.

Conifers

Are trees that thrive in northern latitudes and have cones. Examples of are pine cedar redwood and spruce. Are evergreens because they have needles that take full advantage of the sun year round. They are also very tall and strong because of the chemical substance xylem in their systems.

Mitochondria

Are very small organelles that take in nutrients break them down and create energy for the cell through a process called cellular respiration. There might be thousands of depending on the cell's purpose. A muscle cell needs more energy for movement than a cell that transmits nerve impulses for example.

Define atom nucleus electron and protons.

Atom The atom is one of the most basic units of matter. An atom consists of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons.

List the characteristics of arthropods.

Arthropods have a number of unique characteristics: -They have an exoskeleton (outside instead of inside). -They molt. As the arthropod grows it must shed its old shell and grow a new one. -They have several legs which are jointed. -Their advanced nervous systems allow for hunting moving around finding a mate and learning new behaviors for adaptation. -They develop through metamorphosis. As arthropods develop they change body shape. There are two types of metamorphosis: *Complete The entire body shape changes. An example is butterflies which change from worm like larvae to insects with wings. *Gradual The arthropod starts off small with no wings and then molts and grows wings. Example Grasshoppers. Arthropods include spiders crustaceans and the enormous insect species (26 orders) called uniramians. Ranging from fleas to mosquitoes beetles dragonflies aphids bees flies and many more uniramians have exoskeletons made of chitin compound eyes complex digestive systems and usually six legs. This group is extremely diverse. Some can fly some have toxins or antennae and some can make wax silk or honey.

Identify the most abundant elements in the universe and on Earth.

Aside from dark energy and dark matter which are thought to account for all but 4% of the universe the two most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen H and helium He. After hydrogen and helium the most abundant elements are oxygen neon nitrogen carbon silicon and magnesium. The most abundant isotopes in the solar system are hydrogen 1 and helium 4. Measurements of the masses of elements in the Earth's crust indicate that oxygen O silicon Si and aluminum Al are the most abundant on Earth. Hydrogen in its plasma state is the most abundant chemical element in stars in their main sequences but is relatively rare on planet Earth.

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is equal to one:

Astronomical unit. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is equal to one astronomical unit. An astronomical unit (AU) is equal to 93 million miles and is far smaller than a light year or a parsec. A light year is defined as the distance light can travel in a vacuum in one year, and is equal to roughly 64,341 AU. A parsec is the parallax of one arcsecond and is equal to 206.26 × 103 astronomical units.

Define astronomy.

Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects and their positions movements and structures. Celestial does not refer to the Earth in particular but does include its motion as it moves through space. Other objects include the Sun the Moon planets satellites asteroids meteors comets stars galaxies the universe and other space phenomena. The term astronomy has its roots in the Greek words astro and nomos which means laws of the stars.

Define atomic number neutrons nucleon and element.

Atomic number proton number The atomic number of an element refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is a unique identifier. It can be represented as Z. Atoms with a neutral charge have an atomic number that is equal to the number of electrons.

What is the reason that hydrogen and helium balloons fly up to the sky?

Because those two gases are less dense than air. The density of both hydrogen and helium gas is less than the density of air, so those balloons float on air or fly into the sky. Helium balloons are popular amusement because of that fact.

Ignoring wind resistance, at what rate will a penny falling from a bridge accelerate?

At 32 feet/second/second. A penny falling from a bridge will accelerate at the force of gravity which is 32 feet/second/second. It will accelerate until it hits terminal velocity, which is the point at which wind drag matches the force of gravity, about 200 miles per hour.

According to Kepler's laws, the orbit of planets around the sun is a called an ellipse. Where is the center of the ellipse?

At the sun.

Static frictional force

At this point it is a because the book is not moving. If we increase our on the book we will eventually cause it to move.

Kinetic frictional force

At this point the opposing us will be a. Generally the is lower than static (because the coefficient for static friction is larger) which means that the amount of needed to maintain the movement of the book will be less than what was needed to start it moving.

Explain the relationship between conservation of matter and atomic theory.

Atomic theory is concerned with the characteristics of properties of atoms that make up matter. It deals with matter on a microscopic level as opposed to a macroscopic level. Atomic theory for instance discusses the kinetic motion of atoms in order to explain the properties of macroscopic quantities of matter. John Dalton 1766-1844 is credited with making many contributions to the field of atomic theory that are still considered valid. This includes the notion that all matter consists of atoms and that atoms are indestructible. In other words atoms can be neither created nor destroyed. This is also the theory behind the conservation of matter which explains why chemical reactions do not result in any detectable gains or losses in matter. This holds true for chemical reactions and smaller scale processes. When dealing with large amounts of energy however atoms can be destroyed by nuclear reactions. This can happen in particle colliders or atom smashers.

Discuss models of atoms.

Atoms are extremely small. A hydrogen atom is about 5*10^-8mm in diameter. According to some estimates five trillion hydrogen atoms could fit on the head of a pin.

Molecules

Atoms can bond together to make. Atoms that have an equal number of protons and electrons are electrically neutral. If the number of protons and electrons in an atom is not equal the atom has a positive or negative charge and is an ion. Are formed by a chemical bond between atoms a bond which occurs at the valence level. Two basic types of bonds are covalent and ionic.

Explain how atoms interact to form compounds.

Atoms interact by transferring or sharing the electrons furthest from the nucleus.

Which of the following is the elemental symbol for gold?

Au.

Good science teaching includes all but which of the following?

Automatic acceptance of results

What is a class of plant growth substance that is known as plant hormone?

Auxin. Auxin is a class of plant growth substance often referred to as a plant hormone. It plays a role in the coordination and control of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant. Auxins are compounds that positively influence cell enlargement, bud formation and root initiation. They also promote the production of other hormones and, in conjunction with cytokinins, they control the growth of stems, roots, and fruits, and convert stems into flowers. Auxins were the first class of growth regulators discovered. Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. Phermones and somatotropin are related to animal hormones.

Which of the following is most important for weather forecasting?

Barometer

Graphite is a naturally-occurring type of crystalline carbon. One of its distinguishing characteristics includes its breakage pattern. What is the breakage pattern for Graphite?

Basal cleavage (scales).Graphite is a mineral that is black to gray and color and has a black to gray streak. Its hardness is 1-1.5.

Gypsum is a soft mineral that consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄·2H₂O. Which of these is the breakage pattern for Gypsum?

Basal cleavage. Gypsum can be colorless, gray, white, or brown, and has a white streak. It has a hardness of 2. One of its uses is for drywall for building construction.

Compare and contrast basic science and applied science.

Basic science and applied science share many attributes but are generally motivated by different influences: Basic science is spurred on by scientific inquiry the human need to explain the observed physical world. It may have no specific goal but is man's response to questions that arise from human curiosity and interest. It is usually an attempt to explain the laws of nature by using the scientific method.

When an ice skater spins on one skate in a circle, what happens if they extend their arms out like the letter "T"?

They spin slower.

Most people have seen (and heard) what happens to an empty milk carton when it is put on the floor and "stomped on." It explode with a loud popping sound. The reason this happens is:

Because as the volume decreases, the pressure increases.

Why was the Double Slit Experiment deemed to be important?

Because it showed the dual nature of sub-atomic particles.

An iron bar that is struck with extreme force while facing in a north and south direction will do which of the following?

Become magnetic. Striking an iron bar while it is facing north and south will cause the particles in the bar to align with the magnetic poles and become slightly magnetic. Striking a magnetic bar in any other direction will cause it to lose some of its magnetism.

This great American scientist, pictured above, did much in the study of electricity, even suggesting the use of the terms negative and positive when describing charged objects. His name is:

Benjamin Franklin. Franklin is most famous for flying a kite in a thunderstorm, proving that lightning is electricity. Thomas Jefferson was a scientist, among many other things, but didn't work with electricity. Joseph Priestley lived in Pennsylvania later in his life; he is credited with the discovery of oxygen. And Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb, along with many other things.

Airplanes are heavier than air, but yet they fly. The basic principle is that fast-moving fluids produce lower pressure than slower moving fluids. The air moving across the curved top half of the wing has lower pressure than the air moving under the straight lower part of the wing. This is known as:

Bernoulli's Effect. This difference in pressure produces lift, which pushes the plane up. Pascal's principle is about pressure applied to a fluid. Archimedes' Principle has to do with buoyancy. Venturi's Effect occurs when a fluid is moving through a pipe.

What principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if the behavior of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known?

Bernoulli's Principle.

Describe lipids proteins and nucleic acids.

Besides hydrocarbons and carbohydrates there are other types of carbon molecules that are essential to life lipids proteins and nucleic acids.

In the constellation, Orion the Hunter (pictured above), the bright red star that makes the upper left "hand" of the constellation is actually a red supergiant named:

Betelgeuse. This is a bright red star that is in the upper left of the constellation. Antares is a red star in Scorpio, Aldebaran is the red "eye" of Taurus the Bull; Rigel is a blue-white star at his "foot".

Above is the temperature-rainfall graph for Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. According to the data shown, between which two months does the rainfall amount change the most and in which direction?

Between May and June the difference increases

Bonds

Between atoms are created when electrons are paired up by being transferred or shared. If electrons are transferred from one atom to another the bond is ionic. If electrons are shared the bond is covalent. Atoms of the same element may bond together to form molecules or crystalline solids. When two or more different types of atoms bind together chemically a compound is made. The physical properties of compounds reflect the nature of the interactions among their molecules. These interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule including the atoms they consist of and the distances and angles between them.

Where is the asteroid belt located in the figure above?

Between structures #4 and #5

Electric force

Between two objects is directly proportional to the product of the charge magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects.

On a microscope slide, some fine particles of chalk are suspended in a droplet of water. Observing them under the microscope, they appear to be moving with a vibrating kind of motion. This motion of particles is called:

Brownian movement.

Life Science is the study of living things. The study of life is also called:

Biology.

Earth Science is a broad field of study. Which of the following is NOT usually considered a topic in Earth Science?

Biology. Biology is the study of life. While living things are part of the Earth, and definitely affect the areas of Earth Science, the study of living things as such is not included.

Which of the following terms refers to all living organisms on Earth, regardless of species?

Biosphere

The parathyroid gland is responsible for the hormonal regulation of what substance?

Calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from four small parathyroid glands that reside behind the thyroid gland itself. PTH achieves calcium regulation by interacting with bone, kidney and intestines. When it is released into the blood stream it causes an increase in calcium in the blood. Surgeons performing thyroidectomies must be very careful not to disturb the parathyroid glands and leave at least one of the four to perform its endocrine function.

Solar winds

Blow a comet away from the sun and give it a tail of dust or electrically charged molecules. Each orbit of a comet causes it to lose matter until it breaks up or vaporizes into the sun.

While scuba diving at a depth of 50 feet, Jim notices that the water has a deep blue color. Why is the water color so blue?

Blue light has a higher energy level, so it penetrates deeper into the water. Blue light has a higher energy level than other spectrums of light. As one dives deeper, the reds are the first to fade out, then the greens, and finally at depth, all that is left is blue.

Of the following elements, which is not present on Earth in a significant amount, and is made synthetically?

Bohrium.

A mineralized connective tissue formed by osteoblasts is what?

Bone. Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that is formed by osteoblasts. The osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions.

Compare and contrast physical and chemical properties and changes.

Both physical changes and chemical reactions are everyday occurrences.

What is cellular respiration?

Breaking down food to release energy

Which of the following elements has chemical properties that are most similar to those in chlorine?

Bromine. Bromine has the same number of valence electrons as chlorine, and is the closest to it on the periodic table of elements. It would, therefore, contain the most similar properties to those in chlorine.

Metamorphic rocks can be formed in several ways. When existing rocks are surrounded by molten rock squeezing through cracks underground, for example, it is called:

Contact metamorphism. The molten rock causes changes as it comes in contact with the existing rock. Cataclastic is small-scale deformation, while burial metamorphism occurs when existing rock layers are further buried, creating heat and pressure. Regional metamorphism occurs when large-scale compression of rock layers occurs.

Electric to light

Bulbs

The mechanical energy of turning a generator is turned into electrical energy that can be used to turn a motor. How is electrical energy generated by a generator?

By a moving coiled copper wire full of electrons through a magnetic field. A generator works in the opposite manner of a motor. Power is generated by mechanically turning coiled copper wire full of electrons through a magnetic field.

When using a light microscope, how is the total magnification determined?

By multiplying the ocular lens power times the objective being used. The ocular lens refers to eyepiece which has one magnification strength typically 10x. The objective lens also has a magnification strength often 4x 10x 40x or 100x. Using a 10x eyepiece with the 4x objective lens will give a magnification strength of 40x. Using a 10x eyepiece with the 100x objective lens will give a magnification strength of 1000x. The shorter lens is the lesser magnification the longer lens is the greater magnification.

Dwarf and giant galaxies

Contain as few as 10 million stars while contain as many as 1 trillion stars. Are gravitationally bound meaning the stars star systems other gases and dust orbit the galaxy's center.

The gas which makes bread rise when you bake it is which of the following?

CO2. Yeast in bread dough produces CO2 as a by-product of respiration. CO2 is also the gas that is used to give champagne and beer a bubbly effect.

What is the chemical formula for calcium bicarbonate?

Ca(HCO3)2.

Which of the following is most likely to be found in shells?

CaCO3. Calcium carbonate is the substance that gives most shells their hardness. Limestone made up of the shells of countless marine organisms is mostly CaCO3. Choice B is the chemical formula for copper sulfate also known as blue vitriol which can be found in plants and soil. Choice C is the formula for ammonia gas which can be found in water soil and air. Choice D is the formula for sodium bicarbonate also known as baking soda which can be found in mineral springs.

A piece of copper most likely has the hardness of what mineral?

Calcite. A piece of copper has a hardness of about 2.5 - 3.0, according to Moh's Scale. Calcite has a hardness of 3.

Mrs. Adams posts the above image and explains to her class that it is the second-largest moon of Jupiter. She then asks a student to volunteer and tell the rest of the class the name of this moon. What is the correct answer?

Callisto.

Good bacteria

Can be told that help plants absorb the nitrogen needed for growth or help grazing animals break down the cellulose in plants.

Strong bases

Can free protons in very weak acids. Examples of are hydroxide compounds such as potassium barium and lithium hydroxides. Most are in the first and second groups of the periodic table.

What does the circled electrical symbol stand for?

Capacitor. The circled electrical part is a capacitor, which can store electrical charge.

Kendra put yeast cells, sugar and warm water in a bottle with a balloon on top. Overnight, the balloon inflated with a gas. Kendra knew that the gas was a product of cellular respiration. If that is true, what gas was produced by the yeast cells?

Carbon dioxide.

Compare and contrast hydrocarbons and carbohydrates.

Carbon is an element found in all living things. Two types of carbon molecules that are essential to life are hydrocarbons and carbohydrates.

The classification system for living organisms helped scientists organize the natural world to help us all to better understand it. This system was invented by the scientist pictured above, who lived in Sweden in the 1700's.

Carl Linneaus.

What is a positively-charged ion called?

Cation.

Rows and columns

Cells in the table are arranged in periods and groups of families. At minimum a cell includes the symbol for the element and its atomic number. The cell for hydrogen for example which appears first in the upper left corner includes an H and a 1 above the letter. Elements are ordered by atomic number left to right top to bottom.

An example of a carbohydrate in chemistry is which of the following?

Cellulose. Carbohydrates are the most abundant of the four major classes of molecules known in biology. They are used for the storage and transport of energy like starch or glycogen, and structural components like cellulose.

What is the opposite of centrifugal force?

Centripetal Force. When swinging a bucket of water around one's head, centrifugal force keeps the water in the bucket. The force that balances centrifugal force is called centripetal force.

Newton's First Law is also known as the Law of Inertia. What is inertia?

Change resistance. The term, inertia refers to an object's amount of resistance to change in velocity, which is related to its mass.

The small planet Pluto actually has a moon. Since the size of the moon is almost the same as the planet, some have suggested that they should be considered twin planets. Its name is:

Charon.

What type of reactions involve the breaking and re-forming of bonds between atoms?

Chemical

Explain how to read chemical equations.

Chemical equations describe chemical reactions.

Provide a general overview of chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions measured in human time can take place quickly or slowly. They can take a fraction of a second or billions of years. The rates of chemical reactions are determined by how frequently reacting atoms and molecules interact. Rates are also influenced by the temperature and various properties such as shape of the reacting materials.

What organelle is labeled with a question mark in the graphic?

Chloroplast.

Describe the chloroplasts of plant cells.

Chloroplasts which make plants green are the food producers of a plant cell. They differ from an animal cell's mitochondria which break down sugars and nutrients.

Which of the following animal structures is not paired to its correct function?

Circulatory system exchanges gases with the environment by delivering oxygen to the bloodstream and releasing carbon dioxide is not paired correctly. It is the respiratory system that exchanges gases with the environment by delivering oxygen to the bloodstream and releasing carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports nutrients gases hormones and blood to and away from cells. The muscle system controls movement through three types of muscle tissue. The nervous system controls sensory responses by carrying impulses away from and toward the cell body. The digestive system breaks down food for absorption into the blood stream where it is delivered to cells for respiration.

Clouds are usually classified by shape and elevation. These clouds, pictured above, are very high and wispy. They are called:

Cirrus. These are often very thin sheets, high in the sky. Cumulus clouds are low and puffy, while stratus clouds are low and layered. Nimbus clouds are low and bring rain.

The law that states that the magnitude of an electrostatic force between two points is directly proportional to the product of the magintude of each of the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges is called which of the following?

Coulomb's Law.

The animal pictured above is an octopus. An octopus, along with a squid, a cuttlefish, and a chambered nautilus, is put into the Class of mollusks because they have tentacles attached to their head.

Class Cephalopoda. Class Cephalopoda ("head-footed") has most organisms without a shell. Class Gastropoda are the snails, slugs, and sea slugs. Class Bivalvia and Pelycepoda are the clams, oysters, and mussels.

The word taxonomy refers to what area of scientific study?

Classification in the understanding that each species belongs to a family which exhibits similar traits.

Taxonomy is what?

Classification of organisms.

Hornblende is a complex inosilicate series of minerals ​What is the breakage pattern of Hornblende?

Cleavage in 2 directions. Hornblende is green to black in color. It has a streak of gray to white, and a hardness of 5-6.

Minerals have various characteristics that differentiate them from other minerals. Of the following, which is the breakage pattern of Dolomite?

Cleavage in 3 directions.

Fluorite is the mineral form of calcium fluoride. Like all other minerals, it has a distinctive breakage pattern. Read the options below and select the one that correctly describes its pattern.

Cleavage in 4 directions. Fluorite can be colorless, white, blue, green, red, yellow, or purple. It has a colorless streak and a hardness of 4.

Talc is a clay mineral and consists of hydrated magnesium silicate. Which of these is the breakage pattern for Talc?

Cleavage in one direction. Talc is a white, greenish color. It has a white streak, and a hardness of 1. It can be used for talcum powder, sculptures, and paper.

​Read the following options and select which correctly describes the breakage pattern for Calcite?

Cleavage in three directions.

Discuss the formation of clouds.

Clouds form when air cools and warm air is forced to give up some of its water vapor because it can no longer hold it. This vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water or ice crystals called clouds. Particles or aerosols are needed for water vapor to form water droplets.

An important object in the solar system is a comet. Of the following, which is NOT part of the composition of a comet?

Clouds.

Which of the following is a source of nonrenewable energy?

Coal is a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels like coal crude oil and natural gas are nonrenewable.

Which of the following describes the physical or non biological part of the carbon cycle?

Cold water dissolves atmospheric carbon dioxide stores it and releases it back out to the atmosphere as needed. This describes the physical or non biological part of the carbon cycle. The carbon and nutrient cycles of the ocean are processed in part by the deep currents mixing and upwelling that occurs. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is dissolved into the ocean at the higher latitudes and distributed to the denser deep water. When upwelling occurs CO2 is brought back to the surface and emitted into the tropical air.

Solar energy

Comes in the form of visible light and non visible light such as infrared and ultraviolet rays.

Define comets asteroids and meteoroids.

Comets are celestial bodies composed of dust rock frozen gases and ice. Invisible until they near the sun the heat causes them to emit volatile components in jets of gas and dust.

Discuss common weather phenomena and equipment meteorologists use to measure them.

Common atmospheric conditions that are frequently measured are temperature precipitation wind and humidity.

Hydrocarbons

Composed only of hydrogen and carbon are the simplest organic molecules. The simplest of these is methane which has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Methane is produced by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter and is part of petroleum and natural gas.

Select all of the following that characterize carbon dioxide or CO2.

Compound and molecule

The process in which a gas becomes a liquid is known as which of the following?

Condensation refers to the process of a gas becoming a liquid. For example, surface water on blades of grass evaporates when ground and surface temperatures are warmer in the daytime; as night time temperatures cool, the water vapor condenses into droplets. Melting is the process of turning a solid into a liquid. Vaporization is the process of turning a liquid into a gas. Sublimation is the process of turning a solid into a gas.

Explain how to draw a conclusion after an experiment.

Conclusions are based on data analysis and background research. The scientist has to take a hard look at the results of an experiment and check the accuracy of the data to draw preliminary conclusions. These should be compared to the background research to find out if the preliminary conclusion can be supported by previous research experiments. If the results do not support the hypothesis or if they are contrary to what the background research predicted then further research is needed. The focus should be on finding a reason for the different results. Finally the scientist provides a discussion of findings that includes a summary of the results of the experiment a statement as to whether the hypothesis was proven or disproven a statement of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable a summary and evaluation of the procedures of the experiment (including comments about successes and effectiveness) and suggestions for changes modifications in procedures for further studies.

Which of the following is not a form of fossilization?

Concretions. Concretions are pretty common. They are naturally occurring masses of extra-hard, cemented rock that often survive weathering far better than the surrounding sediments in which they form. Concretions are not fossils, but rather are naturally occurring rocks.

Which of these would be the best way to explain heat conduction to students?

Conduction requires a transfer of heat through a direct contact with an object such as skin to the hot mug or bowl. Choices B and C are incorrect because there is no direct contact with the skin. Choice D is incorrect because the moving air is an example of convection the movement of air due to temperature.

A long nail is heated at one end. After a few seconds, the other end of the nail becomes equally hot. What type of heat transfer does this represent?

Conduction. A long nail or other type of metal substance or matter that is heated at one end and then the other end becomes equally hot is an example of conduction. Conduction is energy transfer by neighboring molecules from an area of hotter temperature to cooler temperature. Radiation or thermal radiation refers to heat being transferred without the need for a medium by electromagnetic radiation. An example is sunlight heating the earth. Convection refers to heat being transferred by molecules moving from one location in the substance to another creating a heat current usually in a gas or a liquid. Entropy relates to the second law of thermodynamics and refers to how much heat or energy is no longer available to do work in a system. It can also be stated as the amount of disorder in a system.

When you walk barefoot on a hot sidewalk what process is primarily responsible for heat transfer from the sidewalk to your foot?

Conduction. Heat between objects in contact with each other is transferred by conduction convection is transfer by currents within a body of fluid and radiation is the transfer of heat between objects not in contact through light rays emitted by the hotter object and absorbed by the cooler one.

Intergalactic space

Consists of a gas with an average density of less than one atom per cubic meter. Galaxies are organized into clusters which form superclusters.

What organelle is pointed to in the diagram?

Contractile vacuole.

The heat transfer due to the movement of gas molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration is known as what?

Convection is the transfer of heat due to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to that of lower concentration; this is also how heat can travel throughout a house to warm each room. Conduction is the transfer of energy from one molecule to another molecule through actually touching or making contact with each other. Radiation is how the sun warms the earth; no medium is needed for this type of transfer.

Biology offers us many examples of creatures that look alike but are unrelated. Both a shark and a dolphin look alike, but they are biologically unrelated. One is a fish and the other is a mammal. This phenomenon is known as which of the following?

Convergence. The evolution of two unrelated organisms into similar morphologies is known as biological convergence. Birds and bats are another good example.

When tectonic plates move, different plates can crash or crunch together. Where these come together are called:

Convergent plate boundaries.

Which action will help dissolve a gas in a liquid if the gas and liquid are placed in a sealed container?

Cool the liquid. If a gas and liquid are placed in a sealed container cooling the liquid will help dissolve the gas into the liquid. Gases have higher solubility in liquids at lower temperature. At higher temperatures the gas molecules will have more kinetic energy and will have enough energy to overcome intermolecular interactions with the liquid solvent and leave the solution. This also explains why heating the liquid is incorrect. Shaking the container is also incorrect as this would give the gas energy to escape. Decreasing the pressure on the lid may or may not significantly affect pressure inside the vessel depending on the nature of the vessel but decreasing the pressure inside the vessel would decrease the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

All of the following forces are involved in the formation of sedimentary rock EXCEPT

Cooling. The cooling of magma inside the earth or lava outside produces igneous rock. Sedimentary rock forms when eroded sediments is deposited and then compacted and often cemented together.

Which material cannot be made magnetic?

Copper. Copper is not a ferrimagnetic metal and cannot be made magnetic; nor is it attracted to a magnetic field.

Based on the following diagram which of these is the thickest layer?

Core

The motion of the surface waters of all the major oceans on the Earth are very similar. The rotation of the Earth causes the;

Coriolis Effect.

During a solar eclipse, as pictured above, the glowing outer atmosphere of the Sun is visible. This outer glowing atmosphere is called the:

Corona. It's the Sun's "crown". A solar flare is a burst of energy out from the Sun. A promontory is a curved tongue of flame off of the edge. The solar wind is made of cosmic particles that come off of the Sun, but it is not visible.

Which of the following is an example of a descriptive study?

Correlational studies of populations.

The bonding between oxygen and hydrogen in a molecule of water (H2O) is a good example of what type of bonding?

Covalent bonding. Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds. That is a bond where two atoms share an electron. Water molecules consist of two hydrogen and one oxygen molecule, connected by covalent bonds. The bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom in different molecules is a hydrogen bond.

What defines a covalent bond?

Covalent bonds join non-metal atoms through each atom's outer electrons. Atoms that repel each other inherently cannot form a bond. Metal atoms that bond electrons are referred to as having metallic bonds.

What type of compound is formed by the combination of two or more non metallic elements with one another?

Covalent compounds are usually formed by the combinations of two or more non metallic elements with one another. In these compounds atoms share electrons. Ionic compounds are most often formed between a metal and a non metal. Organic compounds are covalent compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Chemical compounds is a general term that can mean any type of compound either ionic or covalent.

Which of the following describes the correct order of the interior sections of Earth from the ground inward?

Crust mantle outer core inner core

Above is a drawing of a typical arthropod, a crayfish. A crayfish is a member of the class:

Crustacea.

Which type of matter has molecules that cannot move within its substance and breaks evenly across a plane caused by the symmetry of its molecular arrangement?

Crystalline solid

Above is a salt crystal. The shape of salt crystals, with all three axes equal lengths and at right angles, is:

Cubic (isometric). Salt crystals form cubes. Orthorhombic crystals have the axes are different lengths; triclinic crystals have all angles not right angles; hexagonal crystals have six-sided faces.

Galena is also known as lead glance. It is the main ore of lead. In looking at the below options, which identifies the breakage pattern for Galena?

Cubic cleavage perfect.

There are ten main cloud types. The categories of the clouds are high, middle, low, and vertical. Of the options below, which is NOT a cloud type listed in the "high" category?

Cumulus.

According to the most common model for the origin of life on Earth. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, have been found in rocks that were dated as being very old. Which problem do geologists recognize that causes them to believe that there were simpler life forms before them?

Cyanobacteria are relatively simple cells, but photosynthesis, the process by which they produced oxygen, is complex. Photosynthesis is a very complex, precise process that would be very difficult (if not impossible) to believe that cyanobacteria cells could just figure out how to do it. It's difficult to imagine how simpler cells could have done it, too, but that is the current model. Photosynthesis was necessary for other life forms to exist on Earth, since it produces both atmospheric oxygen AND food. Cyanobacteria today can do photosynthesis, so it doesn't require them to be eukarotic or multicellular. And since oxygen was not believed to be abundant in the early atmosphere, cyanbacteria probably would have done anaerobic respiration first.

Where is the type of RNA that carries and positions amino acids for further assembly located in the cell?

Cytoplasm. The type of RNA described by the question is transfer RNA (tRNA). The tRNA is found in the cytoplasm and carries and positions amino acids at the ribosome for protein synthesis. There are two other types of RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains the coding for the amino acid sequence in the protein. The mRNA is first made in the nucleus before traveling through the cytoplasm to a ribosome. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the RNA that is found in the ribosome along with proteins which allows the mRNA and tRNA to bind for protein synthesis. All three types of RNA originates in the nucleus where they are transcribed from DNA. Mitochondria are organelles that harbor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Organized

Data must be in a practical useful manner to be valuable. Scientists use graphs charts tables and other organizational tools to make data more useful.

Classified

Data must then be grouped into organizational schemes for easy access and use. These schemes attempt to organize the maximum amount of useful data in a format that scientists can use. Although these steps may be less glamorous than other areas of science they are essential.

Which of the following is needed for an experiment to be considered successful?

Data that others can reproduce. Choice A may be considered part of a well designed experiment. Choices B and D may be considered part of an experiment that is reported on by individuals with expertise.

Describe the debate over science and ethics.

Debates over issues paramount to science and ethics are rarely resolved unambiguously. Ethical conclusions should be based on reason logic and accepted principles that represent a consensus of current thinking on a question. Education and debate are important in clarifying issues and allowing intelligent participation in a democratic process. Deciding issues of science and society usually requires an examination of individual cases. Generalizations in these areas tend to lead to extreme positions that exclude mainstream opinions. Both intrinsic and consequential arguments for or against any question may be advanced. There are no blanket solutions to most problems involving science technology and societal ethics.

The process whereby a radioactive element releases energy slowly over a long period of time to lower its energy and become more stable is best described as

Decay. The nucleus undergoing decay known as the parent nuclide spontaneously releases energy most commonly through the emission of an alpha particle a beta particle or a gamma ray. The changed nucleus called the daughter nuclide is now more stable than the parent nuclide although the daughter nuclide may undergo another decay to an even more stable nucleus. A decay chain is a series of decays of a radioactive element into different more stable elements.

If you increase the wavelength of a wave, the frequency will do which of the following?

Decrease. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. If the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases.

As the frequency of a wave increases what does its wavelength do?

Decreases. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. Hence, if the frequency increases, the wave length decreases.

In a science classroom students have been given four different flowers by their teacher. They are asked to examine the structure of the flower identify all the parts and compare the differences between them. After this students are then directed to develop a generalization on the plants using their knowledge of the plant kingdom. They have to determine the type of habitat each flower could exist in and how the flower might affect insects. What form of teaching style does this lesson model?

Deductive

Which of the following is usually the first form of study in a new area of scientific inquiry?

Descriptive studies are usually the first form of study in a new area of scientific inquiry. Others are also forms of scientific study but are completed after initial descriptive studies.

What term is used to describe two waves that are out of phase as they come together to produce a new wave?

Destructive interference describes two waves that are out of phase as they come together to produce a new wave. Out of phase refers to the crest of one and the trough of another arriving together. Interference when used to discuss wave phenomenon is the interaction of two or more waves passing the same point which could be either destructive or constructive. Incomplete interference and distorted interference are not real terms. Constructive interference refers to wave interference that results in higher peaks than the waves singularly because the waves arrive in phase with one another (the crests arrive together).

What is a more technical name for the process of sweating in animals?

Diaphoresis. Diaphoresis is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. Transpiration describes the loss of water vapor from the plant. Condensation is the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid. Efluidation is fictitious.

The following is missing descriptions on the right explaining the plotted lines. What do the plotted lines most likely show?

Different levels of projected emissions in direct proportions to concentration levels

Population growth usually does not continue forever. One major factor that balances population growth is which of the following?

Disease. Disease usually has a profound effect on population growth when it becomes too high to sustain a population in one area. Disease can cause a very rapid decline in population growth in a very short time period.

After a science laboratory exercise, some solutions remain unused and are left over. What should be done with these solutions?

Dispose of the solutions according to local disposal procedures. Solutions and compounds used in labs may be hazardous according to state and local regulatory agencies and should be treated with such precaution. Emptying the solutions into the sink and rinsing with warm water and soap does not take into account the hazards associated with a specific solutions in terms of vapors or interactions with water soap and waste piping systems. Ensuring the solutions are secured in closed containers and throwing them away may allow toxic chemicals into landfills and subsequently into fresh water systems. Storing the solutions in a secured dry place for later use is incorrect as chemicals should not be re used due to the possibility of contamination.

Use this diagram to answer the question that follows: In understanding the carbon cycle which of the following is not considered a main reservoir of carbon?

Dissolved organic carbons. An understanding of how to read charts and graphs cannot be taken for granted. Studying the illustration shows that dissolved organic carbons are not considered a main reservoir whereas Choices A B and C are. Rather dissolved organic carbons are one component of the main reservoir the ocean.

Physical changes

Do not result in different substances. For example when water becomes ice it has undergone a change but not a chemical change. It has changed its form but not its composition. It is still H2O.

Phagocytosis is best described by which of the following?

Does a special form of endocytosis.

Pluto

Does not have the characteristics necessary to fit into either the Terrestrial or the Jovian group and is no longer considered to be a planet. The sun represents 99.85% of all the matter in our solar system. Combined the planets make up only 0.135% of the mass of the solar system with Jupiter having twice the mass of all the other planets combined. The remaining 0.015% of the mass comes from comets planetary satellites asteroids meteoroids and interplanetary medium.

Explain how fossil and rock records can reveal changes in the earth's history.

Fossils can show how animal and plant life have changed or remained the same over time. For example fossils have provided evidence of the existence of dinosaurs even though they no longer roam the earth and have also been used to prove that certain insects have been around forever.

One biological organism not generally used in genetic experiments is which of the following?

Dolphins.

List the kingdoms of life forms within the domain Eukarya and give a brief description of each.

Domain Eukarya -Kingdom Protista Single celled eukaryotes with greater internal complexity than Bacteria or Archaea. They have a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm. Most are one celled and have no complex tissues like plants. -Kingdom Fungi Single celled or multicellular with considerable variation and complexity. Members have no chlorophyll so they don't make their own food like plants. They reproduce using spores. Fungi are made up of filaments called hyphae that in larger fungi can interlace to form a tissue called mycelium. -Kingdom Plantae Multicellular with great variation and complexity rigid cell walls. This group consists of organisms that have chlorophyll and make their own food. Plants have differentiated tissues and reproduce either sexually or asexually. -Kingdom Animalia Multicellular with much variation and complexity cell membrane. This group consists of organisms that move around and have to feed on existing organic material.

Tom heard a train approaching, and the train's whistle made a weird change in pitch as it passed him. That was a good example of which of the following?

Doppler shift.

Discuss different types of energy.

Some discussions of energy consider only two types of energy kinetic energy the energy of motion and potential energy which depends on relative position or orientation. There are however other types of energy.

Which is a distinct characteristic of tissues and glands that are a part of the endocrine system?

Ductless

Which of the following is NOT one of Newton's three laws of motion?

E = mc2

As part of an experiment about sound a teacher sends two students to the end of a school hallway and tells them to have a conversation neither whispering nor yelling. The remaining students observe that they can hear the voices even though they cannot understand the specific words being said. What is the best way to explain this phenomenon?

Echoes moving down the hallway cause the sound to be heard.

The study of weather reflects which of the following critical categories of science content standards?

Earth and Universe. The study of weather is a topic related to the category of the earth and the universe. National Science Education Standards indicate that content should focus on living things, the earth and the universe, and matter and energy.

The area of science that includes the study of meteorology astronomy and oceanography is which of the following?

Earth science

The atmosphere of this planet protects life and it only has one large moon. In addition, it is the third planet from the Sun. Of the following, which planet is this?

Earth.

What is the maximum number of valence electrons an element can have?

Eight (8).

Electrons with greater amounts of energy are found _________ the nucleus than electrons with less energy.

Farther from. The principle quantum number describes the level or shell that an electron is in. The lower the number, the closer the electron is to the nucleus and the lower it is in energy.

Which is not a method for transferring electrostatic charge?

Election

Explain the basics of electric current movement through circuits as it relates to potential.

Electric current is the sustained flow of electrons that are part of an electric charge moving along a path in a circuit. This differs from a static electric charge which is a constant non moving charge rather than a continuous flow.

List some examples of energy transformation.

Electric to mechanical Ceiling fan.

The drawing above is called which of the following?

Electron dot diagram.

Sandy places her hand on top of a Vandegraff generator, and her hair stands straight up off her head. What causes this phenomenon to occur?

Electron repulsion. When Sandy's hair picks up electrons, each negatively-charged hair repels every other negatively- charged hair by the force of electron repulsion. As soon as she grounds herself and loses the electrons, her hair will return to normal.

Explain how molecules are formed.

Electrons in an atom can orbit different levels around the nucleus. They can absorb or release energy which can change the location of their orbit or even allow them to break free from the atom.

Define elements compounds solutions and mixtures.

Elements These are substances that consist of only one type of atom.

Explain the difference between atoms and molecules.

Elements from the periodic table such as hydrogen carbon iron helium mercury and oxygen are atoms. Atoms combine to form molecules. For example two atoms of hydrogen H and one atom of oxygen O combine to form one molecule of water H2O.

The adrenal glands are part of what organ system?

Endocrine system.

Which of the following organelles is/are formed when the plasma membrane surrounds a particle outside of the cell?

Endocytic vesicles. Endocytosis is a process by which a cell absorb larger molecules or even tiny organisms such as bacteria that would not be able to pass through the plasma membrane. Endocytic vesicles containing molecules from the extracellular environment often undergo further processing once they enter the cell.

The theory that mitochondria and plastids started out as symbiotic pre-bacteria is called which of the following?

Endosymbiotic Theory. The Endosymbiotic Theory states that origins of mitochondria and perhaps other plastids originated from a mutualistic symbiosis between a cell and a pre-bacterial type organism. According to the Theory, those organelles originated as separate organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts.

In what type of chemical reaction is heat absorbed from the surrounding environment?

Endothermic reactions consume heat from the surrounding environment to complete the chemical reaction and create a product. For example, holding an ice cube in one's hand and allowing it to melt into water (as a result of body heat) is an example of an endothermic reaction. Exothermic reactions release heat into the environment (i.e., igniting wood to create a fire). Rusting occurs when iron reacts to oxygen over a period of time. Freezing is a type of exothermic reaction.

The law of the conservation of energy states which of the following?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Compare and contrast autotrophs producers herbivores carnivores omnivores and decomposers.

Energy flows in one direction from the sun through photosynthetic organisms such as green plants (producers) and algae (autotrophs) and then to herbivores carnivores and decomposers.

What physical property is a measurement of the capacity to do work?

Energy.

Enzymes play an important role in the processes that help organisms stay healthy and survive. Which of the following BEST describes enzymes?

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts.

Define erosion.

Erosion is the process that breaks down matter whether it is a rock that is broken into pebbles or mountains that are rained on until they become hills. Erosion always happens in a downhill direction.

Verification

Establishes once and for all the truth of the statement.

Bananas ripen faster in a closed plastic bag. What gas causes them to ripen faster?

Ethylene. Ethylene gas produced by rotting fruit causes other fruit to ripen faster. That fact is the basis from which the expression "one bad apple can spoil the whole bunch" originated.

When a shoot grows in the dark, elongating rapidly while increasing its chances of reaching the light before its food supply runs out, the process is known as which of the following?

Etiolation. Etiolation refers to a condition in which a shoot grows in the dark while elongating rapidly, thereby increasing its chances of reaching a light source before its food supply runs out. Under those circumstances, the shoot's stem is long, spindly, and unpigmented; and its leaves will remain small. The correct answer therefore, is (A).

Protists are what?

Eukaryotes All protists are eukaryotes. This group of organisms varies more in structure and function than any other group of organisms. There are approximately 60,000 known species of protists. Some are unicellular, some are colonial and multicellular. A unicellular protist is not like a single cell from another multicellular organism. It is in itself an organism and is as complete as any whole plant or animal.

Describe the structure of the nucleus and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus a big dark spot floating somewhere in the center that acts like the brain of the cell by controlling eating movement and reproduction.

Entropy

Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. In all energy transfers therefore the overall result is that the energy is spread out uniformly. This transfer of heat energy from hotter to cooler objects is accomplished by conduction radiation or convection.

Nuclear to heat

Examples include reactors and power plants.

Heat to electricity

Examples include thermoelectric geothermal and ocean thermal.

Igneous rock comes from molten rock called magma. If the molten rock solidifies above the ground, it is called:

Extrusive igneous rock. Extrusive igneous rock solidified above ground. Intrusive or plutonic igneous rock include granite and basalt.

In what part of the female reproductive system do sperm fertilize an oocyte?

Fallopian tubes

When an animal takes in more energy that it uses over an extended time the extra chemical energy is stored as

Fat. Long time energy storage in animals takes the form of fat. Animals also store energy as glycogen and plants store energy as starch but these substances are for shorter term use. Fats are a good storage for chemical energy because fatty acids bond to glycerol in a condensation reaction to form fats triglycerides. This reaction which releases water allows for the compacting of high energy fatty acids in a concentrated form.

A steel file has the hardness of what mineral?

Feldspar. A steel file has a hardness of about 6.5, according to Moh's Scale. Feldspar has a hardness of 6.

The picture above is of a very common sight: wood burning in a campfire. Fire is a substance that has been studied since the beginning of time. What is fire?

Fire is the release of light and heat energy; it is not matter.

A tiny ball rests in the absolute center of an untouched, vacuum-sealed, underground container for 40 years. During this time, nobody checks on the ball or the container. At the end of the 40 years, the container is examined and the ball is still in the exact same spot in the center of the container. This is an example of what scientific principle?

First Law of Motion

Which of the following sources of energy are non-renewable?

Fossil fuel energy

What type of nuclear process features atomic nuclei splitting apart to form smaller nuclei?

Fission. Fission is a nuclear process where atomic nuclei split apart to form smaller nuclei. Nuclear fission can release large amounts of energy emit gamma rays and form daughter products. It is used in nuclear power plants and bombs. Answer B Fusion refers to a nuclear process whereby atomic nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus such as with stars. This can release or absorb energy depending upon the original elements. Answer C decay refers to an atomic nucleus spontaneously losing energy and emitting ionizing particles and radiation. Answer D ionization refers to a process by which atoms obtain a positive or negative charge because the number of electrons does not equal that of protons.

How many hydrogen atoms are in Ammonium Hydroxide?

Five (5).

Small time period

Fossils are found all over the earth but are from a relatively in earth's history. Therefore fossil evidence helps date a rock layer regardless of where it occurs.

Where are the reproductive organs of a plant?

Flowers are the reproductive organs of a plant. Flowering plants reproduce by sexual reproduction where the gametes join to form seeds. Pollen is sperm. Pollinators help transfer the sperm to the ovule the egg. The style is the part of the female reproduction system that transports the sperm between the stigma and the ovary all part of the pistil. The stigma is the sticky tip of the style on which the pollen lands. Sepals are usually small leaves between or underneath the petals and are not as obvious or as large and colorful as the petals.

In biology, the plasma membrane of the living cells is described as fluid and there is a double layer of lipid molecules with globular protein molecules and sterols. Which of the following support this statement?

Fluid mosaic model. According to fluid mosaic model, the plasma membrane is described as a fluid as the components of the plasma membrane (lipids and proteins) can move in all the directions through out the membrane. It doesn't mean that the plasma membrane is just a fluid but it behaves like the fluid.

Above is a picture of a caterpillar. A caterpillar is the immature form of:

a butterfly or moth.

Electromagnetic waves

For example are a type of energy contained by a field. Another type of potential energy is electrical energy which is the energy it takes to pull apart positive and negative electrical charges. Are also affected in this manner. The motion of the medium can also affect the wave. For that do not travel in a medium such as light it is the difference in velocity that determines the outcome. Can transmit energy through a vacuum.

On a beach, this zone is where the water comes in and out throughout the day. Also known as the low tide terrace, the sand is usually saturated with water. It is called the:

Foreshore. This is where most beach goers spend their time. Where waves pile up and break is the inshore. Beyond the breaking waves is the offshore. Up above the typical high tide mark is the backshore.

Liquid

Forms of precipitation include rain and drizzle. Rain or drizzle that freezes on contact is known as freezing rain or freezing drizzle.

Solid or frozen

Forms of precipitation include snow ice needles or diamond dust sleet or ice pellets hail and graupel or snow pellets. Virga is a form of precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. It usually looks like sheets or shafts falling from a cloud. The amount of rainfall is measured with a rain gauge. Intensity can be measured according to how fast precipitation is falling or by how severely it limits visibility. Precipitation plays a major role in the water cycle since it is responsible for depositing much of the Earth's fresh water.

Two companion models gradualism and punctuated equilibrium dominate evolutionary theory. Which of the following statements is MOST consistent with the theory of punctuated equilibrium?

Fossils showing intermediate characteristics may not necessarily be found. Gradualism states that evolution occurs slowly with organisms exhibiting small changes over long periods of time. According to gradualism the fossil record should show gradual changes over time. Punctuated equilibrium states that evolution occurs in spurts of sudden change. According to punctuated equilibrium the fossil record should have large gaps. Therefore the correct answer is choice B.

Volume

Is a measure of the amount of space occupied. There are many formulas to determine. For example the of a cube is the length of one side cubed a^3 and the of a rectangular prism is length times width times height lwh. The of an irregular shape can be determined by how much water it displaces.

As part of an anticipatory set for a new unit of study a teacher took his shoes off and slid across the tile floor in only his socks until he came to a gradual stop. Which force was the teacher showing to the students?

Friction

Discuss friction.

Friction is the force that arises as a resistance to motion where two surfaces are in contact. The maximum magnitude of the frictional force (f) can be calculated as f=FCu where FC is the contact force between the two objects and u is a coefficient of friction based on the surfaces material composition. Two types of friction are static and kinetic. To illustrate these concepts imagine a book resting on a table. The force of its weight (W) is equal and opposite to the force of the table on the book or the normal force (N). If we exert a small force (F) on the book attempting to push it to one side a frictional force (f) would arise equal and opposite to our force.

Rain falling from a cloud is an example of what type of phase change?

From a gas to a liquid.

Where did the term quasar come from?

From a shortening of the phrase quasi-stellar radio source.

Which is the decomposer in the food chain above?

Fungi

This Kingdom includes organisms that tend to stay anchored, and they have cell walls. They do not, however, make their own food, so they don't have chlorophyll and must break down their food to absorb nutrients.

Fungi. Animals cannot make their own food, but they don't have cell walls and they can move. Plants don't move and have cell walls, but can make their own food. Bacteria don't usually stay anchored and some can make their own food.

Weight

Is a measure of the gravitational pull of Earth on an object.

Gases, cosmic debris, solar systems, and black holes can all be found in which of the following cosmic entities?

Galaxies

Define and discuss galaxies.

Galaxies consist of stars stellar remnants and dark matter.

This great Italian scientist, pictured above, did a very famous experiment at the Leaning Tower of Pisa. As the story goes, he dropped two balls of different sizes from the top to show something very important about gravity and falling objects. His name is:

Galileo Galilei.

These are the electromagnetic waves with the highest frequencies and the shortest wavelengths. They destroy any cells that are exposed to a big enough dose of them.

Gamma rays. They are harmful and destructive to all life. X-rays can be harmful in high doses, but usually don't destroy nearly as many cells. Microwaves are much lower energy, and ultraviolet waves are less destructive than x-rays.

Based on the spectrum diagram, do waves, gamma waves, infrared, X-rays, or radio waves have the highest frequency?

Gamma waves.

Which of the following statements about cell walls is not true?

Gases and water cannot penetrate a cell wall. If gases and water could not penetrate a cell wall, the cell would not be able to survive. Water and gases can freely pass through a cell wall. Plant cell walls are composed mostly of a carbohydrate called cellulose. Cell walls provide structure and protection for the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and some archaea.

Which statement accurately describes a state of matter?

Gases expand to fill an entire space. The molecules that make up gases are far apart and move about very quickly. Because they have a weak attraction to each other they expand to take up as much space as possible.

What is the primary unit of inheritance between generations of an organism?

Gene

These are similar to motors, but work backwards. They convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by passing wires through a magnetic field.

Generators.

Define genetics genes and chromosomes.

Genetics is the science devoted to the study of how characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another. In the 1800s Gregor Mendel discovered the three laws of heredity that explain how genetics works. Genes are the hereditary units of material that are transmitted from one generation to the next. They are capable of undergoing mutations can be recombined with other genes and can determine the nature of an organism including its color shape and size.

Explain how geologists match rocks and geologic events in one place with those of another.

Geologists physically follow rock layers from one location to another by a process called walking the outcrop. Geologists walk along the outcropping to see where it goes and what the differences and similarities of the neighboring locations they cross are.

Earth Science includes several subcategories. The study of rocks and minerals is called:

Geology.

Of the elements listed below, which is NOT a metal?

Germanium.

What is one way to mitigate transmission of communicable disease?

Getting vaccinations

Bolting of floral shoots is triggered by a high concentration of which of the following?

Gibberellins. Gibberellins produced in roots and young leaves stimulate growth in leaves and stems. In conjunction with auxin, gibberellins increase elongation in stems and stimulate fruit set. Gibberellins signal seeds to germinate by stimulating the synthesis of key enzymes involved in the mobilization of seed storage material.

Placental mammals

Give birth from the females placenta to live young. The young may be able to walk immediately or they may need to be carried. They are still dependent on parental care for at least a short time. Are the dominant form of. Members of this group include cetaceans such as whales and dolphins which are that evolved but returned to the ocean.

Describe the formation and types of glaciers.

Glaciers start high in the mountains where snow and ice accumulate inside a cirque (a small semicircular depression). The snow becomes firmly packed into masses of coarse grained ice that are slowly pulled down a slope by gravity. Glaciers grow with large amounts of snowfall and retreat (diminish) if warm weather melts more ice than can be replaced. Glaciers once covered large areas of both the northern and southern hemispheres with mile thick ice that carved out valleys fjords and other land formations. They also moved plants animals and rocks from one area to another.

Which of the following sources of fresh water is unavailable for human use?

Glaciers. Glaciers and ice caps are fresh water unavailable for human use as they are frozen. The hydrologic cycle refers to all the water on planet Earth. Some water is in forms that humans do not tend to use such as oceans too salty and expensive to desalinate and glaciers. Water suitable for drinking can be found as surface water and in ground water which is obtained through wells. Rivers Estuaries and Aquifers are all examples of surface water that are available to humans.

Which of the following is considered a non renewable resource?

Glass is manufactured and can be recycled but is considered a non renewable resource. Wood is considered a renewable resource because with proper management an equilibrium can be reached between harvesting trees and planting new ones. Cattle are managed in herds and a balance can be achieved between those consumed and those born. Soil is the result of long term erosion and includes organic matter and minerals needed by plants. Soil found naturally in the environment is renewed. Crops can be rotated to help maintain a healthy soil composition for farming.

What happens at stomata?

Glucose exits. The stomata are pores at the bottom of the leaf, and carbon dioxide enters (it is a reactant for photosynthesis) and oxygen exits (it is a product for photosynthesis), so Choices A and C are correct. Water exits through the stomata in the process of transpiration, so Choice B is correct as well. Glucose is the sugar that is either broken down by the plant for its own energy usage or eaten by other organisms for energy.

There are several characteristics that allow you to determine what a mineral is. One of those characteristics is the mineral's streak. Of the following minerals, which has a yellow streak?

Gold.

Which is the herbivore in the food chain above?

Grasshopper

List some facts about gravitational force.

Gravitational force is a universal force that causes every object to exert a force on every other object. The gravitational force between two objects can be described by the formula F=Gm1m2/r^2 where m1 and m2 are the masses of two objects r is the distance between them and G is the gravitational constant G=6.672*10^-11 N-m^2/kg^2. In order for this force to have a noticeable effect one or both of the objects must be extremely large so the equation is generally only used in problems involving planetary bodies. For problems involving objects on the earth being affected by earth's gravitational pull the force of gravity is simply calculated as F=mg where g is 9.81m/s^2 toward the ground.

A ball that is resting on top of an inclined plane has energy. What type of energy does that ball have?

Gravitational potential energy

What causes the motion of glaciers?

Gravity. Glaciers move because they are incredibly heavy and the force of gravity slowly pulls them lower. Erosion is a result rather than a cause of glacier movement. Although large glaciers may only move a few inches a year or may not move at all some valley glaciers in Europe move as much as 600 feet annually. The result is a rounded valley and a trail of rock and soil debris known as a moraine. The Great Lakes in the United States were formed by the passage of glaciers long ago.

Which of the following forces causes a pendulum to keep swinging?

Gravity. Once the mass the weight or bob is displaced set in motion gravity will keep the mass oscillating in a regular manner. Choice A will eventually stop the swinging. Choice B involves objects with opposite or like charges such as in the opposite attraction pull between an electron negative and a proton positive. Choice C involves physical contact between objects friction is a contact force.

A tree that bears its seeds in cones is called which of the following?

Gymnosperm Gymnosperm is a group of seed-bearing plants with scales that are usually arranged in cone-like structures. Angiosperm refers to most flowering plants.

Describe the characteristics of gymnosperms cycads and conifers.

Gymnosperms are plants with vascular systems and seeds but no flowers (flowers are an evolutionary advancement). The function of the seed is to ensure offspring can be produced by the plant by providing a protective coating that lets the plant survive for long periods until it germinates. It also stores food for the new plant to use until it can make its own. Seeds can be spread over a wide area.

What are the simple products of the reaction of NaHCO3 and HC2H3O2?

H2O and CO2.

Another key characteristic of mammals, besides having mammary glands, is that they have:

Hair or fur

Applied science

Has a specific practical goal or application It is designed to solve a problem. Industry and government are institutions that use regularly. Thus basic and share many qualities including scientific inquiry and the scientific method. The goals of each can be very different. It should be pointed out that basic very often provides results that have uses in.

Radio waves

Have a range of wavelengths from about 10^-3 to 10^5 meters while their frequencies range from about 10^3 to 10^11Hz.

Which of the following strategies indicates that a teacher is using the "products" method of assessment?

Having students build an electromagnet during science lab

Your second grade class is having a lot of trouble understanding the concept of the moon's phases. Which might be an appropriate project for a second grade class to help them understand the phases of the moon?

Having them color circles showing the phases of the moon; for example, the new moon being completely black and the half moon being half white and half black.

Above is a picture of the great American scientist, Benjamin Franklin. He is well known for flying a kite during a thunderstorm. What did he discover in that very dangerous experiment?

He discovered that lightning is actually electricity. He was fortunate that he wasn't killed, but he did discover that lightning is electricity. This led to the invention of the lightning rod to keep electricity from hitting the house and causing a fire. They already knew that metals are good conductors, and that lightning causes fires. He wasn't trying to prove the connection between lightning and thunder.

Define heat energy work and thermal energy.

Heat Heat is the transfer of energy from a body or system as a result of thermal contact. Heat consists of random motion and the vibration of atoms molecules and ions. The higher the temperature is the greater the atomic or molecular motion will be.

Compare and contrast heat and temperature.

Heat is energy transfer other than direct work from one body or system to another due to thermal contact.

Which of the following statements about heat transfer is not true?

Heat transfer can never occur from a cooler object to a warmer object. While the second law of thermodynamics implies that heat never spontaneously transfers from a cooler object to a warmer object it is possible for heat to be transferred to a warmer object given the proper input of work to the system. This is the principle by which a refrigerator operates. Work is done to the system to transfer heat from the objects inside the refrigerator to the air surrounding the refrigerator. All other answer choices are true.

The formation of sedimentary rock includes all of the following processes except

Heat. The formation of sedimentary rock does not include heat. Of the three types of rock igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, heat is essential to two: igneous and metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments that get deposited and then compacted or cemented together. Sedimentary rocks are classified into detrital, organic or chemical sediments. Layering is correct since sediments can be deposited or otherwise formed in layers. Cementation is also called lithification. Compaction refers to the pressure forming sedimentary rock leading to cementation.

Why do balloons filled with helium float while balloons filled with air do not float?

Helium is less dense than air which allows balloons filled with helium to float. The air we breathe is composed of many types of molecules and is quite heavy compared to helium. The reason helium balloons float is because helium is less dense than the surrounding air. Objects that are less dense will float in objects that are more dense as a helium balloon does when surrounded by air.

Select all of the following functions served primarily by a plant's stems.

Help with a plant's growth in height and help with a plant's nutrition. Strong stems help a plant grow taller and help water and nutrients move to the ends of the plant. Choice A energy acquisition is a function primarily of a plant's leaves. Choice D stability is a function primarily of a plant's roots.

Which of the following is a benefit associated with the mineral zinc?

Helps the immune system

The frequency of a sound wave determines its pitch. Frequency is defined as waves per second passed a given point in one second. Frequency is measured in units called:

Hertz. One Hertz is one complete wave per second. Lumens measure the total amount of visible light given off by a source. Wavelengths are the distance - the length of a single wave. And decibels measure sound intensity.

Which of the following would increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction?

High concentration of reactants. The rate of reaction is affected by concentration pressure and temperature. A higher concentration would allow for more potential collisions that set off the reaction. Low kinetic energy would lead to a lower rate of reaction as does a lower temperature usually. The term activation energy refers to the specific threshold that must be overcome for a reaction to occur. If the activation energy is lowered for example by a catalyst or enzyme then the reaction can occur quickly. This rules out high activation energy.

Most organic molecules have all of the following properties except

High solubility in water. Most organic molecules are not highly soluble in water. A low melting point, covalent bonds, and high flammability are all characteristics of organic molecules. Organic molecules are those that contain carbon molecules, with a few exceptions. Organic molecules tend to be less soluble in water than inorganic salts. They are good at forming unique structures and there are many organic compounds. Examples of organic compounds include hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Heat energy is not measured in the same units as temperature. The most commonly used unit of heat energy, equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius is:

a calorie.

One property of all living things is that they are able to maintain a balance with their environment. What is this dynamic equilibrium called?

Homeostasis.

In taxonomy, what is the difference between homology and analogy?

Homology is likeness based on shared ancestry and analogy is similarity due to similar adaptation Homology is likeness based on shared ancestry. In general, the more homology between two species, the more closely they are related. Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution. In analogy, similarity arises when two unrelated species develop similar features due to similar ecological roles that have led to natural selection selecting for similar adaptations to the environment.

Discuss hydrogen bonds particularly hydrogen bonds in water.

Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds and refer to the type of attraction in an electronegative atom such as oxygen fluorine or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds can form within a single molecule or between molecules.

The pH scale is a measurement of which of the following?

Hydrogen ion concentration.

The precision of a number of data points refers to

How close the data points are to the mean of the data. The closer the data points are to each other the more precise the data. This does not mean the data is accurate but that the results are very reproducible.

Using Doppler shift with the light from a star, scientists can tell which of the following?

How fast a star is moving away or toward the Earth. Doppler shift with light from a star can be used to tell how fast a star is moving away or toward the Earth. It turns out that most stars are moving away. The farther away they are, the faster they are moving away.

Electron cloud

However another model relates the Earth as the nucleus and its atmosphere as electrons which is the basis of the term. Another description is that electrons swarm around the nucleus. It should be noted that these atomic models are not to scale. A more accurate representation would be a nucleus with a diameter of about 2cm in a stadium. The electrons would be in the bleachers. This model is similar to the not to scale solar system model.

Discuss relative humidity absolute humidity and dew point temperature.

Humidity refers to water vapor contained in the air. The amount of moisture contained in air depends upon its temperature. The higher the air temperature the more moisture it can hold. These higher levels of moisture are associated with higher humidity.

Oxidized

Hydrogen is its number of electrons is reduced when it bonds with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen bonds tend not only to be weak but also short lived. They also tend to be numerous. Hydrogen bonds give water many of its important properties including its high specific heat and high heat of vaporization its solvent qualities its adhesiveness and cohesiveness its hydrophobic qualities and its ability to float in its solid form. Hydrogen bonds are also an important component of proteins nucleic acids and DNA.

Many hurricanes have occurred that have had a serious effect on the United States over our nation's history. In October of 2005, a large, powerful hurricane hit the US mainland and caused major devastation and death in the city of New Orleans and in many other places along the Gulf Coast.. This was named:

Hurricane Katrina. Over 1800 people died because of Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Sandy affected the East Coast and New York City in 2012. Hurricane Andrew caused a path of devastation across Florida in 1992. Hurricane Agnes caused massive flooding in Pennsylvania in 1972.

This very large and destructive hurricane hit the East Coast in late September of 2012. It did most of its damage to New Jersey and had a major impact on New York City. This was named:

Hurricane Sandy.

Which two elements play a key role in the physical formation of stars?

Hydrogen and helium are easily explosive and create the gravitational collapse and internal gravitational pull that allows the star to form. The center of a star is constantly experiencing explosions similar to a nuclear bomb. All other elements listed are usually not present in star matter.

Earth Science deals with many aspects of our planet's environment. The study of all the water on the Earth is;

Hydrology.

Atomic nuclei

If a rock contains reference tables of the half lives of commonly used radio isotopes can be used to match the decay rate of known substances to the in a rock and thereby determine its age.

While landing in Lakehurst, New Jersey in 1937, the Hindenburg, a German dirigible (air ship) violently exploded in flames. The violent explosion might have been prevented by which of the following?

If helium instead of hydrogen had been used to fill the dirigible. Unlike helium, hydrogen is very explosive. Helium is also a lot more expensive, so the Germans opted to use hydrogen instead.

Students in your science class will be asked to make observations, organize data, conduct experiments, make inferences and predictions. Which is not an example of an observation?

If we put the cookies in the milk, they will dissolve. An observation is the act of sensing some measurable phenomenon, such as color, size, shape, weight etc. Organization is relating parts to a coherent whole. Experiments test the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable in a controlled environment. An inference is a conclusion derived from a measurement or observation that is not explicit to either. A prediction is stating an outcome you expect before conducting an experiment.

Fossils are least likely to be found in

Igneous rock. Fossils are least likely to be found in igneous rock is formed by extreme heat as magma escapes through the Earth's crust and cools. The remains of plants and animals in fossil form are not usually preserved under these conditions. Sedimentary rock is where the abundance of fossils are found. Sedimentary rock is formed more slowly and is very abundant. Since soft mud and silts compress into layers organisms can also be deposited. Metamorphic rock is rock that has undergone change by heat and pressure. This usually destroys any fossils but occasionally fossil remains are distorted and can be found in metamorphic rock.

These rocks are produced from the crystallization of a group of minerals from magma or hot liquid rock.

Igneous.

Which of these diagrams depicts the digestive tract of an amphibian?

Image Choice A. This is a diagram of the digestive tract of the frog. Digestion begins in the frog's mouth. The frog has teeth that are virtually useless in the upper jaw. The frog's tongue is sticky to capture prey. Food moves through the esophagus from the frog's mouth into the stomach. From the stomach, the food moves into the small intestine, where most of the digestion occurs. The frog has digestive glands, the liver, the gall bladder, and the pancreas, that are attached to the digestive system by ducts. Liquid wastes from the kidneys travel through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Solid wastes from the large intestine pass into the cloaca. Both liquid and solid waste leave the body by way of the cloaca and the cloacal vent.

Igneous intrusions

In addition since can cut through or flow above other rocks these other rocks are older. For example molten rocks (lava) flows out over already present older rocks.

The Industrial Revolution led to pollution which made the air, buildings, and trees grey or darker in color. It was observed that moths in the area also became darker in color. What would this be an example of?

In any environment, the fittest organisms will reproduce and pass on genes. The darkers moths could not be seen by predators as well, so they were more likely to survive than lighter-colored moths. Climate change refers to a shift in climate over time and does not address species' change. Acclimation refers to a temporary change in an organism, rather than a permanent change across a species. An anomaly is a single, unexplainable instance that is abnormal; however, many species of cacti and flora thrive in deserts, so this is not an example of an anomaly.

Name the planets and describe them in relation to their orbits.

In order of their distance from the sun (closest to furthest away) the planets are Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune (Pluto is now considered to be a dwarf planet). All the planets revolve around the sun which is an average sized star in the spiral Milky War galaxy. They revolve in the same direction in nearly circular orbits. If the planets were viewed by looking down from the sun they would rotate in a counter clockwise direction. All the planets are in or near the same plane called the ecliptic and the axis of rotation is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The only exception is Uranus which is tipped on its side.

Identify the purpose of studying interactions among humans natural hazards and the environment in science class.

In science class students will learn that the human population on earth can be affected by various factors from both their natural environments and from the technologies they use in their daily lives. These factors can be positive or negative so students need to learn how to prepare for respond to and evaluate the consequences of environmental occurrences over a long period of time. Natural disasters are a negative experience but so are human made disasters such as pollution and deforestation. Students need to understand that science is involved in the interactions between the human population natural hazards and the environment.

DNA is normally passed on to an organism from both parents, but some DNA only comes from the mother. Where is that DNA located?

In the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is only passed down by the mother. That means that all of the DNA in your mitochondria was passed down to you by your mother.

Density

Is a measure of the amount of mass per unit volume. The formula to find is mass divided by volume D=m/V. It is expressed in terms of mass per cubic unit such as grams per cubic centimeter g/cm^3.

Which of the following scenarios describes mistaking correlation for causation?

In the same year, the drinking water was contaminated by a nearby chicken farm, and stomach cancer in the area increased 3 percent. The contaminated water obviously caused stomach cancer to increase.

A ramp leading up to a loading dock would be considered which type of simple machine?

Inclined plane

Strong acids

Include hydrochloric hydriodic hydrobromic perchloric nitric and sulfuric. They ionize completely.

Decomposers

Include saprophytic fungi and bacteria that break down the complex structures of the bodies of living things into simpler forms that can be used by other living things. This recycling process releases energy from organic molecules.

Which of the following options is a serious direct impact of climate change?

Increase in average sea level. Of these options the only real direct impact of climate change is the rising sea level. This is due to the melting glaciers and ice sheets. Also the ocean expand slightly as they get warmer.

A scientific experiment usually tests only one changeable factor at a time. In an experiment, the factor changed by the experimenter, that controls the value of another changeable factor, is called the:

Independent variable

Above is a picture of a reptile that has a domed shell attached to their backbone. Because of their webbed feet and shell shape, this organism is properly referred to as a:

terrapin.

Use the following image to answer the question. Which choice describes the inner most layer 4?

Inner core: solid. Layer 4 is the inner core; therefore, Choices C and D are incorrect. The inner core is solid due to the intense pressure upon it, making Choice B incorrect.

Your school overlooks a field. Your students notice that the field held more flowers last year than this. Some say that they have noticed fewer flowers in the past few years. You encourage them to figure out why this might be happening. What type of scientific approach are you encouraging them to use?

Inquiry. Inquiry is often used to investigate current problems. It may involve designing and conducting investigations that lead to the identification of issues to analyze. Inquiry is used to examine single topics or in integrated sciences. The students will have to gather information about the field and interpret it. They might design experiments based on soil, water, rainfall etc. Deductive reasoning is top down reasoning -- the teacher presents generalizations and then examples to support them. Students make assessments based on these.

Animals are classified as those with a backbone and those without a backbone. Which of the following groups does NOT have a backbone?

Insects. Insects are invertebrates - they have no backbone. Reptiles, amphibians, and mammals have backbones.

A behaviorial pattern that a bird has for a specific song that is unlearned is called which of the following?

Instinct.

The pancreas is an important organ that helps in digestion and controls blood sugar. The chemical that the pancreas releases into the blood to reduce the level of blood sugar is:

Insulin is a hormone secreted when the blood sugar level gets too high. Glucagon is secreted when blood sugar level gets too low. Bile is for digestion, and epinephrine is by the adrenal gland.

When heat is removed from water during condensation new form.

Intermolecular bonds. A physical change occurs when water condenses. The only thing formed during condensation is new intermolecular bonds. Therefore no new covalent bonds form. The only time new atoms form is during a nuclear reaction. The water molecule is not ionizing so no new ionic bonds form.

Outline the characteristics of the types of invertebrates marine freshwater and terrestrial.

Invertebrates are animals with no internal skeletons. They can be divided into groups: -Marine invertebrates Members of this group live in oceans and seas. Marine invertebrates include sponges corals jellyfish snails clams octopuses squids and crustaceans none of which live on the surface.

Risk and benefit analysis

Involves having students consider the dangers of natural (major storms) chemical (pollution) biological (pollen and bacteria) social (occupational safety and transportation) and personal (smoking dieting and drugs) hazards. Students then use a systematic approach to think critically about these hazards apply probability estimates to the risks and compare them to estimated and perceived personal and social benefits.

The layer of the Earth's atmosphere above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Temperatures begin to rise because it is where atoms experience the gain or loss of electrons, giving them an electrical charge. That's why it's also called the:

Ionosphere. The charged particles are called ions, so that's where the name comes from. The ozone layer is below, in the stratosphere. The exosphere is the next layer out.

Samantha passed a small magnet through some dry soil near her house and discovered some small slivers attached to it. What could those slivers be?

Iron filings. Dry dirt is usually filled with small particles of iron that are attracted to a magnet. Magnetic rocks are very rare, and those particles are usually not magnetic.

Which of these depicts a chemical process?

Iron forming rust on submerged ships. Rust forms when iron and water mix creating iron oxide. This is a chemical process. Choice A may or may not have chemical change but the sentences imply that erosion is due to runoff. Choice C is simply a physical process. No chemical change occur. Choice D is an action or a reaction. The eruption itself does not cause a chemical change.

Volcanic ash

Is a good time indicator since is deposited quickly over a widespread area. Matching the date of an eruption to the allows for a precise identification of time.

Loudness

Is a human's perception of sound intensity.

Confirmation

Is the testing of claims to see how true they are. For a claim to be testable an experiment must be devised to ensure the validity of the results. A claim can only be confirmed when we know the condition for verification. A claim is always relative to the testing procedures. Test results must always be objective and observable. Actually no factual claim can ever be verified because there is always the possibility of new evidence appearing that proves the claim false. A scientific law must also be confirming by making predication based on unbiased observable data.

Active transport

Is when a cell uses energy to move individual molecules across the cell membrane to maintain a proper balance.

Why would a pencil appear to bend at the water line in a glass of water?

It appears to bend because of the refraction of light traveling from air to water. When light travels from one material to another it can reflect, refract, and go through different materials. Choice A is incorrect, as the pencil does not actually become warped but only appears to be warped. Choice C is incorrect; although the pencil appears to bend because of its immersion into separate mediums where speed is different, the pencil does not become temporarily warped—it only appears to be warped. Choice D is incorrect; it is the refraction of light, not reflection. The latter happens within the same medium, which makes the answer choice incorrect.

Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light. How is ultraviolet light dangerous?

It can cause sunburn, which can lead to skin cancer.

Which statement best describes the process of absolute dating?

It compares the amount of radioactive material in a rock to the amount that has decayed into another element. The scientific method is a series of steps to solve a problem. It measures the ae of a rock by comparing it to fossils found in the same stratigraphic layer as the rock, it measures the amount of daughter elements that have broken down by half, and it measures the mass loss of a rock by estimating the amount of material that has eroded due to catastrophic events are all parts of the scientific method.

If you double the distance between two (2) magnets, what happens to the magnetic field strength between them?

It decreases by a factor of the distance squared.

How does traveling from space to an air atmosphere change the speed of a light wave?

It decreases.

By Coulomb's Law, if the force between two charges is 64 N, and you separate the charges by twice the distance, the force will drop to which of the following?

It falls off by the distance between the plates squared.

Understanding the various characteristics of each planet is crucial in being able to identify the planet itself. Which of the following is true about Mars and the number and size of moons it has?

It has 2 small moons. Because of the iron oxide in the soil, Mars' surface appears reddish-yellow in color. The thin atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide.

​Read the options given below and select which is true about Jupiter and its moons?

It has 4 large moons and at least 59 smaller moons.

Which of the following is true of an isotope?

It has a different number of neutrons than its element. It has a different number of neutrons than its element. An isotope is a variation of an element that has a different number of neutrons. The element and its various isotopes continue to have the same numbers of protons and electrons. For example carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes carbon 12 carbon 13 and carbon 14 which is radioactive. Isotopes of an element differ in mass number which is the number of protons and neutrons added together but have the same atomic number or number of protons.

​Which of the following is true about Neptune and moons?

It has at least 13 moons. Neptune's bluish-green color is because of its methane atmosphere. It is a large, gaseous planet with rings that vary in thickness.

​Of the options below, which is true about Uranus and the number of moons it has?

It has at least 27 moons. Uranus is a large, gaseous planet. The atmosphere is made of hydrogen, helium, and methane.

Saturn is a planet known for its complex ring system and large number of moons it has. Which of the following is true about Saturn and its moons?

It has at least 47 moons. Titan is Saturn's largest moon. Saturn is the second largest planet. The atmosphere is thick and mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

Many planets in the solar system have moons and some do not. Which of the following is true about Mercury and moons?

It has no moons.

At what point in its swing does a pendulum have the most mechanical energy?

It has the same amount of mechanical energy throughout its path. Mechanical energy is the total amount of energy in the situation; it is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The amount of potential and kinetic energy both vary by the position of an object, but the mechanical energy remains constant.

Trip found the definition of an isotope in his science book, and it said that an isotope is an element that does which of the following?

It has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

If an atom's outer shell is filled, what must be true?

It is a stable atom. The outer shell refers to one of many energy levels or shells that electrons occupy around a nucleus. An atom whose outer shell is not filled wants to become stable by filling the outer shell. It fills its outer shell by forming bonds. The atom can do this by gaining electrons or losing electrons in ionic compounds or if the atom is a part of a molecule by sharing electrons. If an atom has a full outer shell such as the noble gases it does not readily react with other atoms and does not exchange electrons to form bonds. These atoms are known as inert. Therefore it reacts with other atoms through chemical reactions it exchanges electrons to form bonds with other atoms cannot be true. It has 32 electrons in its outer shell is not necessarily true because not all elements have the fourth shell that can hold 32 electrons. Some have fewer shells that hold fewer electrons.

What happens to the speed of sound in water compared to its speed in air?

It speeds up. Sound travels faster in solids and liquids and slower in gases. This is because the compact molecular arrangement of solids and the closer arrangement of molecules in liquid make these molecules respond more quickly to the disturbances of neighboring molecules than in gases.

Democritus

It is believed that the first conceptualization of the atom was developed by in 400BC. Some of the more notable models are the solid sphere or billiard ball model postulated by John Dalton the plum pudding or raisin bun model by JJ Thomson the planetary or nuclear model by Ernest Rutherford the Bohr or orbit model by Niels Bohr and the electron cloud or quantum mechanical model by Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger. Rutherford directed the alpha scattering experiment that discounted the plum pudding model. The shortcoming of the Bohr model was the belief that electrons orbited in fixed rather than changing ecliptic orbits.

Above is a picture of an electron microscope. Which of the following is NOT true about using an electron microscope over a light microscope?

It is easier to prepare and to look at specimens under an electron microscope. It is much more difficult to prepare specimen for an electron microscope. The other statements are true.

Why is it important to form a hypothesis?

It is important to form a hypothesis in order to make a tentative explanation that accounts for an unbiased observation. To be scientific the hypothesis must be testable through experimentation. Careful construction of the experiment provides that predictions derived from the hypothesis are valid. The hypothesis must be formulated in a manner designed to provide a framework for evaluating the results of an experiment. In many scientific experiments a hypothesis is posited in negative terms because scientists may accept logically plausible ideas until they are proven false. It is more difficult to prove that a hypothesis is true because its validity must be proven in all possible situations under endless variable conditions. Scientists tend to construct hypotheses for testing by creating experiments that might prove them false. It they succeed the hypothesis must be modified or discarded.

Which is true regarding DNA?

It is the genetic code.

The specific heat capacity of ice is half as much as that of liquid water. What is the result of this?

It takes half the amount of energy to increase the temperature of a 1 kg sample of ice by 1°C than a 1 kg sample of water.

A helium balloon is filled in a room that is cooled for keeping food fresh, to about 100C. If it is taken outside into a warm day at 350 C. What will happen to the balloon?

It will expand, or get larger. This is because the molecules have more energy, moving faster and hitting the sides more often and harder. It will not stay the same. It will not contract, and it is very predictable what will happen.

This planet is similar to Earth in size and mass. It is also the second planet from the Sun. Which planet is it?

Venus. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.

Water has a density of exactly 1. Ice has a density of 0.92 g/cm3 . What will happen to ice in water?

It will float.

When a cathode ray tube shoots an electron beam past a positively charged plate, what happens to the electron beam?

It will move toward the plate. Because opposite charges attract, the beam will move closer to the plate. The stronger the positive charge on the plate, the closer that the beam will move toward it.

What would happen to the intensity of the sun's light if it were moved twice its distance from Earth?

It would decrease by the distance squared.

If the moon were to be pulled twice the distance from the Earth, what would happen to the gravitational force between them?

It would decrease proportionally to the square of the distance.

Above is a picture of a large group of tomatoes. Which part of a plant is a tomato actually from?

It's a fruit.

Which of the following is the effect of the hormone known as auxin?

Its high concentrations stimulates the production of ethylene.

What happens to the temperature of a substance as it is changing phase from a liquid to a solid?

Its temperature remains the same due to the latent heat of fusion. The temperature of a substance during the time of any phase change remains the same. In this case the phase change was from liquid to solid or freezing. Latent heat of fusion in this case is energy that is released from the substance as it reforms its solid form. This energy will be released and the liquid will turn to solid before the temperature of the substance will decrease further. If the substance were changing from solid to liquid the heat of fusion would be the amount of heat required to break apart the attractions between the molecules in the solid form to change to the liquid form. The latent heat of fusion is exactly the same quantity of energy for a substance for either melting or freezing. Depending on the process this amount of heat would either be absorbed by the substance (melting) or released (freezing).

Isaac is reducing strawberry jam to make a dessert sauce. He takes the jam out of the refrigerator and spoons some into a saucepan. The jam is a cold, thick glob and takes a few minutes to slowly fall off the spoon and into the pan. Isaac turns the stove top on medium heat and the jam begins to turn runny and bubble. What factor of the jam did the heat affect?

Its viscosity

The scientist pictured above began to change the way geologists thought of the Earth in the 1700's. This Scottish geologist was one of the first scientists to think of the Earth as very old. His name is:

James Hutton. James Hutton was this scientist. False answers: Charles Lyell - came later; Principles of Geology Erasmus Darwin - a contemporary; not a geologist Jean Lamarck : A French contemporary; first evolution ideas.

Living things are highly organized. The smallest unit of a living thing that is considered alive is:

a cell. The cell is the smallest unit considered to be alive. A molecule and an atom are not considered alive. A tissue is made up of cells.

Of the following planets, this one is the largest planet in the solar system and is the fifth planet from the Sun. What planet does this describe?

Jupiter.

Students in Ms. Harris' class are discussing the planets and distinguishing characteristics of each planet. Ms. Harris shows her students the above planet image. Which planet is it?

Jupiter.

Harold is the only one in his class with red hair. He has the highest grade in the class. James concludes that red hair makes Harold smarter than everyone in his class. Which of the following describes the error that James has made?

Just because red hair and intelligence occur in the same person, does not mean that red hair causes intelligence.

Which element will react most strongly with fluorine (F)?

K.

Which organism is highest on the trophic food chain?

Killer whale

The of motion is also referred to as what?

Kinetic energy

Valence electrons

Known as the outer or they are responsible for the chemical properties of an element.

At room temperature, which of these elements is a gas?

Krypton. At room temperature, Bromine is a liquid, and Selenium, a solid. There isn't a significant amount of Bohrium on Earth, so it is made synthetically.

If land cools off rapidly at night and the ocean water stays relatively warm, what type of wind is created?

Land breeze. When land cools off rapidly at night and the ocean water stays relatively warm, it creates a land breeze. Sea breeze, or onshore breeze, occurs when the land heats the air above it. This heated, warmer air is less dense and rises. The cooler air from above the sea and higher sea level pressure creates a wind flow in the direction of the land. Coastal areas often have these cooler breezes. A monsoon is a seasonal wind in southern Asia that blows southwest in one season and northeast in another. The southwest winds in the summer bring heavy rain. The trade winds are the steady easterlies about the equator.

Review the image above and select the option that correctly identifies the moon phase that the image is displaying.

Last quarter. During a Last Quarter Moon, exactly 1/2 of the moon's lighted surface is visible. This takes place approximately one week after a full moon.

What part of most plants performs photosynthesis?

Leaf

The law which states that "an induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or change causing it", is called which of the following?

Lenz's Law. Lenz's Law is an extension of the Law of Conservation of Energy to the non-conservative world of electromagnetic induction; and it is used to calculate the direction of an induced electromotive force.

Which of the following simple machines utilizes a fixed fulcrum to move a load?

Lever

The diagram above is an example of a (an)?

Lewis Dot.

In Life Science, organisms, or living things, are studied. Which of the following statements is TRUE about life?

Life is a very difficult thing to study in science - it's impossible to really define it. We can recognize it and describe it, but it is not easy to understand. The other three statements are false.

List some of the biological chemical and physical properties that contribute to the earth's life sustaining system.

Life on earth is dependent on: -All three states of water gas water vapor liquid and solid ice -A variety of forms of carbon the basis of life carbon based units -In the atmosphere carbon dioxide in the forms of methane and black carbon soot produce the greenhouse effect that provides a habitable atmosphere -The earth's atmosphere and electromagnetic field which shield the surface from harmful radiation and allow useful radiation to go through -The earth's relationship to the sun and the moon which creates the four seasons and the cycles of plant and animal life -The combination of water carbon and nutrients which provides sustenance for life and regulates the climate system in a habitable temperature range with non toxic air.

Molds are fungi that grow in many places, but especially on our food. Three of the following conditions favors the growth of mold; which one condition does NOT favor mold growth?

Light conditions.

A man accidentally drops his wallet in a swimming pool. He can see his wallet at the bottom of the pool. He jumps in to retrieve it but the wallet is not where it appeared to be. What is the reason for the optical illusion?

Light is refracted as it exits the water changing the wallet's apparent location. Light travels faster in air than it does in water. When the light travels from the wallet to the man it will bend as it exits the water. The bending of light is called refraction and creates the illusion of the wallet being next to where it actually is.

Discuss visible light as part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible because of its ability to stimulate the retina. It is absorbed and emitted by electrons atoms and molecules that move from one energy level to another.

One of the most well-known rules in electricity is Coulomb's Law. According to this:

Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.

Your school is investigating a new science curriculum. You are very invested in keeping to accepted practices. Which is an accepted practice for living organisms in an elementary classroom?

Live vertebrates are not appropriate for elementary classrooms, except for observation.

List and briefly describe the life processes that all living things have in common.

Living things share many processes that are necessary to survival but the ways these processes and interactions occur is highly diverse. Processes include those related to: -Nutrition The process of obtaining ingesting and digesting foods excreting unused or excess substances and extracting energy from the foods to maintain structure. -Transport (circulation) The process of circulating essential materials such as nutrients cells hormones and gases (oxygen and hydrogen) to the places they are needed by moving them through veins arteries and capillaries. Needed materials do not travel alone but are piggybacked on transporting molecules. -Respiration The process of breathing which is exchanging gases between the interior and exterior using gills trachea (insects) or lungs. -Regulation The process of coordinating life activities through the nervous and endocrine systems. -Reproduction and growth The process of producing more of one's own kind and growing from birth to adulthood. The more highly evolved an animal is the longer its growth time is. -Locomotion (in animals) The process of moving from place to place in the environment by using legs flight or body motions.

Above is a picture of a lizard. Lizards look similar to salamanders, but there are significant differences. Which of the following is NOT a difference between lizards and salamanders?

Lizards have eyelids; salamanders do not. Both have eyelids. The other three statements are true.

Chloroplasts

Located primarily in the leaves contain chlorophyll (the pigment capable of absorbing light and storing it in chemical compounds) DNA ribosomes and numerous enzymes. Are surrounded by a membrane. The leaves of plants are the main producers of oxygen which help purify the air.

This French scientist who lived in the 19th century did a series of experiments with swan-necked flasks that, famously, was considered the last nail in the coffin of spontaneous generation. His name was:

Louis Pasteur. He developed the Germ Theory - the idea that we are surrounded by microscopic organisms. Louis Agazziz was a famous geologist who is credited with discovering the Ice Age. Pierre Curie was a French physicist, married to Marie Curie. John Needham was an English scientist who tried to prove that spontaneous generation was true.

Rather than using X-rays or sound waves to create an image, the technique used to make the above image uses a magnetic field to create a picture. This is called:

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).This alters the magnetic field, producing the Image. Endoscopy is using fiber-optic cameras. A PET scan uses positron emission tomography to see a detailed image. And ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves.

Electrons are one of the three particles in an atom. Describe the properties of an electron.

Low mass, negative charge. Electrons have a very low mass and carry a negative charge. Protons are positively charged, and have a larger mass. Neutrons are neutrally-charged and have a mass similar to a proton.

Which of the following is not an advantage angiosperms show over other types of plants?

Lower seed dispersal.

Compared to fresh water the freezing point of sea water is

Lower. The freezing point of seawater is lower than that of fresh water as sea water is denser. It is denser because it has more dissolved salts. The freezing point changes with salinity pressure and density but can be as low as -2 degrees C (28.4 degrees F) compared with 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) for fresh water.

The planets can be divided into two major groups depending on how they are composed. The four planets closest to the sun are called:

terrestrial planets, because they're made mostly of rock, like the Earth.

This organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down food and unneeded substances. They are also thought to be linked to the aging process. What part of a cell does this describe?

Lysosomes. A lysosome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down food and unneeded substances and are thought to be linked to the aging process. Chromatin is the structure created by DNA and various proteins in the cell nucleus during interphase and condenses to form chromosomes. Plastids are found in plants and algae. They often pigments and usually help make chemical compounds for the plant. The Golgi apparatus prepares macromolecules like proteins and lipids for transport.

A partially enclosed area that fills with ocean water at high tide and is most often at the end of a river when it meets the sea, like where the Chesapeake Bay meets all the freshwater rivers that empty into it, is:

an estuary.

Chromatin

Made up of DNA RNA and nuclear proteins is present in the nucleus. The nucleus also contains a nucleolus made of RNA and protein.

Of the space missions mentioned below, which was conducted in 1989?

Magellan.

How are igneous rocks formed?

Magma from a volcanic eruption cools and hardens. Igneous rocks are formed when magma in Earth erupts through cracks in the crust where it cools creating a hard structure with many air pockets or holes.

This mineral is ferrimagnetic, meaning it is attracted to a magnet and can also become a magnet itself. In addition, it has a black streak. What mineral is this?

Magnetite.

Poles

Magnets have two north and south. Like repel and opposite (pairs of north and south) attract. The magnetic field is a set of invisible lines representing the paths of attraction and repulsion. Magnetism can occur naturally or ferromagnetic materials can be magnetized. Certain matter that is magnetized can retain its magnetic properties indefinitely and become a permanent magnet. Other matter can lose its magnetic properties. For example an iron nail can be temporarily magnetized by stroking it repeatedly in the same direction using one pole of another magnet. Once magnetized it can attract or repel other magnetically inclined materials such as paper clips. Dropping the nail repeatedly will cause it to lose its charge.

Discuss what matter is and describe its properties.

Matter refers to substances that have mass and occupy space or volume. The traditional definition of matter describes it as having three states solid liquid and gas. These different states are caused by differences in the distances and angles between molecules or atoms which result in differences in the energy that binds them.

The Earth's atmosphere in its early history was thought to have much lower concentrations of oxygen than today. Which of the following would be one reasonable explanation for the increase in oxygen over time?

Many eons of photosynthesis by plants.

Ionic

Many inorganic compounds are meaning they form bonds rather than share electrons. They may have high melting points because of this. They may also be colorful but this is not an absolute identifiers of an inorganic compound. Salts which are inorganic compounds are an example of inorganic bonding of cations and anions. Some examples of salts and magnesium chloride MgCl2 and sodium oxide Na2O. Oxides carbonates sulfates and halides are classes of inorganic compounds. They are typically poor conductors are very water soluble and crystallize easily. Minerals and silicates are also inorganic compounds.

The drawing above is of the common carp. The fin on the topside of the back is called:

the dorsal fin.

Tornadoes can happen at any time of the year in the United States. However, the peak season for tornadoes in the US is:

March to May.

An object can have a negative charge, a positive charge, or be neutral. If it has a negative charge, it has:

an excess of electrons (more electrons than protons).

Oceanography is the study of the salty waters around the Earth. What term is used to refer to creatures that only live in salty water?

Marine.

Of the space missions listed below, which was conducted in 1962?

Mariner 2.

In which of the following scenarios is work not applied to the object?

Mario balances a book on his head. In this example work is not applied to the book because the book is not moving. One definition of work is a force acting on an object to cause displacement. In this case the book was not displaced by the force applied to it. Mario's head applied a vertical force to the book to keep it in the same position.

The asteroid belt in our solar system is located between:

Mars and Jupiter.

Asteroids are a piece of rock that is similar to the material that formed into the planets. Most asteroids are located between the orbits of which two planets?

Mars and Jupiter. These asteroids are located in the area which is known as the asteroid belt. Although this where most asteroids are located, there are others scattered throughout the solar system.

Why is a year on Mars shorter than a year on Jupiter?

Mars has a smaller orbit around the Sun.

Which is not a form of Energy?

Mass

Define mass weight volume density and specific gravity.

Mass Mass is a measure of the amount of substance in an object.

Which of the following is not an intensive physical property of matter?

Mass. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter. That is, an intensive property of matter does not change with the amount of the matter being measured. Intensive properties include density, temperature, viscosity, hardness, and boiling point, among other things. Extensive properties of matter do depend on the amount of matter. That is, change with the amount of matter being measured. Mass depends on the amount of matter being measured; it is an extensive property. All of the other choices are intensive properties.

The study of molecules and atoms reflects which of the following critical categories of science content standards?

Matter and energy

Once a hypothesis is stated, it needs to be tested. An organized procedure that tests the hypothesis, that involves making measurements and observations, is:

an experiment.

The first relationship between electricity and magnetism was established by which of the following?

Maxwell Equations. Maxwell's (four) equations established the first quantitative relationship between electrical forces and magnetic forces. They also show that light is an electromagnetic wave.

Dark matter

May account for up to 90% of the mass of galaxies. Is still not well understood.

Global warming

May cause the permanent loss of glaciers and permafrost. There might also be increases in air pollution and acid rain.

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of sap from a sugar source to a sugar sink?

May translocate sugars from the breakdown of stored starch up to the leaves. The sieve tubes of the phloem carry food and other solutes from a sugar source to a sugar sink. The source is a plant organ that produces sugar by photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch (leaves are usually the source), whereas a sugar sink is a plant organ that consumes or stores sugar (growing roots, shoot tips, and fruits are sugar sinks supplied by phloem). A storage plant organ, such as tubers or bulbs, can either be a source or a sink, depending on the season. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

In physics, inertia is defined as which of the following?

Measurement of an object's resistance to a change in velocity. Inertia is defined as the resistance of mass to a change in velocity (i.e. any physical object to a change in its movement). Inertia is why it is easier to keep a moving object moving, than it is to start it from a standing position.

Discuss the steps of measuring organizing and classifying data.

Measuring data is a crucial part of the scientific process. Measurements are most useful if they are quantified expressed in numbers. Measuring is the process of determining variables such as time space and temperature of objects and processes in precise numbers. The metric system is the universal standard of measurement in science.

The main function of ________ is to reduce the number of chromosomes to half the number of parent cells?

Meiosis I. In humans, diploid cells are those that contain 46 chromosomes. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes each made up of one chromosome from the father and one from the mother. In meiosis I, each chromosome replicates itself and lines up, or synapses, with its homologous chromosome, and each of the daughter cells ends up with one copy of each of the chromosomes. The two daughter cells at the end of meiosis I are haploid because they contain half of the chromosomes of the parent cell. In humans, this would be 23 chromosomes. However, each of these chromosomes is made of two sister chromatids. In meiosis II, the sister chromatids in the daughter cells separate and result in the production of the gametes. These are also haploid cells because they contain one copy of half of the genetic material of the parent cell. Four haploid cells result from meiosis. Mitosis refers to the process of cell division where each daughter cell contains exactly the same genetic material as the parent cell. Telophase refers to phases of both mitosis and meiosis, during which chromosomes move toward the opposite ends of the cell.

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Meiosis is involved with gamete formation, and mitosis is involved with regular cell division. Mitosis is the process of regular cell division and meiosis is involved in gamete formation. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell, and meiosis produces two haploid gametes.

What was the biological process observed in sea urchin eggs that was described in 1876 by noted German biologist, Oscar Hertwig?

Meiosis. The process of gamete formation, or meiosis, was first described by Hertwig in the formation of haploid sea urchin eggs. Any time sexual gametes are being formed, the process is called meiosis.

Freshwater invertebrates

Members of this group live in lakes and rivers. Include worms on the bottom microscopic crustaceans and terrestrial insect larvae that live in the water column but only where there is no strong current. Some live on the surface of the water.

Terrestrial invertebrates

Members of this group live on dry ground. Include insects mollusks (snails slugs) arachnids and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes). Breathe through a series of tubes that penetrate into the body (trachea) and deliver oxygen into tissues. Underground are generally light colored with atrophied eyes and no cuticle to protect them form desiccation. They include worms that live underground and in caves and rock crevices. This group also includes insects such as ants that create colonies underground.

The diagram illustrates which of the following biological principles?

Mendelian Genetics.

Nucleus

The consists of protons and neutrons. The properties of these are measurable they have mass and an electrical charge. The is positively charged due to the presence of protons. The of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. It is positively charged dense and heavier than the surrounding electrons. The plural form of is nuclei.

Which planets in the solar system have no moons?

Mercury and Venus are the only planets in our solar system that do not have moons. The other planets listed have multiple moons. Pluto, which is not considered to be a planet, also has multiple moons.

The first four planets from the Sun are called terrestrial planets. This planet, pictured above, is the closest planet to the Sun. It's name is:

Mercury.

​This element is also known as quicksilver and at room temperature is a liquid. Which element does this refer to?

Mercury.

Which of the following refers to an area of undifferentiated cells at the tip of a root or stem?

Meristem.

Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following?

Mesophyll cell walls. The stomata, the small pores in the surface of leaves, lead to a labyrinth of internal air space that exposes the mesophyll cells to the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis. The air in the leaf is generally saturated with water vapor. Damp air has a much higher water potential than dry air, and so on most days, the gaseous water within the leaf diffuses to the drier air outside of the plant. The water vapor lost from the air space within the leaf is replaced by water from evaporation in the mesophyll cells that border the air space. That lowers the water potential of the mesophyll cells, causing them to take up water from neighboring cells that have a higher water potential. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

Which of the following geologic eras is marked by a mass extinction of non-avian dinosaurs?

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ended with the Cretaceous-Palogene extinction event, during which flora and fauna, notably including non-avian dinosaurs, were killed off.

Compare and contrast meteorology weather and climate.

Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere particularly as it pertains to forecasting the weather and understanding its processes.

Heterotrophic and autotropic

Microbes can be (eat other things) or (make food for themselves). They can be solitary or colonial sexual or asexual. Examples include mold a multi cellular type of fungus and yeasts which are single celled (but may live in colonies).

Describe microbes (microorganisms).

Microbes are the smallest simplest and most abundant organisms on earth. Their numbers are incalculable and a microscope is required to see them. There is a huge variety of microbes including bacteria fungi some algae and protozoa. Microbes can be harmful or helpful.

Sound to electric

Microphone

The most recently formed parts of the Earth's crust can be found at

Mid ocean ridges. New crust forms here when magma erupts from these ridges and pushes pre existing crust horizontally towards the continental plates. Such ridges include the mid Atlantic ridge and the east pacific rise.

Which of the following does not contribute to the process of the rock cycle or the cycling of rocks in the environment?

Mineral dissolution is a consequence of the rock cycle but is not a contributing process because it does not add material back to the process. Choices AB and D metamorphism weathering and erosion and crystallization respectively all contribute to the process of creating and changing materials in a way that furthers the cycle.

Geology includes the study of the earth's physical structure and substance. The substances that are chemical compounds that can be described by a formula are called:

Minerals. Minerals are what make up rocks. They can be made up of only one kind of atom (elements), or more than one kind of atom (compounds). Some minerals are metals, but not all.

Cover and inner cristae

Mitochondria have two membranes a and the that folds over many times to increase the surface work area. The fluid inside the mitochondria the matrix is filled with water and enzymes that take food molecules and combine them with oxygen so they can be digested.

What is the cellular organelle responsible for producing energy called?

Mitochondria.

Explain the process of mitotic cell replication.

Mitosis is the duplication of a cell and all its parts including the DNA into two identical daughter cells. There are five phases in the life cycle of a cell: -Prophase This is the process of duplicating everything in preparation for division. -Metaphase The cell's different pieces align themselves for the split. The DNA lines up along a central axis and the centrioles send out specialized tubules that connect to the centromere. The centromere has two strands of a chromosome (condensed DNA) attached to it. -Anaphase Half of the chromosomes go one way and half go another. -Telophase When the chromosomes get to the side of the cell the cell membrane closes in and splits the cell into two pieces. This results in two separate cells each with half of the original DNA. -Interphase This is the normal state of the cell or the resting stage between divisions. During this stage the cell duplicates nucleic acids in preparation for the next division.

Discuss models for the flow of electric charge.

Models that can be used to explain the flow of electric current potential and circuits include water gravity and roller coasters. For example just as gravity is a force and a mass can have a potential for energy based on its location so can a charge within an electrical field. Just as a force is required to move an object uphill a force is also required to move a charge from a low to high potential. Another example is water. Water does not flow when it is level. If it is lifted to a point and then placed on a downward path it will flow. A roller coaster car requires work to be performed to transport it to a point where is has potential energy the top of a hill. Once there gravity provides the force for it to flow move downward. If either path is broken the flow or movement stops or is not completed.

Which of the following is NOT involved in the scientific collection of data?

Models. A model is used to explain the phenomenon or data after it has been collected. Proper tools help ensure the data is accurate proper management of the independent unchanging and dependent changing variables ensures reliable cause and effect results and repeated trials help ensure the trustworthiness of the data.

Hardness is an important characteristic of a mineral. The hardness scale is called the:

Moh's scale.

Gases

Molecules or atoms of move almost independently of each other are typically far apart and do not form bonds. The current definition of matter describes it as having four states.

Liquids

Molecules or atoms of move around and have weak bonds although they are not weak enough to readily break.

Mass times acceleration is equal to force. Mass times velocity is equal to which of the following?

Momentum.

This Kingdom includes single-celled bacteria that are autotrophic or heterotrophic. Every cell is prokaryotic.

Monera. This group is unicellular and have no organized nucleus. Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, and Plantae all have eukaryotic cells - with a true nucleus.

Which molecule is the simplest form of sugar?

Monosaccharide

Egg laying mammals are called what?

Monotremes. Monotremes are egg laying mammals. The only living monotremes are platypus and echidnas. The egg of a monotreme is reptilian in structure, but monotremes have hair and produce milk for their offspring.

Complex or compound machines

More can be formed from them. Simple provide a force known as a mechanical advantage and make it easier to accomplish a task. The inclined plane enables a force less than the object's weight to be used to push an object to a greater height. A lever enables a multiplication of force. The wheel and axle allows for movement with less resistance. Single or double pulleys allows for easier direction of force. The wedge and screw are forms of the inclined plane. A wedge turns a smaller force working over a greater distance into a larger force. The screw is similar to an incline that is wrapped around a shaft.

Kingdom Fungi includes organisms that don't move on their own, have cell walls, and must eat other things for nutrition because they can't make their own food. which of the following are NOT fungi?

Mosses.

Discuss troposphere circulation.

Most weather takes place in the. Air circulates in the atmosphere by convection and in various types of cells. Air near the equator is warmed by the Sun and rises. Cool air rushes under it and the higher warmer air flows toward Earth's poles. At the poles it cools and descends to the surface. It is now under the hot air and flows back to the equator. Air currents coupled with ocean currents move heat around the planet creating winds weather and climate. Winds can change direction with the seasons. For example in Southeast Asia and India summer monsoons are caused by air being heated by the Sun. This air rises draws moisture from the ocean and causes daily rains. In winter the air cools sinks pushes the moist air away and creates dry weather.

Define motion and displacement.

Motion is a change in the location of an object and is the result of an unbalanced net force acting on the object. Understanding motion requires the understanding of three basic quantities displacement velocity and acceleration.

Which Cascade Mountain has erupted the most over the past 4,000 years?

Mount St. Helens

When a force acts on an object and work is done, the object will do which of the following?

Move.

Provide an example of a simple circuit.

Movement of electric charge along a path between areas of high electric potential and low electric potential with a resistor or load device between them is the definition of a simple circuit. It is a closed conducting path between the high and low potential points such as the positive and negative terminals on a battery. One example of a circuit is the flow from one terminal of a car battery to the other. The electrolyte solution of water and sulfuric acid provides work in chemical form to start the flow. A frequently used classroom example of circuits involves using a D cell (1.5V) battery a small light bulb and a piece of copper wire to create a circuit to light the bulb.

Ants and aphids are organisms commonly found in nature. The ant doesn't eat the aphid, nor does the aphid eat the ant, so they have a different type of relationship than predator-prey. When aphids feed on plants, they simultaneously secrete a sugary substance that ants like to snack on. Ants in return protect the aphids from predators. What kind of relationship do the ant and the aphid demonstrate?

Mutualism

What would be the products of the chemical reaction NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →?

NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s).

Which one of the following compounds is a base?

NaOH. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is a base. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is a salt, and Hydrochloric (HCl) acid and Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are both acids. The amount of hydrogen ions that a compound gives up determines how acidic it is.

In an experiment, a bean seed is opened up to look at the baby plant inside of it. There is a special name for the seed leaves of the bean (or any baby plant), a characteristic used to put them into groups. The scientific name for seed leaves is:

cotyledons.

The above image is that of a large, gaseous planet that is the eighth from the sun. Of the following, what planet is this a picture of?

Neptune.

The planet pictured above is the eighth planet from the Sun. It was recently discovered to have a Great Dark Spot along with white streaks in its atmosphere. It is:

Neptune.

Which of the following established the law where an object at rest stays at rest?

Newton

Who is credited for simplifying the laws of motion?

Newton

What is the instrument used for measuring the force exerted by different elements in the universe that cause movement when they act upon objects by pulling, pushing, rotating, deforming, or accelerating them?

Newton meter. A Newton meter is used for such things such as gravity, friction, or tension. A bathroom scale or similar scale is a common example of a force meter. Choice A is not an existing term. Choices C and D are used to measure fractions of small numbers.

The mathematical equation, F = ma is known as which of the following?

Newton's Second Law. Newton' Second Law, F=ma. Force equals mass times (x) acceleration.

The following picture illustrates what physical principle?

Newton's Third Law.

Harley's sister, Camille, is pushing her on the swing. Camille notices that every time she pushes Camille forward, the swing propels back just as far. This is an example of which of the following of laws?

Newton's Third Law. This law states that for every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction. When Camille pushes Harley forward on the swing, the opposite and equal reaction is the swing going backwards. Choice A, law of inertia, is Newton's first law, which states that an object at rest or at motion stays that way unless otherwise acted upon by an outside force, making Choice A incorrect. Choice B, Newton's second law, states that the heavier, an object, the more force has to be used to move it, making Choice C incorrect. Choice D, Law of Segregation, has to do with heredity, and states that each trait has two versions that can be inherited, making Choice D incorrect.

Discuss Newton's laws of motion.

Newton's first law An object at rest or in motion will remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Directly and inversely proportional

Newton's second law An object's acceleration is to the net force acting on the object and to the object's mass. It is generally written in equation form F=ma where F is the net force acting on a body m is the mass of the body and a is its acceleration. Note that since the mass is always a positive quantity the acceleration is always in the same direction as the force.

What material is not a good electrical conductor?

Nichromium (a nickel and chromium alloy). Nichromium (a nickel and chromium alloy) is a very poor conductor. Most metals and ionic solutions are good conductors, while gases and non-metals are poor conductors.

All of the following molecules have an effect on the photosynthesis process EXCEPT:

Nitrogen. Chlorophyll, enzymes and carbon dioxide are all used during the photosynthesis process. Chlorophyll traps light energy that is used to split water molecules. The formation of glucose during photosynthesis takes place in two major steps known as light and dark reactions and each reaction requires enzymes. Carbon dioxide is part of dark reactions in the Calvin cycle.

A black cloth reflects what colors?

No color.

What types of substance is least likely to be soluble in water?

Non polar. A rule of thumb for a substance's solubility is that like dissolves like. Polarity is affected by the types of bonds between atoms and the bonds are affected by the types of atoms. An unequal sharing of electrons leads to polar bonding and polar substances. Water is polar and can dissolve many other polar substances. Hydrophilic molecules are polar and this word means water loving. Water also dissolves many ionic substances since they are composed of charged ions and can interact with the polar water molecules. Many organic compounds are non polar and do not dissolve well in water.

Very large amounts of energy are produced in atomic bombs. What is the process that powers an atomic bomb called?

Nuclear fission.

Which two ends in a magnet will attract each other?

North to south.

The separation of a single radioactive element to create a powerful force is known as what type of process?

Nuclear fission

Nuclear reactors are capable of producing large amounts of energy. What process produces it?

Nuclear fission. Just like an atom bomb, nuclear power plants produce energy from nuclear fission. Fission is the splitting of large atoms to produce smaller atoms and energy. If a chain reaction were to occur in the fission process, it is slowed down and controlled in a nuclear reactor, and out of control in an atomic bomb.

Combining two or more atoms of a single radioactive element to create a powerful force is known as what type of process?

Nuclear fusion

For most of history, it was believed that the sun was actually a burning ball of fire in the sky. We now know that the power of the sun comes from which of the following?

Nuclear fusion. The fusion of hydrogen and other atoms to make heavier elements is what powers the sun. Hydrogen atoms are fused to form helium, and helium atoms fuse to form other heavier elements. Differences in the type of star will determine what other types of elements are being produced, but hydrogen and helium must always be present, or the star will not be "burning".

Which type of macromolecule contains genetic information that can be passed to subsequent generations?

Nucleic acids

What defines an element?

Number of protons. The number of protons defines an element and its properties.

What property determines an element's bonding properties the most?

Number of valence electrons. The column that an element is listed on the Periodic Table of Elements determines how many valence electrons an element has, and that determines how an element wants to bond. Elements with one valence electron want to share or give up their electron, and elements with seven valence electrons want to obtain an electron.

Using a checklist reflects the use of which of the following assessment formats?

Observation

As part of an experiment the students in Mr. John's class have been watching cocoons mature on a life path. When a cocoon opens and a student observes the new butterfly fluttering its wings she states this fluttering is important so the butterfly can next break free of the cocoon. The student is using two scientific processes in her statement. What are they?

Observation and inference. By watching the process the student is involved in direct observation of the event. By stating why this is important she is making an inference about the event that the process is necessary in the life cycle since the information was not made available before. Seeing the process allowed her to make an inferential guess based on the action she saw. Choice A is not correct because no measurement was taking place either the time of the cocoon budding open or the length of the cocoon for example. Choice B is incorrect because no elements were added to gauge a reaction which would have been necessary for experimentation. Choice C is incorrect because the answer lacks the observational note and because the student was not necessarily sharing information or communicating she was only guessing as to why the action was occuring.

Middle clouds

Occur at altitudes between 2,000 and 7,000 meters.

High clouds

Occur at altitudes between 5000 and 13000 meters.

Photosynthesis

Occurs when the energy form the sun hits a chloroplast and the chlorophyll uses that energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugars and oxygen. The nutrition and oxygen obtained from plants makes them the basis of all life on earth. A chloroplast has two membranes to contain and protect the inner parts.

Earth Science involves the water on the Earth, too. The physical and chemical properties of the oceans is the science of:

Oceanography.

The majority of the solar energy that reaches Earth is absorbed by:

Oceans. The majority of the solar energy that reaches Earth is absorbed by the oceans, which make up 71 percent of the Earth's surface. Because of water's high specific heat capacity, oceans can absorb and store large quantities of heat, thus preventing drastic increases in the overall atmospheric temperature.

Which is an example of a physical property of substances?

Odor

Emphysema

Often caused by smoking tobacco destroys the tissues in the lungs which cannot be regenerated.

In current electricity, volts equals amps times ohms, or, V = IR. This formula is known as:

Ohm's Law. This relationship is also represented by the formula R = V/I. Coulomb's Law states that like charges repel, opposite charges attract. Boyle's Law is the relationship between the volume and pressure of a fixed amount of gas. And Ampere studied electrical current, but there is a unit named after him, but no law.

Electrical resistance opposes the flow of electricity in a circuit. Resistance is measured in units called:

Ohms. Ohms are the units of resistance. One ohm is the resistance in a 1 amp circuit with 1 volt of potential difference. Amps measure current (coulombs per second). Coulombs measure the amount of charge. Volts measure electromotive force.

In chemistry an alkene is the same thing as which of the following?

Olefine. In organic chemistry an alkene, olefin, (or olefine) are all the same. They are an unsaturated organic compounds containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

Provide the definition of a planet as agreed upon by the International Astronomical Union in 2006 and briefly describe the solar system.

On August 24 2006 the International Astronomical Union redefined the criteria a body must meet to be classified as a planet stating that the following conditions must be met: -A planet orbits around a star and is neither a star nor a moon -Its shape is spherical due to its gravity -It has cleared the space of its orbit.

List the characteristics of the various orders of reptiles.

One group of vertebrates is the reptile. This group includes: -Crocodilia This is a group reptiles that can grow quite large and includes alligators and crocodiles. Normally found near the water in warmer climates Crocodilia might be more closely related to birds than other reptiles. -Squamata This is the order of reptiles that includes snakes and lizards. Snakes are special because they have no legs and no ears. They feel vibrations smell with their tongues have specialized scales and can unhinge their jaws to swallow prey that is larger than they are. Like snakes lizards have scales but they differ in that they have legs can dig can climb trees and can grab things. -Chelonia This is the order of reptiles that includes turtles and tortoises. It is a special group because its members have shells. Different varieties live in forests water and deserts or anywhere the climate is warm enough. They also live a long time even hundreds of years. Turtles are typically found near water and tortoises on land even dry areas.

How many gametes do the ovaries produce every month?

One

AC and DC currents differ in an important way. What is that difference?

One has alternating current poles and the other does not.

Olivine is a magnesium iron silicate. Which of the following gems is made of Olivine ?

Peridot. Almandine is made of Garnet. Amethyst is made of Quartz. Blue sapphire is made of Corundum.

The simplest and most common atom in the universe is hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms have which of the following?

One proton and one electron. Normal elemental hydrogen has one proton and one electron. Most hydrogen atoms have 0 neutrons. Isotopes of hydrogen can have one or two added neutrons.

Ohm's Law states that: I=V/H. If you have a current of 24 amps and a voltage of 6 volts, what is your resistance?

One-fourth (1/4) of an ohm.

The force required to lift the weight at the down line in the diagram is which of the following?

One-third the weight. Because of the mechanical advantage offered by the pulleys, the force is one-third the weight (1/3 W). One pulley does not change force needed. Two pulleys will cut the force in half, and three pulleys cut the force into one-third the weight (1/3 W).

Two moles of hydrogen gas will combine with how many moles of oxygen gas to produce one mole of water?

One.

Which of the following is true regarding magnets?

Opposite charges attract

Carnivores

Or secondary consumers are animals that eat the bodies of other animals for food. Predators (wolves lions etc.) kill other animals while scavengers consume animals that are already dead from predation or natural causes (buzzards).

Which endocrine gland regulates the blood sugar levels of the body?

Pancreas

Cell -> ___1___ -> ___2___ -> organ system -> organism Fill in blank #2 with the correct structure and a possible example in the circulatory system.

Organ: Heart. Blank #1 is tissue and blank #2 is organ, so Choices C and D are automatically incorrect. Blood vessels (B) are a type of smooth muscle tissue. The heart is an organ.

Which of the following refers to carboxyl acid?

Organic acids with a -COOH group. Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by having a carboxyl, which is written -COOH or -CO2H. Those type of molecules are polar, and form hydrogen bonds easily.

In the constellation Orion, pictured above, the three stars lined up in the middle make up his "belt". "Hanging down" from his "belt" is a celestial object that is not actually a star. It's a cloud of dust in space known as "the Great:

Orion Nebula". A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust and ionized gases. A supernova is the remains of an exploded star. A galaxy is a huge group of billions of stars and other celestial objects. An open cluster is a group of several stars together, as in the nearby Pleiades.

Polarized light is light that does which of the following?

Oscillates in one direction only. Light waves are both vertical and horizontal. Polarized light has only vertical waves or only horizontal waves.

Passive transport involves the movement of things across a cell membrane without having to use any energy. When water diffuses across a membrane from an area of low salt concentration to an area of high salt concentration, what is the process called?

Osmosis.

Above is a drawing of a fish, the common carp. These fish, and others like them, are put into a group known as:

Osteichthyes, the bony fish.

How are organisms such as snakes cacti and coyotes able to survive in harsh desert conditions?

Over thousands of years these organisms have developed adaptations to survive in arid climates. Many organisms especially organisms that live in harsh conditions such as deserts or frozen icy areas have developed specific adaptations that allow them to survive. For example cacti are able to expand to store large amounts of water coyotes absorb some water from their food and snakes can escape the heat by hiding within rocks.

This element is the second most common element in the atmosphere, but it is the most common element in the Earth's solid crust. This is even though it's a gas in its pure form.

Oxygen

What is a product of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

Which of the following are the chemical by-products in photosynthesis?

Oxygen and sugar.

In her aquarium, Kesha noticed tiny bubbles on the leaves of her water plants. Her science teacher told her that it was probably a gas produced by the plant during photosynthesis. If this is true, which of the following gas was produced?

Oxygen.

Which element has three more protons than Boron?

Oxygen.

Many elements can be found naturally on Earth. What is the most common element found in the earth's crust?

Oxygen. Oxygen makes up approximately 47% of the earth's mass. Followed by silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

An earthquake produces three kinds of waves. The fastest of all the waves are the first ones to arrive at a seismometer recording station, the:

P-waves. These are the primary waves, first to arrive. The S- waves are second to arrive. The surface waves are last to arrive, since they travel along the surface, not through the Earth's interior. There are no such things as K-waves.

There are five major oceans on the Earth. The largest ocean, with an area of over 60 million square miles, is the:

Pacific.

Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm?

Palms. There are four groups of extant gymnosperms: 1) cycads - which resemble palms and are sometimes called sago palms; 2) ginkgo - a popular ornamental tree that can survive air pollution; 3) welwitschia - which lives only in southwestern Africa; 4) conifers - which include pines, firs and redwoods.

According to the most commonly accepted model of how the Earth's surface changed over time, Laurentia, the early continent that contained North America, joined together with all the other early continents during the late Paleozoic. As pictured above, this conglomeration of all the continents (with their modern counterparts drawn in) was called:

Pangaea.

The increase in pressure that a diver experiences with depth is due to which of the following?

Pascal's Law. Pascal's Law states that a force applied over a specific area and its pressure are measured by the formula P = F ÷ A, or "pressure equals force divided by area". Pascal's Law is also the underlying principle of the hydraulic press.

Compare and contrast passive and active transport.

Passive transport within a cell does not require energy and work. For example when there is a large concentration difference between the outside and the inside of a cell the pressure of the greater concentration not energy will move molecules across the lipid bilayer into the cell. Another example of passive transport is osmosis which is the movement of water across a membrane. Too much water in a cell can cause it to burst so the cell moves ions in and out to help equalize the amount of water.

Above is a picture of a planarian. This freshwater creature, because of its body shape, is a member of the group called:

flatworms.

Subjective conclusions

Periodically science will impact these with new evidence. For example the theory of evolution is regarded as blasphemy by many religious fundamentalists. These conflicts may cause great upheavals in society leaving many to wonder how science and religious belief can be reconciled. Ultimately observation of the external world must stand as the true test of science.

Which of the following does not control the movement of ocean currents?

Phase of the Moon

Chemical to light

Phosphorescence and luminescence which allow objects to glow in the dark occur because energy is absorbed by a substance charged and is re emitted comparatively slowly. This process is different from the one involved with glow sticks. They glow due to chemiluminescence in which an excited state is created by a reaction and transferred to another molecule.

Define pitch loudness sound intensity timbre and oscillation.

Pitch Pitch is the quality of sound determined by frequency. For example a musical note can be turned to a specific frequency. A for instance has a frequency of 440Hz which is a higher frequency than middle C. Humans can detect frequencies between about 20Hz to 20000Hz.

Which of the following is the name for the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis

The movement of a living plant toward a light source is an excellent example of which of the following?

Phototaxis.

Which of the following is not true about the taxonomic classification of humans?

Phylum - Mammal. The phylum is actually chordates, or Chordata. All others are correct. Humans are of the animalia kingdom, chordata phylum, vertebrate subphylum, mammalian class, primate order, and hominid family. The genus and species of humans is Homo sapiens.

Senses and action

The nervous system is concerned with. In other words it something and then acts upon it. An example is a predator sensing prey and attacking it. The nervous system also automatically activity inside the body and reacts to stimuli. For example the first bite of a meal sets the whole digestive system into motion.

Over the course of history, several space missions have taken place, for various reasons. Which of these space missions was conducted in 1972?

Pioneer 10. Pioneer 10 launched in March 1972. Its destination was Jupiter. It sent back photos of Jupiter.

Who discovered the idea that energy comes in small packets called quanta?

Planck. Max Planck discovered that energy is released in discrete packets known as quanta, and based on said discovery, quantum mechanics science began.

Explain how plants manufacture food.

Plants are the only organisms capable of transforming inorganic material from the environment into organic matter by using water and solar energy. This transformation is made possible by chloroplasts flat structures inside plant cells.

Above is a picture of a flatworm known as a planarian. Which other pair of organisms listed are also both flatworms?

flukes and tapeworms. These groups are parasitic flatworms. Earthworms and lugworms are segmented worms. Roundworms and hookworms are nematodes, the group of roundworms. Leeches and clamworms are annelids, also.

This is a diagram of a vial of human blood that has been centrifuged. What blood component is represented by the yellow portion?

Plasma. The yellow portion of the test tube represents blood plasma, which makes up approximately 55% of blood volume. The remainder (the white and red portions) are the cellular components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Earthquakes and the formation of mountain ranges are two natural events influenced directly by which of the following geological processes?

Plate tectonics

Mechanical to sound

Playing a violin or almost any instrument

Above is a picture of the star pattern in the night sky known as the Big Dipper. This can be used to find:

Polaris, the North Star.

Which of the following is NOT a human genetic disorder?

Poliomyelitis is caused by a virus. Color blindness which is actually a color vision deficiency occurs most often due to missing or damaged genes on the X chromosome. Therefore males who have only one X chromosome are more likely to be affected. Down syndrome results from part or all of an extra chromosome 21. Neurofibromatosis referring to several conditions that often lead to tumors results from an affected dominated gene. Therefore there is a relatively high probability of the conditions being passed from parent to child.

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a plant organ?

Pollen.

The beginning of uterine contractions in childbirth is an example of what in a physiological function?

Positive feedback. Positive feedback in a physiological function is a mechanism in which the change in a variable amplifies an activity rather than reverse it. The stimulation of uterine contractions in childbirth is an example of positive feedback.

Chemical elements can be analyzed by the color of light that they give off when exposed to an open flame. This procedure is called a flame test. Which element does not match the color of its flame?

Potassium = Orange. Lilac is the flame test color for potassium. All the other elemental flames are correct.

A dinner plate that rests inside a kitchen cabinet is an example of which type of energy?

Potential energy

The water cycle involves phase changes. Which example below is evaporation?

Sunlight evaporates dew from plants. Choice A is incorrect because cloud formation is condensation. Choice B is incorrect because rain, snow, and ice storms are different forms of precipitation. Choice C is incorrect because rivers flowing into the oceans are examples of run-off.

A pulley lifts a 10kg object 10m into the air in 5 minutes. Using this information you can calculate

Power=work/time. The mass of the object (10kg) and the distance (10m) can be used to calculate work. The value for time is also provided.

Which of the following is NOT directly caused by tectonic plate movement?

Precipitation

One type of cloud has a base that goes all the way to the ground. This is also known as:

fog.

Tamera notices that her watch crystal sometimes produces a rainbow on the wall when the sun shines through it. In this case her watch is acting like which of the following?

Prism.

The following picture illustrates the motion of an object that upon set in motion is influenced only by gravity. That type of motion is called which of the following?

Projectile motion. Motion of an object once launched that follows a parabolic path determined only by gravity is called projectile motion. Projectile motion is the arcing motion of a projectile or bullet.

Tracheids of the primary plant body originate from which of the following?

Procambium. Tracheids are long, thin, tapered cells with lignified secondary walls that function in support and permit water flow through pits and thinner regions in which only primary walls are present. Tracheids originate from the procambium, a primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms vascular tissues in plants. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

Chemical changes

Properties are apparent when occur. The properties of a substance are influenced by its electron configuration which is determined in part by the number of protons in the nucleus the atomic number. Carbon for example has 6 protons and 6 electrons. It is an element's outermost valence electrons that mainly determine its properties. Reactions may release or consume energy.

How do neuroglia support neurons?

Provide a framework around them and protect them from the surrounding environment

A vascular plant without seeds or flowers that reproduces by spore belongs to which of the following?

Pterophytes (Ferns). Ferns, known as pterophytes, are vascular plants that lack both seeds and flowers, and reproduce by spore.

Neutral

Pure water has a pH which is 7.

According to Moh's Scale, which of these minerals has a hardness of 7?

Quartz. Topaz has a hardness of 8, and Corundum has 9. Diamond has a hardness of 10.

An animal with a top and bottom but no head and rear end and no left and right is called what?

Radiata.

Power is defined as which of the following?

Rate of work. Power is the rate of doing work, or the rate of using energy. As a rate, it is a measurement of change.

A concave lens will do which of the following?

Rays will diverge.

Afferent neurons

Receive sensory information and transmit it back to the central system.

Hydration

Refers to solutions in which water is the solvent. Solutions are formed when the forces of the molecules of the solute and the solvent are as strong as the individual molecular forces of the solute and the solvent. An example is that salt NaCl dissolves in water to create a solution. The Na+ and the Cl- ions in salt interact with the molecules of water and vice versa to overcome the individual molecular forces of the solute and the solvent.

Atomic radius

Refers to the average distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron. Models of atoms that include the proton nucleus and electrons typically show the electrons very close to the nucleus and revolving around it similar to how the Earth orbits the sun.

Sound energy

Refers to the in waves.

Chemical energy

Refers to the manner in which atoms form into molecules and this can be released or absorbed when molecules regroup.

Absolute humidity

Refers to the total amount of moisture air is capable of holding at a certain temperature.

Magnification of an object by a lens is done using which of the following principles?

Refraction. Refraction of light causes the light waves to bend in a way that magnifies the object. This property of light allows the use of lenses to create both the microscope and the telescope.

Elements on the periodic table are arranged into groups and periods and ordered according to all of the following except

Refractive index. The refractive index is an optical property which is not related to the organization of the periodic table. Elements on the periodic table are arranged into periods or rows according to atomic number which is the number of protons in the nucleus. The periodic table illustrates the recurrence of properties. Each column or group contains elements that share similar properties such as reactivity.

The primary function of the human endocrine system is to

Regulate growth and development. The endocrine system is made up of the glands that secrete hormones. Choice A is the main function of the immune system. Choice C pertains to the muscular system. Choice D pertains to the nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.

Galileo in 1610 made an important discovery about Jupiter by observing it through his telescope. He discovered:

the first four moons, showing that there were objects that orbited some other body besides the Earth or Sun.

What laboratory practice can increase the accuracy of a measurement?

Repeating the measurement several times can increase the accuracy of the measurement. Calibrating the equipment will increase the precision of the measurement. None of the other choices are useful strategies to increase the accuracy of a measurement.

Which of the following would not be used as evidence for evolution?

Reproductive habits. Usually how a species reproduces does not support nor add to the body of evidence for the theory of evolution. Reproduction habits might exemplify how any given organism can adapt to changes in its environment as a way to survive. This does not necessarily show evolution. Fossil record is evidence for evolution as it shows evolutionary change of organisms over time. DNA sequences show that organisms that are related evolutionarily also have related gene sequences. Anatomical structures such as having an internal bony structures provide evidence of descent from a common ancestor.

What electrical part do the two symbols stand for?

Resistor.

In 1940, Galloping Gertie (the Tacoma Narrows Bridge) collapsed due to a windstorm. The chief cause of its collapse was considered to be which of the following?

Resonance with the wind. Resonance with the wind caused much greater swinging than the bridge could handle. Resonance can magnify vibration far beyond any regular physical force.

The breaking of a glass by the sound produced from an opera singer's voice is caused by what phenomenon?

Resonance. When the singer reaches the resonance frequency of the glass, it vibrates much stronger and that is what causes it to break. Resonance can cause a great magnification of a wave effect.

In the constellation of Orion, the Hunter (pictured above) one of the most prominent winter constellations, there is a hot, blue-white star that makes up his "right foot" called:

Rigel. This is the bright star at his foot; Betelgeuse is a bright red supergiant at the upper left. Aldebaran is the red star that makes up the "eye" of Taurus the Bull. Sirius is the white star in the constellation Canis Major.

Discuss the impact of the greenhouse effect (global warming).

Rising temperatures may lead to an increase in sea levels as polar ice melts lower amounts of available fresh water as coastal areas flood species extinction because of changes in habitat increases in certain diseases and a decreased standard of living for humans. Less fresh water and losses of habitat for humans and other species can also lead to decreased agricultural production and food supply shortages. Increased desertification leads to habitat loss for humans and certain other species. Decreases in animal populations from losses of habitat and increased hunting by other species can lead to extinction. Increases in severe weather such as huge sustained snowstorms may also occur at unlikely latitudes. Even though global warming results in weather that is drier and warmer overall it still gets cold enough to snow. There may be more moisture in the atmosphere due to evaporation.

Explain risk and benefit analysis as studied in the personal and social perspectives of science.

Risk analysis considers the type of hazard and estimates the number of people who might be exposed and the number likely to suffer consequences. The results are used to determine options for reducing or eliminating risks. For example the Center for Disease Control must analyze the risk of a certain new virus strain causing a pandemic how many people and what age groups need to be vaccinated first and what precautions can be taken to guard against the spread of the disease.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a similarity or difference between rocks and minerals?

Rocks are classified by their formation and the minerals they contain while minerals are classified by their chemical composition and physical properties. Minerals may contain traces of organic compounds while rocks do not is incorrect because rocks may contain traces of organic compounds. Both rocks and minerals can be polymorphs and both rock and minerals may contain mineraloids are incorrect because only minerals can be polymorphs and only rocks contain mineraloids. Rocks are classified by their formation and the minerals they contain while minerals are classified by their chemical composition and physical properties.

Primary and lateral

Roots and classified as and (like a trunk and branches).

Explain the functions of roots stems and leaves.

Roots are structures designed to pull water and minerals from soil or water. In large plants such as trees the roots usually go deep into the ground to not only reach the water but also to support and stabilize the tree. There are some plant species that have roots above ground and there are also plants called epiphytes that live in trees with their roots clinging to the branches. Some roots like carrots and turnips serve as food.

Spinel is magnesium aluminum. Which of the following gems is made of Spinel?

Ruby spinel. Emerald is made of Beryl. Tanzanite is made of Zoisite. Topa is made of Uncut Topaz.

Some mammals are able to acquire nutrients from plants by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion. Cows, goats, sheep, and camels are in this group, called:

Ruminants. The 4 chambered stomach is called a rumen. Ungulates are hoofed mammals (many are ruminants, but not all). Marsupials are pouched mammals. Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs.

Frogs and toads are amphibians. What other group of animals are amphibians?

Salamanders. Salamanders are amphibians, like frogs and toads. Snakes, lizards, and turtles are reptiles.

Describe the functions of the nervous system.

The nervous system is divided into two parts the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (a network of billions of neurons of different types throughout the entire body). The neurons are connected end to end and transmit electrical impulses to each other.

Mr. Billings and his 6th grade class are discussing the various planets and dwarf planets. He asks his class to identify the second largest planet in the solar system, which has the lowest density. View the image above and select the correct answer to that question.

Saturn.

Which of these is the planet that is the second-largest in the solar system, has a complex ring system, and is the sixth planet from the Sun?

Saturn.

Of the planets listed below, which requires 354 Earth months to make one complete orbit of the Sun?

Saturn. Saturn travels 5,565,900,000 miles in one complete orbit of the Sun. Neptune takes 1,979 Earth months to make one complete orbit of the Sun, and Jupiter, 142 Earth months. Uranus requires 1,009 Earth months to do this.

Interacts

The nervous system with every other system in the body because all the tissues and organs need instruction even when individuals are not aware of any activity occurring. For instance the endocrine system is constantly working to produce hormones or adrenalin as needed.

One classroom set up specifically for the instruction of science reflects the use of which of the following teaching resources?

Science centers

What is science?

Science is a method of acquiring and obtaining knowledge. It is the process of gaining reliable information about the real world including the explanation of phenomena. It is the development of a body of knowledge about observable phenomena using the best capabilities humans have at their disposal. The process of organizing and classifying knowledge through objective observation and evaluation is a major goal of science. Science can be considered reliable but it is not infallible. The limits of human knowledge are constantly growing often making yesterday's science obsolete and simplistic. Science is thus never fixed it is always subject to change as new information is gained and synthesized with existing knowledge. Ultimately science is the sum total of knowledge in any period of time based on the current abilities of man to understand the world of phenomena verifiable by observable data.

Describe science as a series of processes.

Science is not just the steps of experimentation.

Which one of the most important things to consider when teaching science?

Science should be taught through processes because the concepts will be easier to understand if they are grounded in genuine inquiry.

Discuss the steps and principles of scientific inquiry.

Scientific inquiry is the impetus and catalyst for all scientific research and experimentation. It grows from questions about the observed world and gives us a template with which to apply the scientific method. Steps in scientific inquiry include the following principles: 1. Determination and scope of the questions to be investigated are the first step. These may range from simple to extremely complex questions to be explored by scientists. 2. The design strategy and method of the inquiry are then carefully considered and a model for the inquiry is constructed. 3. The formulation of theories and models based on the careful observation of objective unbiased data then follows. This formulation is derived from the scope of the scientific inquiry and the questions to be investigated. 4. Analysis of possible alternative conclusions drawn from the models and results of experimentation follows. 5. Postulating a theory or constructing a scientific statement based on conclusions is the next logical step. 6. Defending the scientific statement against alternative hypotheses is a critical function of scientific inquiry. 7. Defense of the theory or conclusion against critical analysis is the final step in the process.

Scientists believe there may be up to how many distinct species on Earth?

Scientists estimate there may be up to 100 million distinct species of life, although only about 1.5 million have been categorized so far. As new species continue to be discovered, the number of Phyla in the taxonomic classification system has increased to accommodate organisms that did not fit into previously-established categorical groups.

Which fossil is the oldest?

Seashell

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its meristematic tissue?

Secondary Phloem - Cork Cambium. Meristematic tissue is a plant tissue that remains embryonic throughout a plant's life, allowing for indeterminate growth. Cork cambium (a meristematic tissue produced by the pericycle of the stele) forms the periderm that replaces the cortex, and the epidermis that sloughs off during normal secondary growth. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

Which type of rock accumulates in layers at the bottom of the ocean due to run-off? The fossils in the figure are embedded in which type of rock?

Sedimentary

This type of rock is formed when small pieces of other rocks break off and are moved by water or wind, so that they can be cemented together after they are deposited.

Sedimentary rock was formed when pieces of other rocks were deposited and, under heat and pressure, became rocks. Igneous rock.could be called magma rock, which are not deposited by water; and Metamorphic rock could be from sedimentary or igneous.

Which scientist is correctly paired with what he or she studies?

Seismologist: earthquakes

During photosynthesis, the plant uses visible light energy to fix carbon and manufacture simple sugars and grow. The carbon to build these simple sugars comes from which of the following?

The air.

Efferent neurons

Send impulses from the central system to the limbs and organs.

In this diagram, "A" is what?

Sensory neuron.

The pH of distilled water should be a value of which of the following?

Seven (7).

Many substances have different crystal forms. Carbon is one element that has many different forms. Which of the following crystal substances is not a form of carbon?

Shale. Shale is a rock made of fine clay particles that is sometimes infused with oil. It does not contain carbon crystals. Diamond is the hardest carbon crystal known, while graphite is the weakest carbon crystal known.

Markie analyzed two liquid compounds and determined that they were both the same chemical. She based this on the fact that both compounds were the same color. Her teacher told her that she was wrong. Based on your knowledge of matter, where did Markie go wrong?

She only looked at a one compound property, and one cannot make a determination from only one compound property.

Define simple machines and list some examples.

Simple machines include the inclined plane lever wheel and axle and pulley. These simple machines have no internal source of energy.

These structures make up the most abundant form of mineral. They include quartz and sandstone.

Silicates. Silicates have silicon-oxygen chains that make them up. Carbonates, like calcite, have Carbon in the structure. Halides have halogens, and sulfides have sulfur.

This second most common element in the Earth's crust is a primary component of quartz and sand. It is usually a solid.

Silicon. Quartz is silicon dioxide. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the crust; aluminum and magnesium are abundant, but not as much as silicon.

Ag is the elemental symbol for which of the following elements?

Silver. Ag is the elemental symbol for Silver. AU is the symbol for gold.

Fossilized human remains

Since humans have been around for a relatively short period of time help to affix a date to a location.

Discuss the impact of science and technology on the environment and on human affairs.

Since the industrial revolution science and technology have had a profound impact on human affairs. There has been a rapid increase in the number of discoveries in many fields. Many major and minor discoveries have led to a great improvement in the quality of life of many people. This includes longer life spans because of better nutrition access to medical care and a decrease in workplace health hazards. Not all of these problems have been solved and many still exist in one form or another. For example even though there are means to recycle not every business does so because of economic factors. These advances while improving the lives of many humans have also taken their toll on the environment. A possible solution may arise when the carrying capacity for humans on Earth is reached. The population will decline and solutions will have to be found. Otherwise an immediate halt or decrease in the human behaviors that are causing environmental damage will need to happen.

This scientist, pictured above, determined the formula to calculate the gravitational force between two masses. An apple may not have fallen on this Englishman's head, but his discovery was real. His name is:

Sir Isaac Newton.

The brightest star in the night sky is actually a binary star - a large white star and a white dwarf. This star, part of the constellatiion Canis Major (the Big Dog) is:

Sirius.

Acceleration, like velocity, can be positive or negative. Which of the following would be a negative acceleration?

Slowing down in a positive direction.

Which element has the same number of valence electrons as Carbon?

Sn.

Above is a picture of a snail. Snails are mollusks, like clams, but there are several major differences. Three of the following statements are true about the differences between snails and clams; choose the one false statement.

Snails can move from place to place; clams cannot. Clams have a foot that allows them to move from place to place; the other three statements are true.

Bad bacteria

Some are killed by the penicillin developed from a fungus.

During the rapid depolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron, what ion rushes into the cell?

Sodium. Sodium rushed into the neuron during the rapid depolarization of an action potential. Other ions may move across the membrane at other times, but they are not responsible for the initial change in membrane voltage. Topical anesthetics such as lidocaine are sodium channel blockers and prevent pain cells from firing.

Light to electric

Solar panels

The stream of charged particles that escape the Sun's gravitational pull is best described by which of the following terms?

Solar wind. Solar wind is comprised primarily of protons and electrons and these particles are deflected away from the Earth by its magnetic field. When stray particles do manage to enter the atmosphere they cause the aurorae (Northern and Southern Lights) and geomagnetic storms that can affect power grids.

Geologic layers

Some areas have missing because of erosion or other factors but reference tables specific to a region will list what is complete or missing.

List some properties of salts.

Some properties of salts are that they are formed from acid base reactions are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic ions dissociate in water and are comprised of tightly bonded ions. Some common salts are sodium chloride NaCl sodium bisulfate potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 and calcium chloride CaCl2. Calcium chloride is used as a drying agent and may be used to absorb moisture when freezing mixtures. Potassium nitrate KNO3 is used to make fertilizer and in the manufacture of explosives. Sodium nitrate NaNO3 is also used in the making of fertilizer. Baking soda sodium bicarbonate is a salt as are Epsom salts magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Salt and water can react to form a base and an acid.

Explain the phenomenon of sound.

Sound is a pressure disturbance that moves through a medium in the form of mechanical waves which transfer energy from one particle to the next. Sound requires a medium to travel through such as air water or other matter since it is the vibrations that transfer energy to adjacent particles not the actual movement of particles over a great distance. Sound is transferred through the movement of atomic particles which can be atoms or molecules. Waves of sound energy move outward in all directions from the source. Sound waves consist of compressions (particles are forced together) and rarefactions (particles move farther apart and their density decreases). A wavelength consists of one compression and one rarefaction. Different sounds have different wavelengths. Sound is a form of kinetic energy.

Pitch is a characteristic of what type of waves?

Sound waves. Pitch is a characteristic of sound waves only, and has to do with wave vibrations as it travels through the medium of air.

When a billiard ball is bounced off the boundary of a billiard table, the angle of reflection is equal to which of the following?

The angle of incidence. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The billiard ball will bounce off the border, and roll back at the same angle in which it hit the border.

Carl Linneaus invented the same basic system we use for classification of the biological world in the 1700's. His smallest group was named after the Latin word for "kind", based on the Biblical word for a group of organisms in the first Chapter of Genesis.

Species.

The structure of the Milky Way galaxy is best described as:

Spiral.

What is a change in state from a solid to a gas called?

Sublimation is a change in state from a solid to a gas. Evaporation is a change in state from a liquid to a gas, melting is a change in state from a solid to a liquid, and condensation is a change in state from a gas to a liquid.

Crop productivity starts to decline when the leaves begin to wilt mainly due to which of the following?

Stomata close and prevent carbon dioxide from entering the leaf. When a plant cell has a water deficiency, the guard cells lose their turgor and collapse, effectively closing the stomata. That reduces the further loss of water from the plant cell. The trade-off to this is the inability for the plant cell to take up carbon dioxide through the stomata to use in photosynthesis, therefore the crop productivity will decline. The correct answer therefore, is (C).

What part of a plant system responds to stimuli by releasing water via transpiration except during adverse conditions like a drought when it closes up to prevent the plant from dehydration?

Stomata. A stoma is the part of a plant system that responds to stimuli by releasing water via transpiration. It can also close during adverse conditions like a drought to prevent the plant from dehydration. Stomata closure can also be triggered by the presence of bacteria. Pith refers to the central spongy part of the stem in vascular plants. Guard cells flank stomata and regulate the opening. Sepals are modified leaves that protect the flower bud before it opens.

The second layer of the atmosphere up, above the weather and containing the ozone layer, is the:

Stratosphere.

Which is the highest layer of Earth's atmosphere where birds have been found flying?

Stratosphere. A species of vulture Ruppell's was found at 37000 feet in the lower level of the stratosphere. With very few exceptions however birds fly in the lowest atmospheric level the troposphere also home to Earth's weather patterns. Choice C the mesosphere reaches to about 50 miles above Earth and is where shooting stars burn up. Choice D the thermosphere extends to about 400 miles and has a very low air density. Satellites and the space shuttle orbit in this layer. It also absorbs much of the sun's UV radiation and contains many highly charged ions thus the ionosphere and almost all the aurora Southern and Northern Lights.

Solid

Structures are rigid or nearly rigid and have strong bonds.

These minerals are made of a metal and an atom of sulfur. Pyrite, or fool's gold, is the best known mineral of this group.

Sulfides Sulfides have on sulfur atom per molecule. Sulfates have 4 oxygens; halides and carbonates have no sulfur.

One of the main reasons that premature infants have difficulty surviving outside of the womb is that their lungs are not fully developed. During later development, the lungs secrete a chemical, similar to a mild detergent, that decreases the surface tension of water and keeps alveoli open to air flow. What is the common name of that chemical?

Surfactant. Human lungs secrete surfactant into the alveoli to reduce the surface tension of water. Without it, tiny alveoli will collapse and not re-inflate through normal inspiration. Available as a medication, the chemical is given to premature infants until their lungs are more fully developed. That single treatment greatly extends the viable gestational age outside of the womb. The correct answer therefore, is (B).

Jovian Planets

The are Jupiter (the largest planet) Saturn Uranus and Neptune. They are called (Jupiter like) because of their huge sizes in relation to that of the Earth and because they all have a gaseous nature like Jupiter. Although gas giants some or all of the may have small solid cores.

Tropical clownfish are often found living among sea anemone. The clownfish eat algae and dead material off the sea anemone, which keeps the anemones clean and the clownfish fed. The sea anemone also provides a protective environment for the clownfish. What is this an example of?

Symbiotic relationship

Reactants and products

The are on the left side before the arrow and the are on the right side after the arrow. The arrow indicates the reaction or change.

When chlorine (a very poisonous green gas) combines with sodium (a toxic and explosive metal), it produces a very common molecular compound that is necessary to sustain life. What is the compound?

Table salt.

Zoisite is a calcium aluminium hydroxy sorosilicate. Which of these gems is made of Zoisite?

Tanzanite.

Of the following, which is not significantly present on Earth, and is made synthetically?

Technetium. At room temperature, Xenon is a gas, and Mercury, a liquid. Indium is a solid. Technetium is a metal and has the atomic number of 43. Its symbol is Tc.

What type of impact on the world's systems is not human in nature?

Tectonic disturbances.

The Earth's rocky crust is broken up into large pieces of rock called:

Tectonic plates. They are called tectonic plates. They are part of the lithosphere, but they are not called lithoplates. They move on the asthenosphere, but are not part of it. When they move, they cause seismic waves, but they are not seismic plates.

The amount of potential energy an object has depends on all of the following except its

Temperature. The amount of potential energy an object has depends on mass height above ground and gravitational attraction but not temperature. The formula for potential energy is PE=mgh or potential energy equals mass times gravity times height. Answers mass height above ground and gravitational attraction are all valid answers as they are all contained in the formula for potential energy. Potential energy is the amount of energy stored in a system particularly because of its position.

A sky diver falling from a plane without opening his shoot reaches a maximum speed of around 120 miles per hour in freefall. What is the maximum speed called?

Terminal velocity.

As part of an experiment on electricity a teacher brings in a string of Christmas lights. When she randomly removes one light the rest of the strand also turns off. What concept is she most likely trying to exemplify?

That a string of lights is part of a series of electric currents that are connected by the wire.

The primary difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is which of the following?

The presence of a nucleus.

Down Syndrome is caused by which of the following?

The presence of an extra (21st) chromosome.

In the early Cenozoic Era, the most recent time period, several mountain ranges were pushed up by the collisions of land masses. Three of the following mountain ranges were pushed up at this time. Which one was not?

The Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. According to the most widely-accepted model of Earth's history, the Appalachians were formed much earlier than the Cenozoic Era - back during the late Paleozoic Era. The Alps, the Rockies, and the Himalayas are believed to be pushed up at about the same time. Mountain-building caused by tectonic plates colliding with each other is not irreconcilable with the Creationist model - the only difference would be timing (thousands of years ago instead of millions).

Current electricity are electrons that run through a pathway. The pathway is called:

a circuit. A circuit is the pathway through which the electrons run. The current is what runs through the pathway. A voltage is the potential difference, or electrical pressure, that pushes electrons through the circuit. It is not referred to as a directed line.

Sound waves

The Doppler effect is easily observable in. What a person hears when a train approaches or a car honking its horn passes by are examples of the Doppler effect. The pitch of the is different not because the emitted frequency has changed but because the received frequency has change. The frequency is higher (as is the pitch) as the train approaches the same as emitted just as it passes and lower as the train moves away. This is because the wavelength changes. The Doppler effect can occur when an observer is stationary and can also occur when two trains approach and pass each other.

Explain the Doppler effect.

The Doppler effect refers to the effect the relative motion of the source of the wave and the location of the observer has on waves.

Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy

The Earth exists in the and the nearest to ours is the. Galaxies can be classified by their visual shape into elliptical spiral irregular and starburst galaxies. It is estimated that there are more than 100 billion galaxies in the universe ranging from 1000 to 100000 parsecs in diameter. Galaxies can be megaparsecs apart.

Born in 1871, Ernest Rutherford is known as the Father of Nuclear Physics. Which of the following is he best known to have accomplished?

The Gold Foil Experiment.

Some minerals are not compounds. When a single type of atom occurs alone, it is called:

a native element. Copper, gold, and sulfur are often in their native form in nature. All elements are natural; the atoms are independent and separate from other elements, but they wouldn't be called autonomous. And if silicated, by definition it's not an element.

Kobie cleaned his room every day, but by the following Friday it would be messy again. His science teacher told him that this was a good example of which of the following?

The Law of Entropy In nature, physical systems without input of energy have a tendency to move from an organized state to a disorganized state. The system tendency to go to randomness is called entropy. The Law of Entropy, or the tendency of things to go toward randomness, is just like the transformation from clean to messy associated with Kobie's room.

Which one of Mendel's laws theorizes that the alleles for different traits are NOT linked and can be inherited independently of one another?

The Law of Independent Assortment

Explain how the rock record can help determine the order in which geologic events occurred.

The Law of Superposition logically assumes that the bottom layer of a series of sedimentary layers if the oldest unless it has been overturned or older rock has been pushed over it.

Above is a picture of a compound light microscope. The first lens, closest to the specimen, to magnify the image is called the:

objective lens.

What part on the fungus in the graphic is represented by the question mark?

The gill.

The rock pictured above is slate. It is a metamorphic rock that forms parallel sheets, so it is said to be:

foliated. The term foliated means it's in layers. Non-foliated is the opposite. Exfoliated is a rock that weathers in layers, like an onion. And amphibole is a mineral found in some metamorphic rocks.

If an atom has a neutral charge what must be true of the atom?

The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons. An atom has a neutral charge if its atomic number is equal to its number of electrons. The atomic number (Z) of an element refers to the number of protons in the nucleus. If an atom has fewer or more electrons than its atomic number then it will be positively or negatively charged respectively. Cations are positively charged ions anions are negatively charged ones. Choices A and B both describe a nucleus containing only neutrons with no protons. An element of this nature is referred to as neutronium but is theoretical only.

Define and discuss electric charges as they relate to atomic structure.

The attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus is called the electric force.

Which nerve system allows the brain to regulate body functions such as heart rate and blood pressure?

The autonomic nerve system is part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, which are responsible for regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. The central nervous system, Choice A, includes only the brain and the spinal cord. The somatic nervous system, Choice B, is also part of the efferent division of the PNS and controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions, allowing for body movements. The afferent division of the PNS, Choice D, relays sensory information within the body.

What happens to gas particles as temperature increases?

The average kinetic energy increases while the intermolecular forces decrease. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of particles. As temperature increases the average kinetic energy also increases. As the gas particles moves more rapidly they occupy a larger volume. The increase in speed of the individual particles combined with the greater distance over which any intermolecular forces must act results in a decrease in the intermolecular forces.

A ball is resting on the front end of a boat. The boat is moving straight forward toward a dock. According to Newton's first law of motion, when the front of the boat hits the dock, how will the ball's motion change with respect to the boat?

The ball will move forward.

What will happen if a bowling ball and a golf ball are dropped from a high bridge?

The balls will fall at roughly the same speed. If you remember Galileo's experiment from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the mass or size of an object does not affect its acceleration. The balls should fall at roughly the same speed with slight differences due to air resistance.

Discuss scientific measurement and unit systems.

The basis of qualitative measurement is the unit system. In order to properly describe how large how heavy or how hot something is it is necessary to have some reference unit.

A concrete float can be used to construct a floating marina because it floats on water. The best explanation for this is which of the following?

The concrete float as a whole is less dense than the water that it displaces.

Cytoplasm

The cell is filled with a fluid called or cytosol.

Explain the role of a cell and describe its basic contents.

The cell is the basic organizational unit of all living things. Each piece within a cell has a function that helps organisms grow and survive. There are many different types of cells but cells are unique to each type of organism.

Domain and kingdom

The current system of taxonomy involves placing an organism into a Bacteria Archaea and Eukarya and then a Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae and Animalia. The kingdoms are divided into phyla then classes then orders then families and finally genuses and species. For example the family cat is in the of eukaryotes the of animals the phylum of chordates the class of mammals the order of carnivores the family of felidae and the genus of felis. All species of living beings can be identified with Latin specific names that are assigned by the worldwide binomial system. The genus name comes first and is followed by the name of the species. The family cat is felis domesticus.

First law

The deals with conservation of energy. It states that neither mass nor energy can be destroyed only converted from one form to another.

List the common criticisms of the deductive model.

The deductive model of the scientific method has the following criticisms: 1. The deductive model fails to make logical distinctions among explanations predictions and descriptions of things to be explained. 2. The deductive model is restrictive It excludes most scientific examples. 3. The deductive model is too inclusive It admits data that cannot be explained. 4. The deductive model requires an account of cause law and probability which are basically unsound. 5. The deductive model leaves out the elements of context judgment and understanding.

What is the wavelength of a wave?

The distance from crest to crest of a wave.

The fossil pictured above is a typical trilobite. Trilobites are so common in many rock layers dated to the Paleozoic Era that they are used as index fossils. Index fossils are:

fossils that can be used to date particular rock layers because the species only existed for relatively short periods.

Discuss the electromagnetic spectrum.

The electromagnetic spectrum is defined by frequency (f) and wavelength (A). Frequency is typically measured in hertz and wavelength is usually measured in meters. Because light travels at a fairly constant speed frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength a relationship expressed by the formula f=c/A where c is the speed of light (about 300 million meters per second). Frequency multiplied by wavelength equals the speed of the wave for electromagnetic waves this is the speed of light with some variance for the medium in which it is traveling. Electromagnetic waves include (from largest to smallest wavelength) radio waves microwaves infrared radiation (radiant heat) visible light ultraviolet radiation x rays and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets that have a magnitude inversely proportional to the wavelength.

Terry was trying to measure the torque on a bolt. What is the torque on a bolt?

The energy involved in spinning the nut along the threads of a bolt.

Use the following diagram to answer the question that follows It would be most correct to say that energy in this food web flows in which direction?

The energy is flowing upward.

Which area of the Earth experiences nearly the same temperature year-round, without the distinction of four seasons?

The equator is equidistant from both the north and the south pole. Therefore, this area stays at relatively the same point in space even as the Earth tilts on its own axis. While each hemisphere of the Earth will experience different temperatures and seasons, the climate of the equator stays relatively constant year-round. Areas close the equator (in both the north and south directions) may experience the same temperatures year-round, but may experience wet and dry seasons.

Where in the Periodic Table of the Elements would you find the noble gases?

The far right column

Explain the basic rules of laboratory safety.

The following basic rules should be supplemented by standards appropriate to individual laboratories: 1. Hazardous areas must be identified and warnings posted regarding risks. 2. A hazard containment plan must be in effect and readily available. 3. Safe control of airflow must be maintained at all times. 4. Safe work practices must be taught to all who work in the lab. 5. Proper maintenance of laboratory equipment must be enforced. 6. Safe storage of hazardous material must be implemented. 7. Procedures for safe disposal of hazardous wastes must be followed at all times. 8. An updated emergency procedure manual must be available. 9. A complete emergency first aid kit should be accessible at all times. 10. Regular education on the basics of lab safety should be implemented.

Explain the role of producers consumers and decomposers in the food chain.

The food chain or food web is a series of events that happens when one organism consumes another to survive. Every organism is involved in dozens in connections with others so what happens to one affects the environment of the others. In the food chain there are three main categories: -Producers Plants and vegetables are at the beginning of the food chain because they take energy from the sun and make food for themselves through photosynthesis. They are food sources for other organisms. -Consumers There are three levels of consumers the organisms that eat plants (primary consumers or herbivores) the organisms that eat the primary consumers (secondary consumers or carnivores) and in some ecosystems the organisms that eat both plants and animals (tertiary consumers or omnivores). -Decomposers These are the organisms that eat dead things or waste matter and return the nutrients to the soil thus returning essential molecules to the producers and completing the cycle.

Use this diagram to answer the question that follows: Which of the following is the most likely short term outcome if due to pollution phytoplankton were eliminated from this pond and this food web?

The food web as illustrated here would collapse as dragonflies trout and mayflies have no other recognized food source.

What is the definition of work?

The force used to move a mass over a distance. Choice A may be a secular (non scientific) definition of work. Choice C is the definition of power. Choice D is the definition of potential energy.

Plasma

The fourth is which is an ionized gas that has some electrons that are described as free because they are not bound to an atom or molecule.

In an experiment, plants were grown in containers of different colors of light. Some were grown in red light, some in blue, some in green, and the control group was in white light. After a few days, the control group grew the best. Which group would grow the worst?

The group under green light, because plants reflect green - they generally don't use it for photosynthesis. Almost all the green light that hits a chlorophyll molecule (that does photosynthesis) would be reflected, not used. Chlorophyll uses a band of red light and a band of blue light to do photosynthesis.

Atomic structure

The grouping of elements is based on. It shows periodic trends of physical and chemical properties and identifies families of elements with similar properties. It is a common model for organizing and understanding elements. In the periodic table each element has its own cell that includes varying amounts of information presented in symbol form about the properties of the element.

Which aspect of the Earth is scientifically proven to be strongly influenced by its moon?

The high and low tides of the ocean waters are directly influenced by the position of the moon in relation to the Earth. There is no scientific evidence that correlates the moon's influence on labor in pregnant females, daily predictions (or horoscopes), or seismic activity (which is primarily a geologic process driven by the internal environment of the Earth).

Specific heat

The high of water means it resists the breaking of its hydrogen bonds and resists and motion which is why it has a relatively high boiling point and high vaporization point. It also resists temperature change. Water is peculiar in that its solid state floats in its liquid state. Most substances are denser in their solid forms. Water is cohesive which means it is attracted to itself. It is also adhesive which means it readily attracts other molecules. If water tends to adhere to another substance the substance is said to be hydrophilic. Water makes a good solvent. Substances particularly those with polar ions and molecules readily dissolve in water.

Explain the purpose of the skeletal system.

The human body has an endoskeleton meaning it is inside the body. It is made up of bones instead of the hard plate of exoskeletons or fluids in tubes which comprise the hydrostatic system of the starfish. The purpose of the skeleton is to support the body provide a framework to which the muscles and organs can connect and protect the inner organs. The skull protects the all important brain and the ribs protect the internal organs from impact. The skeletal system interacts with the muscular system to help the body move and softer cartilage works with the calcified bone to allow smooth movement of the body. The skeletal system also interacts with the circulatory system in that the marrow inside the bones help produce both white and red blood cells.

Above is a picture of a vase in a flat, plane mirror. How is the image in this mirror described?

The image is right-side up, appearing to be the same size, but is backwards (or reversed).

Discuss the unique properties of water.

The important properties of water H2O are high polarity hydrogen bonding cohesiveness adhesiveness high specific heat high latent heat and high heat of vaporization. It is essential to life as we know it as water is one of the main if not the main constituent of many living things. Water is a liquid at room temperature.

Chlorophyll

The in chloroplasts is responsible for the light or luminous phase of photosynthesis. The energy it absorbs breaks down water absorbed through the roots into hydrogen and oxygen to form ATP molecules that store energy. In the dark phase when the plant has no light the energy molecules are used to attach carbon dioxide to water and form glucose a sugar.

What is the primary difference between the Earth's inner core and outer core?

The inner core is solid, while the outer core is molten

Which layer of the Earth is 760 miles wide and comprised primarily of nickel and iron?

The inner core of the Earth is a solid sphere made of nickel and iron. Scientists believe that while the Earth initially formed as a molten, gaseous ball, it cooled down and its four main layers were created. While the outer three layers are made of a variety of elements and consist of different forms of matter, the inner core is very hot, yet solid.

When a neuron fires an action potential, sodium ions rush into the cell, temporarily depolarizing it and changing the electrical gradient of the neuron from the resting state. What is true of the neuron's cell membrane during the resting state?

The inside of the membrane has a net negative charge

Compare and contrast hunters and prey animals.

The interaction between predators and their prey is important to controlling the balance of an ecosystem.

Identify some of the interactions of science and technology with society.

The interactions of science and technology with society include: -Scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many people think about themselves others and the environment. -Technology influences society through its products and processes. It influences quality of life and the ways people act and interact. Technological changes are often accompanied by social political and economic changes. Science and technology contribute enormously to economic growth and productivity. The introduction of the cell phone into society is a perfect example of technology influencing society quality of life human interaction and the economy. -Societal challenges often inspire questions for scientific research and social priorities often influence research priorities through the availability of research funding. Science and technology have been advanced through the contributions of many different people in a variety of cultures during different time periods of history. Scientists and engineers work in colleges businesses and industries research institutes and government agencies touching many lives in a variety of settings.

Plants and some bacteria can make their own food, but animals and fungi cannot. They must get food from another source, so they are called:

heterotrophs.

Van der Waals force

The is a weak between molecules. This type of is much weaker than actual chemical bonds between atoms.

Stroma

The is an area inside the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches are created.

Ideal gas law

The is derived from the kinetic theory of gases.

Rate of flow of electric charge

The is expressed using the ampere (amp or A) and can be measured using an ammeter. A current of 1 ampere means that 1 coulomb of passes through a given area every second. Charges typically only move from areas of high potential to areas of low potential. To get charges to into a high potential area you must to connect it to an area of higher potential by introducing a battery or other voltage source.

Coma

The is the comet's fog like envelope that glows as it reflects sunlight and releases radiation.

Dew point

The is the temperature at which water vapor condenses into water at a particular humidity.

Apical meristem

The is the tip of a root or shoot that helps the plant increase in length.

Explain the kinetic theory of gases.

The kinetic theory of gases assumes that gas molecules are small compared to the distances between them and that they are in constant random motion. The attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are negligible. Their kinetic energy does not change with time as long as the temperature remains the same. The higher the temperature is the greater the motion will be. As the temperature of a gas increases so does the kinetic energy of the molecules. In other words gas will occupy a greater volume as the temperature is increased and a lesser volume as the temperature is decreased. In addition the same amount of gas will occupy a greater volume as the temperature increases but pressure remains constant. At any given temperature gas molecules have the same average kinetic energy.

Igneous rocks can cool at different speeds. In general, the slower the cooling rate:

The larger the crystals. The more time they can form, the larger they get. The less time, the smaller they get. It is predictable.

List the basic laws of thermodynamics.

The laws of thermodynamics are generalized principles dealing with energy and heat.

What happens when light passes through a prism?

The light is refracted with the longest wavelength at the top. As light moves from air to glass it changes speeds. This change causes a change in direction refraction as the different wavelengths colors exit the glass at different speeds. Red with the longest wavelength is scattered least so it is at the top. Light that is reflected is bounced back by an object such as a mirror.

In science class you observe a red liquid. According to optical theory, the reason that the liquid is red is attributable to which of the following?

The liquid reflects red light and absorbs all other wavelengths of light. The liquid reflects only red light and absorbs all other colors of light. That is why you see it as red.

Outline the system of classification for living organisms.

The main characteristic by which living organisms are classified is the degree to which they are related not the degree to which they resemble each other.

Define inorganic compounds and describe their characteristics.

The main trait of inorganic compounds is that they lack carbon. Inorganic compounds include mineral salts metal and alloys nonmetallic compounds such as phosphorus and metal complexes. A metal complex has a central atom or ion bonded to surrounding ligands molecules or anions. The ligands sacrifice the donor atoms in the form of at least one pair of electrons to the central atom.

Which statement best describes the molecular arrangement of a liquid crystal?

The molecular arrangement is random in some directions and regular in others.

On Earth, radio waves seem to travel almost instantaneously from one place to another. However, radio waves sent from Earth to the moon and back again have about a three-second delay. Which of the following is the best explanation for this?

The moon is about 1.5 light seconds from Earth. Radio waves travel at a constant speed, which is the speed of light. Even though light travels very fast, the moon is a long distance away. Thus, it actually takes light about 1.5 seconds to travel the distance, so there is a 1.5-second delay in any radio signal to the moon, and that signal takes 1.5 seconds to return. The moon is 1.5 light seconds from Earth.

SI

The most commonly used unit system in the world is the short for the Systeme International d'Unites although the English system is still in popular use in the United States. In SI there are base units and derived units. The SI base units for length mass time temperature and electric current are meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) kelvin (K) and ampere (A) respectively. Some common derived units are newtons (kg-m/s^2) and pascals (kg/m-s^2). Most SI units can be scaled up or down by adding a prefix. To alter a unit by 10^3, 10^6, or 10^9 add a prefix of kilo (k) mega (M) or giga (G). For instance a kilometer (km) is 10^3meters. To change the unit by a facotr of 10^-3, 10^-6, or 10^-9 add a prefix of milli (m) mirco (u) or nano (n). For instance a microsecond (us) is 10^-6 seconds. It is important to note that the SI base unit kilogram has already employed a prefix to scale up the smaller unit gram (g). Order of magnitude is a concept that deals with comparison between two values. If one value differs from the other by a factor of 10^n it may be said that it differs by n orders of magnitude. Other SI base units include the mole and the candela. Some lesser used prefixes include hecto (h) 10^-2 deca (da) 10^1 deci (d) 10^-1 and centi (c) 10^-2.

Explain magnetic fields as they relate to atomic structures.

The motions of subatomic structures (nuclei and electrons) produce a magnetic field. It is the direction of the spin and orbit that indicate the direction of the field.

This Kingdom of organisms tend to stay attached - they don't move from place to place. They are green so they can make their own food from sunlight. They are:

plants.

In which situation is an atom considered neutral?

The number of protons and electrons are equal.

Third law

The of thermodynamics states that as temperature approaches absolute zero entropy approaches a constant minimum. It also states that a system cannot be cooled to absolute zero.

Zeroth law

The of thermodynamics states that two objects in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third objects are also in equilibrium with each other. Being in thermodynamic equilibrium basically means that different objects are at the same temperature.

Membrane

The one thing that all cells have in common is a which is comparable to a semi permeable plastic bag. The is composed of phospholipids.

Coefficient

The or stoichiometric is the number before the element and indicates the ratio of reactants to products in terms of moles. The equation for the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen for example is 2H2 g + O2 g -> 2H2O l. The 2 preceding hydrogen and water is the which means there are 2 moles of hydrogen and 2 of water. There is 1 mole of oxygen which does not have to be indicated with the number 1. In parentheses g stands for gas l stands for liquid s stands for solid and aq stands for aqueous solution a substance dissolved in water. Charges are shown in superscript for individual ions but not for ionic compounds. Polyatomic ions are separated by parentheses so the ion will not be confused with the number of ions.

Valence layer

The outermost is the which contains the electrons. The tends to have or share eight electrons.

Peter was measuring the pH values of local lakes in order to establish whether acid rain was a problem. What pH value would he expect to find if acid rain were a problem?

The pH levels lower than five (5). Normal distilled water has a pH value of approximately seven (7), or neutral. Normal rain has a pH value as low as 5.2 (because of CO2 content). Anything below a pH level of five (5) down to three (3) would be cause for concern.

A gas is held in a closed container and held at constant temperature. What is the effect of increasing the volume of the container by 3 times?

The pressure decreases by one third. The pressure decreases to one third. A gas in a closed container at constant temperature will decrease in pressure to one third when the volume of the container is tripled. The ideal gas law is where P is pressure V is volume n is the moles of the gas R is the gas constant and T is temperature. A variation to solve for pressure is P=nRT/V. Boyle's Law indicates that pressure and volume are inversely proportional. The pressure cannot be increased because that would imply that pressure and volume are directly proportional.

Describe the periodic table and its basic layout.

The periodic table groups elements with similar chemical properties together.

What drives weather systems to move west to east in the mid latitudes?

The prevailing westerlies. The direction refers to that which the wind is coming from. The polar easterlies that travel from the northeast occur between 90-60 degrees north latitude. The ones from the southeast are between 90-60 degrees south latitude. The trade winds refer to those occurring near the equator in the tropics moving east. The doldrums are also in the tropics but refer to an area of low pressure where frequently the winds are light and unpredictable.

Which endocrine gland is found at the bottom of the hypothalamus?

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland that is found at the bottom of the hypothalamus. The hormones that it releases regulate growth, blood pressure, and pain relief, among other things. The thymus, Choice B, is located in the chest cavity and produces hormones that are important for the development and maintenance of immune responses. The thyroid gland, Choice C, is found in the neck and releases hormones responsible for metabolism, growth and development, temperature regulation, and brain development during infancy and childhood. The pancreas, Choice D, is located in the abdomen and regulates blood sugar levels.

Air is compressed inside of an aerosol can. What happens when the air is released into a balloon?

The potential energy of the compressed air becomes kinetic energy in the balloon, pushing the sides apart.

Define pH and discuss the pH scale.

The potential of hydrogen pH is a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution. A lower pH indicates a higher H+ concentration while a higher pH indicates a lower H+ concentration.

One night a ham radio operator in Seattle is able to pick up radio signals from New York City over 3000 miles away. If radio waves travel in straight lines, how could those radio waves have traveled around the curvature of the Earth and been heard so far away ?

The radio waves could be bouncing off the atmosphere.

While scuba diving, Andrew noticed that the fish he speared was one-third (1/3) smaller after he brought it to the surface than when he saw it underwater. What is the reason for that?

The refraction of light makes the fish appear bigger.

Select all of the following that can be determined by studying the rock record where radioactive elements are missing.

The relative age of a fossil and the relative ages of rocks found in different places. Without radiometric dating which can determine absolute age all dating must be relative. Choice B is usually determined by using the principle of superposition where in an undisturbed rock sequence of layers the older fossils are lower than the more recent. Thus a fossil in a lower layer is older than one in a higher layer. Choice D can be determined for example when the same kind of fossil is found in rocks from different places. The rocks would be of the same relative age.

Grasshoppers, like the one in the picture above, have legs and feet designed for the way they live. A grasshopper's feet are designed for:

holding on to a vertical surface, and holding on to plants in general.

Describe the respiratory system including examples of diseases and interactions with other systems.

The respiratory system exchanges gases with the environment. Amphibians exchange gases through their moist skin and fish use gills but mammals birds and reptiles have lungs. The human respiratory system is made up of the nose mouth pharynx trachea and two lungs. The purpose of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. The respiratory system can inhale viruses bacteria and dangerous chemicals so it is vulnerable to toxins and diseases such as pneumonia which causes the lungs to fill with fluid until they cannot take in enough oxygen to support the body.

Digestive system

The respiratory system interacts with the in that the mouth and pharynx are used to swallow food and drink as well as the breathe. It interacts with the circulatory system in that it provides fresh oxygen through blood vessels that pass through the lungs. This oxygen is then carried by the circulatory system throughout the body.

In an experiment examining a bean seed, it is noticed that the baby plant is smaller than the rest of the seed. Why is this true?

The rest of the seed is food to feed the baby plant, especially as it begins to grow. That's the purpose of the rest of the seed - and the reason so many seeds are so nutritious for us. They have been growing for the same amount of time. The rest of the seed is food - not useless - that will eventually be seed as the plant begins to grow. The rest of the seed may temporarily grow faster than the baby plant, but it won't when it starts to grow.

In this diagram, there are two types of particles shown. The smaller particles are the solvent and the larger particles are the solute. The line in the middle is a membrane that is permeable only to the smaller, solvent molecules. Which side of this diagram would you expect to have low osmotic pressure?

The right. The energy of the solute molecules does not contribute to osmotic transport. The membrane is impermeable to the solute. The fluid (solvent) transport is from high pressure to low. When positive pressure is exerted on the solution, it prevents osmotic transport. This agrees with the concept that the osmotic pressure of the pure solvent is relatively "high".

In an experiment, one group of land plants is watered with 50 milliliters of 0.9% salt water (equal to sea water), while a control group of the same plants is given 50 milliliters of pure fresh water (no salt). What would be the expected result?

The salt water group would grow less than the fresh water group.

Which of the following describes what a vapor point is?

The same as the boiling point. The vapor point is the same as the boiling point of a substance. It is different for each substance, depending on pressure and temperature.

Ashley noticed that the weight of a space suit is 320 pounds on Earth, but only 53 pounds on the moon. What would the mass difference of the same space suit be on Planet X which has twice the gravity of Earth?

The same mass. Mass and weight are two different things. The mass of an object is an intrinsic property based on the size and composition of an object. The weight of an object is determined by the mass of that object and how it is influenced by the masses of other objects through the force of gravity. Hence, the mass of the space suit on any planet would always be the same, but its weight would change depending on the gravity of a planet.

Taxonomy

The science of classification is called. This classification is challenging since the division lines between groups is not always clear. Some animals have characteristics of two separate groups.

Reptiles and birds

The skin of animals in this group has very hard horn like scales. Have exchanged scales for feathers. Are oviparous although care for their eggs and do not. Members have a cloaca an excretory and reproductive cavity that opens to the outside. Are cold blooded but are warm blooded.

Amphibians

The skin of animals in this group is delicate and permeable so they need water to keep it moist. Are oviparous. The young start out in water with gills but the adults use lungs.

On a topographic map an area where the contour lines are very close together indicates that

The slope is very steep. Lines very far apart would indicate a more gradual change in elevation. Contour lines help represent the actual shape of the Earth's surface features and geographic landmarks like rivers lakes and vegetation. Topographic maps also show man made features such as roads dams and major buildings. They are based on aerial photography and the quadrangle maps are produced in various scales. The 7.5-minute quadrangle is very common and provides a 1:24,000 scale, where 1 inch represents 2,000 feet.

In chemistry lab, compounds with sodium give off a bright, yellow glow in a flame test. According to modern atomic theory what is the reason for this?

The sodium atoms give off yellow light when excited by the flame. Excited by the energy of the flame, electrons in the sodium atom change orbitals and release light energy in the yellow wavelength. Unlike colors we see being reflected and absorbed by most objects, the flame test actually produces color (light energy) in the excitation of the atoms.

Above is a picture of a larval hookworm, which is a parasite as an adult. A parasite is an organism that lives in a harmful way inside (or on the outside of) their victim, also called their:

host.

Which of the following creates a magnetic field?

The spinning and rotating of electrons in atoms. A magnetic field is created by a spin magnetic dipole moment and the orbital magnetic dipole moment of the electrons in atoms. Therefore, it is the spinning and rotating of electrons in atoms that creates a magnetic field. The separation of charged particles in atoms describes the nucleus and electron clouds within an atom. The vibrational and translational motion of atoms creates thermal energy. Loosely held valence electrons surrounding an atom creates a good electrical conductor.

Stromal lamellae

The stacks of sacs are connected by which act like the skeleton of the chloroplast keeping all the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle.

Main sequence

The star then becomes stable a stage called the. This is the stage our sun is in and it will remain in this stage until its supply of hydrogen fuel runs out. Stars are not always done like our sun and may exist in pairs or groups. The hottest stars shine blue white medium hot stars like our sun glow yellow and cooler stars appear orange.

Second law

The states that the entropy the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for work or the amount of disorder in a system of an isolated system can only increase. The also states that heat is not transferred from a lower temperature system to a higher temperature one unless additional work is done.

Explain the steps of the scientific method.

The steps of the scientific method are as follows: 1. The scientific method begins with and absolutely depends upon the observation of objective unbiased data. Any prejudice or bias in the observed data nullifies its validity. Thus the basic input from the observations must be rigorously screened to ensure objectivity.

What does the scientific method describe?

The steps utilized to conduct an inquiry into a scientific question

Magnetic moment

The strength of a field is known as the. As electrons spin and orbit a nucleus they produce a field. Pairs of electrons that spin and orbit in opposite directions cancel each other out creating a net field of zero. Materials that have an unpaired electron are. Those with a weak attractive force are referred to as paramagnetic materials while ferromagnetic materials have a strong attractive force. A diamagnetic material has electrons that are paired and therefore does not typically have a. There are however some diamagnetic materials that have a weak field.

Alpine Himalaya

The stretches from northern Africa across the Alps and to the Himalayas and Indonesia.

Which of the following organs is NOT considered an accessory organ of the male reproductive system?

The testes are the main reproductive organ of the male reproductive system. They are the gonads; they secrete androgens and produce and store sperm cells. The prostate, vas deferens, and bulbourethral glands are all accessory organs of the male reproductive system. The prostate provides nourishment to sperm, the vas deferens transports sperm to the urethra, and the bulbourethral glands produce lubricating fluid for the urethra.

Uniformitarianism

The theory of assumes that geologic processes have been the same throughout history. Therefore the way erosion or volcanic eruptions happen today is the same as the way these events happened millions of years ago because there is no reason for them to have changed. Therefore knowledge about current events can be applied to the past to make judgments about events in the rock record.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amphibians?

They have scales. Amphibians have a permeable skin that allows gases and molecules to pass through. Some common amphibians include frogs toads newts and salamanders. The features of amphibians are somewhere between those of fish and reptiles.

Wind power has been proposed and successfully used as an alternative energy source. Which of the following is a negative effect of using wind power?

The turbines are a threat to wildlife. Hundreds of thousands of birds and bats are killed each year by wind turbines. The industry is aware of and working on this problem. Solutions include choosing sites not in flyways radar and GPS tracking that would slow or stop the turbines when approached ultrasonic acoustics to repel bats not running turbines when wind speed is low and designing new turbine shapes. Choice A is incorrect One large turbine can power over 500 homes. Choice C is incorrect The cost has been decreasing since 1980. Choice D is incorrect As long as the sun produces heat energy for Earth there will be wind.

How does adding a solute to a liquid solvent affect the vapor pressure of the liquid?

The vapor pressure decreases by an amount proportional to the amount of solute. Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution containing a non volatile solute is equal to the vapor pressure of the volatile solvent multiplied by its mole fraction which is basically the proportion of the solution that is made up by solvent. In a liquid some of the surface particles have higher than average energy can break away to become a gas or evaporate. The pressure of this gas right above the surface of the liquid is called the vapor pressure. Increasing the amount of solute in a liquid decreases the number of solvent particles at the surface. Because of this fewer solvent molecules are able to escape thus lowering the vapor pressure.

Outline the characteristics of the vertebrate groups fish amphibians reptiles and birds and mammals.

The vertebrates animals with an internal skeleton are divided into four groups: Fish This group is the most primitive but is also the group from which all other groups evolved. Fish live in water breathe with gills are cold blooded have fins and scales and are typically oviparous. Fish typically have either cartilaginous skeletons (such as rays and sharks) or bony skeletons.

Which of the following is NOT true of the human eye?

The vitreous is the clear substance that helps focus light on the retina. The vitreous is the clear gel that fills the inside of the eye. The lens is a clear structure behind the iris that focuses the image on the retina.

The interaction between the Earth's atmosphere and the Earth's hydrosphere creates which of the following cycles?

The water cycle

What will happen in the glass full of water that is shown in the graphic when the floating ice melts?

The water level will stay the same.

If you put more energy into a wave, what happens to its wavelength and frequency?

The wavelength goes down, and the frequency goes up. Putting energy into the wave causes the frequency to go up, and the wavelength to go down. High frequency waves are more energetic.

Why are greenhouse gases important?

They insulate earth and keep it warm.

Teaching science lessons developed through the use of which of the following concepts helps teachers integrate several subject fields into the science curriculum?

Themes

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

Theories are accepted by scientists, while hypotheses remain to be proven. Choice A is incorrect because theories are far more than predictions; they are actually highly supported and accepted as truth. Choice B is incorrect because theories can change with new technology and understanding. Choice D is also incorrect because theories may not always be true and can change. Also, hypotheses can be and often are supported.

Which of the following is never true of a chemical reaction?

There are a different number of atoms for the products and the reactants.

Transport holes

There are also some which are proteins that help certain molecules and ions move in and out of the cell.

What are some of the ways that science is limited?

There are clear limits on what science can explain. The demand for objectivity both strengthens knowledge we gain from scientific experiments and limits what we can explore. Beyond the realm of scientific inquiry are such questions as why does anything exist or what is the meaning of life? These are subjective questions that do not lend themselves easily to scientific inquiry. These questions and others like them come from within and their conclusions not validated by science shape the very fabric of a society. They attempt to give meaning to what may be viewed as chaos.

Discuss past atomic models and theories.

There have been many revisions to theories regarding the structure of atoms and their particles. Part of the challenge in developing an understanding of matter is that atoms and their particles are too small to be seen.

Define thermal contact.

Thermal contact refers to energy transferred to a body by a means other than work. A system in thermal contact with another can exchange exergy with it through the process of heat transfer. Thermal contact does not necessarily involve direct physical contact.

Solutions

These are homogeneous mixtures composed of two or more substances that have become one.

Compounds

These are substances containing two or more elements. Are formed by chemical reactions and frequently have different properties than the original elements. Are decomposed by a chemical reaction rather than separated by a physical one.

Mammals

These are the most highly evolved vertebrates. Have bodies covered with fur are warm blooded are viviparous meaning they give birth to live young which are fed with milk from female mammary glands and are tetrapods (four legged). Most live on the ground (except whales and dolphins) and a few fly (bats).

Define prediction as it relates to science.

These are the two widely accepted definitions of scientific prediction: In the language of science prediction is stating in advance the outcome from testing a theory or hypothesis in a controlled experiment. Based on objective observation of data scientists move from observation of facts to a general explanation or hypothesis which must be confirmed by testing through experimentation. Another definition of prediction favored by scientific philosophers is the ability of a hypothesis to lead to deductions of scientific statements that could not be anticipated when the hypothesis was posited. In this sense prediction means what the scientist can verify from what he or she has deduced from the hypothesis.

Viruses

These enter the body by inhalation (airborne) or through contact with contaminated food water or infected tissues. They affect the body by taking over the cells protein synthesis mechanism to make more. They kill the host cell and impact tissue and organ operations. Examples of include measles rabies pneumonia and AIDS.

Bacteria

These enter the body through breaks in the skin or contaminated food or water or by inhalation. They reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that kill healthy host tissues. Examples include diphtheria bubonic plague tuberculosis and syphilis.

Parasites

These enter the body through the skin via insect bites or through contaminated food or water. Examples include tapeworms malaria or typhus.

Fungi

These feed on healthy tissues of the body by sending rootlike tendrils into the tissues to digest them extracellularly. Examples include athlete's foot and ringworm.

Which is true of a testable question in science?

They must specify variables that are subject to both measurement and control.

The atomic model shown is a model of an Aluminum atom. The electrons are shown in orbit around the nucleus. Which statement properly describes what the orbits represent?

They are energy levels, with the lowest energy level in the orbit closest to the nucleus, increasing to the third. Energy levels increase outwards. "They are energy levels, with the highest energy in the closest orbit to the nucleus, decreasing to the third." This is the opposite of the correct situation. "They are simply locations - they don't represent anything else." They do represent energy levels. "They represent energy levels, but they're all the same - no differences from the first to the third." is not true, because they are different.

Balanced and positive

They should know that the aim of science is to make these interactions. Science is a discipline that can help find ways to increase safety during and remediate after natural disasters advance technology and transportation in an environmentally safe manner prevent and cure diseases and remediate the environmental damage that has already been done.

One of the most important characteristics of an arthropod is an exoskeleton. Three of the following are advantages of an exoskeleton. Which of the following is NOT an advantage?

They are non-living, so in order to grow, the arthropod has to molt. This is a disadvantage because it makes the arthropod vulnerable at times. The other three statements are true.

Which is the defining feature of organisms found in the Archaea and Bacteria domains?

They are prokaryotes

Herbivores

They are usually further down the ecological pyramid. Animals have special characteristics to help them flee form predators. They may hide in nests or caves become totally immobile to escape detection have protective coloration or camouflage have warning coloration to indicate being poisonous or have shells or quills for protection. Are animals that eat only plants (deer rabbits etc). Since they are the first animals to receive the energy captured by producers are called primary consumers.

The halogen gases have many characteristic properties. Which of the following is NOT one of these properties?

They are very unreactive.

Which of the following is not true of archaebacteria?

They cannot live at a pH level below 4. Archaebacteria are very diverse and tend to live at the extremes of the planet's environment. One type of archaebacteria called thermoacidophiles thrive in highly acidic (between 2 and 3) and hot temperatures (70o to 80oC). They are among the oldest organisms on the planet and their tendency toward extreme means that they were likely able to survive periods of the Earth's history that were not favorable to other organisms, including humans.

What will happen to light waves as they hit a convex lens?

They will be refracted and converge. When light waves hit a convex lens they are refracted and converge. A convex lens curves or bulges with the middle being thicker and the edges thinner. A magnifying glass is an example. Light rays are refracted by different amounts as they pass through the lens. After light rays pass through they converge at a point called the focus. An object viewed with a magnifying glass looks bigger because the lens bends the rays rays inwards. Choice B would indicate a concave lens as it would cause the light to be refracted and diverge. Light is not reflected in this case so neither choice C nor D would be applicable.

Mechanical and chemical

This can occur in two ways (such as breaking a rock with a hammer) or (such as pouring acid on a rock to dissolve it). If the material changes color it indicates that a break down was in nature. Whatever is broken down must go somewhere so erosion eventually builds something up. For example an eroded mountain ends up in a river that carries the sediment towards the ocean where it builds up and creates a wetland or delta at the mouth of the river.

Timbre

This is a human's perception of the type or quality of sound.

Specific gravity

This is a measure of the ratio of a substance's density compared to the density of water.

Hydrolysis reaction

This is called a.

For circular motion, what is the name of the actual force pulling toward the axis of rotation?

This is the actual force recognized in a rotational situation. The reactive force acting opposite of the centripetal force is named the centrifugal force, but it is not an actual force on its own. A common mistake is to interchange the two terms. But, the real force acting in a rotational situation is pulling in toward the axis of rotation and is called the centripetal force.

Oscillation

This is the measurement, usually of time, against a basic value, equilibrium, or rest point.

Inertia

This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the tendency of a body to remain in its present state of motion. In order for the body's state of motion to change it must be acted on by an unbalanced force.

Nucleon

This refers collectively to the neutrons and protons.

Above is a drawing of a convex lens. The focal point is the point where all the light rays come together after being refracted by the lens. The letter "f" represents:

the focal length.

This man, pictured above, is probably the most famous inventor in American history. He is credited with discovering, among many other things, the phonograph and the incandescent light bulb.

Thomas Edison.

Which of the following best infers how scientific knowledge is gained?

Through following steps. Scientists learn a great deal through the scientific process. Besides gaining knowledge from following systematic steps, scientists can obtain knowledge identifying theories and unexpected results.

How are animals of the Mollusca phylum able to respire?

Through gills.

Jackson wants to open a dog-training business. He wants to see which dog treat is most effective in training dogs to sit. If he wants to design an experiment testing twenty dogs to figure out which treats to use, what would be a good dependent variable?

Time in seconds the dogs sit

What is the primary function of a transistor within an electrical circuit?

To amplify a charge. Transistors are used to amplify or switch signals, and play a very important role within computer circuits.

In a food chain, where does energy go after the secondary consumer dies?

To decomposers. After a secondary consumer dies such as a wolf its body is partially consumed by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Bacteria and fungi live in soil and digest body tissues of dead organisms converting them into basic nutrients that plants need to grow. Therefore after secondary consumers die their energy is consumed by decomposers who make nutrients available in the soil for producers to use. Do not confuse nutrients in the soil with energy that producers get from the Sun to make their own food.

What is the primary ability of a capacitor?

To hold and discharge an electrical charge.

Why would a sports drink have carbohydrates in it?

To provide quick energy. Carbohydrates in sports drinks consist of simple sugars. That is the body's source to get quick energy.

As part of an experiment a teacher gives each student several ice cubes a white cloth and a dark cloth. She directs the students to cover one set of cubes with the white cloth and one set of cubes with the dark cloth. What is the purpose of the experiment?

To show that the cubes under the dark cloth will melt faster because the color black absorbs more light. Dark colors affect the outcome. Choice B is incorrect because white reflects rather than absorbs light and heat. Choice D is incorrect because the color of cloth was the intended specific control in the experiment and is therefore not random.

What is the purpose of conducting an experiment?

To test a hypothesis. To collect data, to identify a control state, and to choose variables are steps in conducting an experiment designed to test a hypothesis.

With the forces being applied to the block, in which direction will it move?

To the left.

​Which of the following gems is made of Uncut Topaz?

Topaz.

What is the standard path that a projectile traveling under the influence of gravity always travels on?

Trajectory or parabola. A simple example of a trajectory is the path of a projectile such as a thrown ball or rock. The object goes up until it hits a maximum height, and then accelerates down an arched path or a parabola.

Which of the following words is not connected to the process of mountain building?

Transform is not connected to the process of mountain building. Orogeny or mountain building occurs at the Earth's lithosphere or crust. Folding or deformation is a process that occurs to make mountains where two portions of the lithosphere collide. One is subducted and the other is pushed upward forming a mountain. This action produces various types of folding. Faulting can be characterized by a brittle deformation where the rock breaks abruptly (compared with folding). Faulting and fault types are associated with earthquakes and relatively rapid deformation. Convergent is a more general term used to describe plates interacting.

When two tectonic plates are moving laterally in opposing directions this is called a

Transformational boundary. When there is friction at transform boundaries and pressure builds up it can result in shallow earthquakes usually at a depth of less than 25 meters. California's San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform boundary.

What electrical device consists of two coils of wire wrapped around opposite sides of a closed iron loop, and its function is to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit to a device?

Transformer. A step-up transformer increases the voltage; a step-down decrease voltage. A generator uses mechanical energy to make electrical energy. An electric motor takes electrical energy and makes it into mechanical energy. And a battery generates electrons.

What does the circled electrical symbol signify?

Transistor. The circled area is a transistor. That can change from a conductor to a resistor.

What is the all-metals group of elements between Groups 3 and 12 on the Periodic Table called?

Transition elements.

Stems

Transport food and water and act as support structures.

The following represents a simple food chain. What tropic level contains the greatest amount of energy? Tree -> Caterpillar -> Frog -> Snake ->Hawk ->Worm

Tree. In the food chain of tree -> caterpillar -> frog -> snake ->hawk ->worm the tree is at the trophic level with the greatest amount of energy. Tropic level refers to the position of an organism in a food chain. Energy is lost according to the laws of thermodynamics as one moves up the food chain because it is converted to heat when consumers consume. Primary producers such as autotrophs are organisms who are at the base and capture solar energy. Primary consumers are herbivores that feed on the producers. Secondary consumers consume primary consumers and so on. Decomposers get their energy from the consumption of dead plants and animals.

Hurricanes are massive cyclonic storms that can do a large amount of damage every year. They start out small, however, but then build up in stages. Which of the following is the right sequence, from slowest winds to highest?

Tropical disturbance... tropical depression... tropical storm... hurricane. A disturbance is basically a tropical low-pressure system. As the winds speed up, it becomes a depression... then a storm... then a hurricane.

How many moles of hydrogen are there in twelve moles of H2O?

Twenty-four moles.

Which of the following situations would result in the generation of new crust?

Two crustal plates move apart. When two crustal plates move apart magma welling up could result in the formation of new crust. This has been shown to be occurring on the ocean floor where places of the crust are weaker. The crust spreads apart at these trenches pushing outward and erupting at the ridges. When two crustal plates converge sublimation occurs as one plate runs under pushing it up. Two crustal plates sliding past one another is an example of a transform fault which does not create new crust. A crustal plate being pushed down into the mantle does not form new crust but perhaps recycles the old one.

Define organic compounds and identify their characteristics.

Two of the main characteristics of organic compounds are that they include carbon and are formed by covalent bonds. Carbon can form long chains double and triple bonds and rings. While inorganic compounds tend to have high melting points organic compounds tend to melt at temperatures below 300 degrees C. They also tend to boil sublimate and decompose below this temperature. Unlike inorganic compounds they are not very water soluble. Organic molecules are organized into functional groups based on their specific atoms which helps determine how they will react chemically. A few groups are alkanes nitro alkenes sulfides amines and carbolic acids. The hydroxyl group -OH consists of alcohols. These molecules are polar which increases their solubility. By some estimates there are more than 16 million organic compounds.

Also known as fool's gold, Pyrite has a breakage pattern of:

Uneven fracture. Pyrite is a light, brassy, yellow in color. Its streak is greenish-black. It has a hardness of 6-6.5.

What is the name of the structure that is designated by the red arrow?

Ureter.

Above is a picture of the Big Dipper, one of the most prominent star patterns in the night sky. The Big Dipper is actually part of a larger constellation named:

Ursa Major, the Great Bear.

Which of the following is considered a force?

Using Newton's equation for motion, F = ma , and substituting gravity in for acceleration (a), the weight, or force could be calculated for an object having mass (m). Weight is a force, mass is the amount of a substance, and acceleration and gravity are rate of speed over time.

Which of the following statements about the human circulatory system is incorrect?

Veins are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart.

In the equation a = v/t, what does the v term stand for?

Velocity. The v term in a = v/t stands for velocity. Acceleration is equal to velocity per time.

The planet pictured above is Venus, the second planet from the Sun. But even though it's the second planet, its surface temperature is highest of all the planets because:

Venus has a thick atmosphere of greenhouse gases which keep the Sun's heat from escaping. Venus has a thick atmosphere to keep the heat in, as seen in the picture. Its rock surface is not harder than any of the others. It actually spins more slowly than any other planet. Its composition has nothing to do with why it's so hot.

Which of the following is incorrect with respect to the phylogenetic tree of chordates?

Vertebrae - lungs - teeth - egg

Of the following categories of clouds, which includes the cumulonimbus clouds?

Vertical. Vertical clouds are very tall and may even span several of the cloud levels. In addition to cumulonimbus clouds, cumulus clouds are a part of this category.

In humans, a small, fingerlike projection is attached to the large colon close to the area where the small and large intestines merge. That structure is known as the appendix, and it has no physiological function that has been described. It often becomes inflamed and needs to be surgically removed. Once removed, the patient's gastrointestinal system is not impaired. The appendix is an example of which of the following?

Vestigial organ. A vestigial organ or trait is one in which the biological structure presumably had a physiological function in the past but no longer does. Vestigial structures are still DNA-encoded; but (emphasis added) do not serve a significant biological purpose. They are remnants of evolution.

Read the names of space missions below and identify which of these space missions was conducted in 1975?

Viking 1. Viking 1 ​launched in August 1975. Its destination was Mars. The orbiter mapped the surface of Mars, and the lander searched for life on Mars.

Which of the following is an example of chemical weathering?

Vinegar fizzing when poured on a rock.

Tornadoes can happen in many of the United States. However, there is an area called "Tornado Alley" where they are most common. Three of the following states are in the "Tornado Alley"; which state is not?

Virginia. Virginia is in the Southeast, where tornadoes do occur, but are less common. Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma are in the heart if tornado country.

By most definitions of life, which organism is not considered living ?

Virus. Viruses need a host to reproduce. Therefore they are not considered a living organism by most scientific scholars.

The picture above is the free-living (unprotected) immature form of a roundworm. The immature form of an animal is called its:

larval form.

List the organisms that interfere with cell activity and then explain how they enter the body and how they cause problems.

Viruses bacteria fungi and other parasites may infect plants and animals and interfere with normal life functions create imbalances or disrupt the operations of cells.

Which of the following vitamins requires the presence of intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed through the gut into the bloodstream?

Vitamin B-12.

One particular vitamin is activated by light as it penetrates our skin. Which vitamin is it?

Vitamin D. Although there are various forms of Vitamin D, the form that is available in most foods is not the one that helps our body the most. As it travels through our body Vitamain D is activated by sunlight (specifically UVB radiation) to create one of its highly active forms known as calcitriol. Children who are deprived of sunlight do not get the benefit of that activation, and may develop a childhood disease that is associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorous known as rickets. Without adequate sunlight, adults may also develop Vitamin D deficiencies. The correct answer therefore, is (C).

Name different types of volcanoes and volcanic mountains.

Volcanoes are classified according to their activity level.

According to Ohm's Law how are voltage and current related in an electrical circuit?

Voltage and current are directly proportional to one another. Ohm's law states that voltage and current in an electrical circuit are directly proportional to one another. Ohm's Law can be expressed as V=IR where V is voltage I is current and R is resistance. Voltage is also known as electrical potential differences and is the force that moves electrons through a circuit. For a given amount of resistance an increase in voltage will result in an increase in current. Resistance and current are inversely proportional to each other. For a given voltage an increase in resistance will result in a decrease in current.

In a parallel circuit, there are three paths: A, B and C. Path A has a resistance of 10 ohms, path B a resistance of 5 ohms and part C a resistance of 2 ohms. How do the voltage and current change for each path?

Voltage is the same for each path and current is greatest in path C. In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for all three paths. Because the resistance is different on each path but the voltage is the same, Ohm's law dictates that the current will also be different for each path. Ohm's law says that current is inversely related to resistance. Therefore, the current will be greatest in path C as it has the least resistance, 2 ohms.

One of the advantages of being a reptile, over an amphibian, is that they have an amniotic egg, containing yolk in a leathery covering. This allows them to:

lay their eggs on land; they are not bound to water.

Levers are a simple tool that can give a mechanical advantage. What force is required to lift the weight at the arrow?

W. If the lever is fulcrumed at the halfway point, there will not be a mechanical advantage, and the force will be equal to W to move it. If the lever is fulcrumed closer to the weight, there will be a mechanical advantage.

The human organs pictured above are vitally important to human life. They allow the exchange of gases, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide. They are:

lungs.

When methane reacts with oxygen, one of the products is which of the following?

Water When methane gas (CH4) combines with oxygen, (O2) it forms water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

Above is a picture of a campfire of burning wood. When wood, a carbohydrate, reacts with oxygen, it produces which two products?

Water vapor and carbon dioxide.

A certain liquid substance is measured in a graduated cylinder to have a volume of 28.5 mL. If it has a mass of 28.5 grams, its density would be calculated as 1.00 g/cm3 . Which substance is it?

Water.

The molecule depicted above is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. It is essentially for all living things, making life on Earth possible.

Water.

Provide a brief overview of waves and identify the major types of waves.

Waves have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter. Although waves transfer energy they do no transport matter. They are a disturbance of matter that transfers energy from one particle to an adjacent particle. There are many types of waves including sound seismic water light micro and radio waves. The two basic categories of waves are mechanical and electromagnetic.

The image located above is displaying one of the moon phases. Which phase is it?

Waxing crescent. During this phase, part of the moon is starting to show. It can be seen each evening for a few minutes, right after sunset.

Which of the following is NOT part of the Earth's hydrosphere?

Whales

A phase change diagram illustrates which of the following?

What phase a substance is in at a specific temperature and pressure. A phase diagram illustrates what phase a substance is in at a specific temperature and pressure. That is valuable information because each substance is different.

In chemical reactions, what is the state in which reactants and products no longer change formally known as?

When chemical reactions reach a state of chemical equilibrium, the reactants (substances that cause the reaction) and the products (the end result of the reaction) remain in unchanged states and concentrations.

Describe the types of reproduction of mammals.

When classified according to how they reproduce there are three types of mammals: Monotremes are rare mammals that lay eggs. These were the first mammals and are more closely related to reptiles than other mammals. Examples include the duck billed platypus and the spiny anteater.

Running electricity through a wire generates which of the following?

When electricity is run through a wire, it is carrying current and current has a charge. Therefore, there is a charge running down the wire, which creates a magnetic field that can attract and repel just like any magnet.

To try to estimate the age of the Earth (assuming the evolutionary model), scientists have chosen this stable and common mineral that can survive erosion and metamorphism. The mineral is:

Zircon.Based on their model, they estimate the zircon to be 4.4 billion years old.

What are the chemical reactants that are necessary to produce the following? Reactant A + Reactant B produces ZnCl2 + H2.

Zn and 2HCl.

Select all of the following that are true regarding sea ice.

When melting it does not raise sea levels, it is studied by scientists observing climate change effects, and it provides a habitat for algae and fish. Choice A is true because sea ice is formed from ocean water to begin with. Choice B is true largely regarding the spiral of rising temperatures. Sea ice reflects the sun's radiation thus keeping Arctic temperatures low. But rising temperatures melt sea ice less sea ice means more radiation and thus heat which will melt more sea ice Choice C is true because the ice while helping to keep water temperatures from becoming too warm also helps to keep water temperatures from becoming too cold. The sea ice also provides hunting and breeding grounds for marine mammals and birds. Choice D is not true because over time warmer Arctic temperatures will most likely push the jet stream north which will affect weather patterns for the whole planet.

Displacement

When something moves from one place to another it has undergone. Along a straight line is a very simple example of a vector quantity. If an object travels from position x=-5cm to x=5cm it has undergone a of 10cm. If it traverses the same path in the opposite direction its is -10cm. A vector that spans the object's in the direction of travel is known as a vector.

List some properties of acids.

When they are dissolved in aqueous solutions some properties of acids are that they conduct electricity change blue litmus paper to red have a sour taste react with bases to neutralize them and react with active metals to free hydrogen.

List some properties of bases.

When they are dissolved in aqueous solutions some properties of bases are that they conduct electricity change red litmus paper to blue feel slippery and react with acids to neutralize their properties.

When are scientific experiments found reliable?

When they can be replicated

Scientific inquiry

While the process of posing a question forming a hypothesis testing the hypothesis recording data and drawing a conclusion is at the heart of there are other processes that are important as well. Once the scientist has completed the testing of a hypothesis and possible come up with a theory the scientist should then go through the process of getting feedback from colleagues publishing an article about the work in a peer reviewed journal or otherwise reporting the results to the community replicating the experiment for verification of results (by the original scientist or others) and developing new questions. Science is not just a means of satisfying curiosity but is also a process for developing technology addressing social issues building knowledge and solving everyday problems.

Which scientist is credited with the discovery of x rays?

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x rays x for unknown in 1895. A year later Marie Curie discovered that the air around uranium rays could conduct electricity and found how to precisely measure radiation. She coined the term radioactivity which itself had been discovered earlier in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope. Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1886.

The human brain is made up of billions of cells. These cells that make up all nervous tissue in the human body are called:

neurons.

The figure above illustrates earth's orbit around the sun. What season is it where the dot is located?

Winter. Students must identify the lateral equator and know the difference between North and South. They should recognize that because the top hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun; it would be winter at that time. Spring and fall (Choices D and C) are incorrect because both hemispheres have the same exposure to the sun, and summer (Choice A) is incorrect since the top hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.

Organelles

Within the cell are a variety of groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive each with its own unique membrane that has a different chemical makeup from the cell membrane. The larger the cell the more it will need to live.

What physical science term refers to the activity involving force and movement in the direction of a force?

Work.

A small, very intense cyclonic storm characterized by high winds is a tornado. This kind of violent storm is usually associated with:

a cold front. Cold fronts are more commonly associated with violent weather because the push warm humid air up, creating conditions for a thunderstorm. A warm front brings more gradual, more gentle rainy weather. An occluded front and a stationary front are not generally associated with violent weather.

In the model of the scientific method, which of the following best explains the step of formulating a hypothesis?

Writing out an expectation of what's going to happen.

Based on the spectrum diagram, which type of EMF radiation carries more energy?

X-rays.

Of the following, this element is a gas when at room temperature. Which element is it?

Xenon. At room temperature, Mercury is a liquid, and indium, a solid. Technetium is a synthetic element.

Above is a picture of a microscope. The specific type of microscope is named because of the number of lenses and how it sees the image. This is:

a compound light microscope.

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that sound can travel through solid objects?

You can hear a sound on the other side of a solid wall. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, though it doesn't necessarily follow that it can travel through solids. Nor does the fact sound can travel through a solid follow from the fact that the atoms are packed tightly together. The fact that a sound is produced by knocking on a solid object also does not prove sound can pass through the object. However, if you hear a sound on the other side of a solid wall, the sound must have traveled through the wall. Choice D is the best answer.

Your class is observing frogs. You tell the class that a frog never drinks water. The class is very interested in how frogs get water into their bodies, so you set up an experiment to show the process. Which of the following would be appropriate?

You spread water on a table and then lay a towel over it. You ask the students to watch as the water permeates the towel and spreads across it. This demonstrates osmosis.

In an experiment, it is important to have something to compare the results with. The standard of comparison that shows that the results of an experiment are actually due to the conditions being tested is called:

a control.

An anticyclone, also known as a high pressure system, has high air pressure in the center that rotates out in a clockwise flow. High pressure systems are characterized by:

a cooler, drier, fair weather pattern. High pressure systems tend to bring sunny, dry weather. Low pressure systems tend to bring warmer air and rain. High pressure systems are very stable, generally not associated with violent weather.

In the atmosphere, when two different air masses meet, if one is warmer and moister than the other, it produces a low pressure system or:

a cyclone.

A wheel and axle occurs when two pulleys are attached to the same shaft. An example of a machine that is a wheel-and-axle is:

a fishing reel.

"Old Faithful", pictured above, is a natural phenomenon produced by the Earth's underground thermal energy. This type of explosive hot spring is called:

a geyser.

Measuring the volume of a liquid is not difficult to do, if you have the device pictured above. This is called:

a graduated cylinder.

The hornwort sporophyte looks like which of the following?

a green horn

Jupiter is known for having a distinctive feature in its appearance: a Great Red Spot. This Great Red Spot is really:

a hurricane that has been blowing for over 300 years. It really is a huge storm in its atmosphere. You can't see the surface of Jupiter (if it even has one), so it's not iron ore. Comets have hit Jupiter, but they didn't leave permanent holes. And, while heating lithium and strontium give off a red color, this is not what's happening at the spot.

The Scientific Method is the way science discovers truth. When an observation is made, a scientist will develop a testable statement, really an educated guess, called:

a hypothesis.

Above is a picture of an atoll. It formed when a coral reef surrounded an island, then the center eroded away, just leaving the remaining reef. In the middle is a body of water called:

a lagoon. A lagoon is the body of water in the center of an atoll. An estuary is where freshwater meets salt water. A swamp is a wetland of freshwater that supports trees and shrubs. A salt marsh is an area of tall grasses that is covered by salt water.

Above is a picture of a caterpillar. This is the free-living stage of the moth's lifecycle which looks nothing like the adult, called:

a larva.

The picture above is of a segmented worm. These can eat other things, but they are known for their ability to be parasites on the outside of vertebrates, sucking their blood right through their skin. This is:

a leech.

A simple machine makes it easier to do work. A crowbar can be used as this kind of machine, which is a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is:

a lever.

All magnets have areas of influence. A region where a magnetic force can be detected is:

a magnetic field.

Above is a picture of some seeds of a very well-known kind of tree. This tree is:

a maple.

Which of the following materials has randomly aligned dipoles?

a non-magnetic substance. Magnetic poles occur in pairs known as magnetic dipoles. Individual atoms can be considered magnetic dipoles due to the spinning and rotation of the electrons in the atoms. When the dipoles are aligned, the material is magnetic. An electromagnet, a permanent magnet and a superconductor are all magnetic materials. Therefore, the magnetic dipoles in these materials are NOT randomly aligned. Only choice A has randomly aligned dipoles.

When these "new stars" first appeared all of a sudden in the sky, it was originally thought that they had to be the youngest stars in the sky. But, actually, they are old stars that exploded, producing a bright light that looked like a new star. One of these is called:

a nova. The name "nova" means "new". They explode, appearing to be new stars. Quasars are bright, distant, tiny objects that produces a large radio signal. A variable star periodically changes its brightness, unlike a nova, which does it once. A white dwarf is small and not very bright.

Above is a type of circuit. The devices are set up in a way that allows the electrons to have a choice of more than one pathway. This is;

a parallel circuit.

The edge of a continent is called a margin. When there is no tectonic activity along a margin, it is called:

a passive margin.

Above is a model of a hydrogen atom. In the center is a subatomic particle. It is called what?

a proton. A proton is the positive core of a hydrogen atom. An electron is in orbit; a neutron could also be in the center, although it wouldn't be on its own. A positron wouldn't be here.

Relative humidity is measured by a tool with two thermometers, one with a dry bulb and one with a wet bulb, called:

a psychrometer. The wet bulb measures the dew point; the difference between the two can determine the relative humidity. A hygrometer measures the amount of moisture in the air, but does not determine relative humidity. A barometer measures pressure and a humidifier adds humidity to the air.

A simple machine is a device that makes the work easier.. A grooved wheel through which a rope is pulled is a machine called:

a pulley.

Igneous rock can form when volcanic rock fragments and ash are welded together by intense heat. This is called:

a pyroclastic texture. Pyroclastic means to put together by fire. A porphyritic texture is different size crystals. A phaneritic texture and pegmatitic are large crystals.

The drawing above is a convex lens. If the object being viewed is outside the focal point on the left side, on the right side, the image would be:

a real image that is upside down or inverted. It will form an upside-down real image. It will only form a virtual image, right-side up, if the object is inside the focal point, closer to the lens.

The mirror above is called a concave mirror, curved inward. Close-up, it is used as a make-up mirror because it magnifies the image. Further back, however, it will produce an image that can be projected, made of actual light rays, called:

a real image. It is an actual image that can be found in the air with a piece of paper or an index card. A virtual image exists only in the mirror. An erect image means it's right-side up, and inverted means its upside-down, but either of those could be real.

A structure made of a collection of minerals, put together in a specific way, is:

a rock. A rock is a group of minerals. Minerals are made up of elements and compounds. A crystal is a shape that minerals take.

The organism pictured above has a circular body form, sometimes referred to as a "tube-within-a-tube" body form. This is the immature stage of an organism that is:

a roundworm.

Above is a picture of an animal which is an arthropod and an arachnid. This organism, which lives as a parasite on the outside of vertebrates, is:

a tick.

Above is a picture of a turtle-like creature, with its backbone fused to its shell. This creature, that lives on land and has short legs with sharp claws and a high-domed shell, is properly known as:

a tortoise.

When sea levels rise or fall along a shoreline, deposition patterns can shift. For example, a layer of clay can be deposited over an older beach that became sandstone when the ocean level rises. This movement is called

a transgression.

Above is a drawing of a convex lens. If the object being viewed is placed at a point inside the focal point on the left side, closer to the lens, it will produce:

a virtual image, right-side up and larger. It will act as a magnifying lens if the object is inside the focal point. It can't form a real image anywhere if the object were in that position. And the virtual image would be upright and larger.

A simple machine is a device that makes the work easier. This machine can be described as two pulleys connected to the same shaft.

a wheel and axle. The bigger pulley is the wheel, the smaller pulley is the axle. A lever is a rigid bar with a balance point called a fulcrum. An inclined plane is a slanted surface up which an object can be lifted. A wedge is two inclined planes placed back to back.

Sirius, pictured above, is the brightest star in the night sky. It is not quite as bright, though, if all stars were placed at an equal distance from the Earth. This measure would be:

absolute magnitude. This makes us compare all stars equally. Apparent magnitude is how it looks from the Earth. Variability means some stars change brightness. Reflectivity is how light bounces off surfaces.

There is a coldest temperature where atoms would theoretically have no kinetic energy. That temperature is called:

absolute zero. The other answers are not used - the frozen point, theoretical cold and ultimate cold.

According to the most widely accepted evolution model, scientists can use this to determine the numerical age of rocks and other objects.

absolute-age dating

Above is a picture of the roots of a plant. Besides anchoring the plant in the soil, the most important thing roots do for a plant is:

absorb water from the surrounding soil for the plant.

Galileo did a very famous experiment at the place pictured above: the Leaning Tower of Pisa. When he dropped two balls of different masses off of the side, he showed that:

all objects fall at the same speed, regardless of mass. This is true, even though wind resistance can cause some objects to fall slower than others. This is why heavier objects fall faster, but not because they're heavier. Different objects fall at different speeds because of air resistance, not mass.

One of the most basic ideas of science is the kinetic theory. This states that:

all particles are moving because matter has kinetic energy. "Matter is made up of moving molecules" is another way to say it. All particles move; even solid particles move in place (by vibrating).

Sometimes, an aquifer's area of recharge (where more water is added to it) is higher than the rest of the aquifer. This produces water pressure in the well that is drilled, making it a fountain known as:

an artesian well. These are natural pressurized fountains. A aquarian well is not a term used for wells. A geyser is a hot spring. A karst well is eroded through limestone.

The drawing above shows the layer of cells on the bottom of a leaf. The holes, called stomata,:

allow gases in and out, and allows water vapor out. Their job is to take in carbon dioxide in and release oxygen. The release of water vapor, transpiration, also occurs when oxygen is released.. They generally do not absorb any water from the environment.

Batteries produce an electrical flow in only one direction. Generators, on the other hand, produce a current that changes direction at regular intervals. This is called:

alternating current (AC).

Clouds are classified by shape and elevation. Above is called a mackerel sky, because the clouds are small and puffy, being a little higher in the atmosphere. They are called:

altocumulus clouds. These are high, smaller, puffy clouds. Cumulonimbus clouds are tall, thunderstorm-producing clouds. Cirrostratus would be high, wispy, flat clouds. Altostratus are higher, layered clouds.

Above is a drawing of human lungs. Inside the lungs, gas exchange takes place in tiny sacs called:

alveoli.

Which of the following made it possible for Mesozoic reptiles, including dinosaurs, to roam widely?

amniotic eggs

Volts are used to measure the force that forces electrons through wires. The amount of current that passes through a wire is measured in:

amperes (or amps).

Above is a picture of a red-eyed tree frog. A tree frog is a member of the vertebrate class known as:

amphibians.

Above is a picture of a flower called Alstromeria. The brown structures on the white stalks are called:

anthers, the male structures. These make pollen. They do not make spores like ferns. They are not pistils which would be in the center of the flower. And they are not sepals to make a calyx.

Above is a picture of a heart model. This heart has a large blood vessel leading from it around to the rest of the body, This large red -colored blood vessel, closest to the A, is the:

aorta. The aorta is the main blood vessel leading from the heart. The pulmonary vein bring red blood from the lungs. The carotid artery brings blood into the head. The brachial artery carries blood into the shoulders and arms

There are underground "rivers" of groundwater. Groundwater flows through permeable sediment and rock called:

aquifers. In these underground rivers, the pore spaces are large and connected. Aquicludes are impermeable layers of rock that are on the sides of the aquifers. Springs are where aquifers come above ground. If the groundwater gets heated by magma, it could form a geyser, a spring of hot water.

If a population reaches a maximum size and ceases to grow due to a limited availability of resources, the population is

at carrying capacity.

The continental shelf was once above water. The most continental shelf to be exposed was:

at the coldest point during the Ice Age. That was when the largest amount of the Earth's water was bound up in ice. The other times did not expose the continental shelves.

Coral reefs commonly occur in tropical and subtropical waters. They can form islands of continuous or broken rings of coral surround a central lagoon. These are called:

atolls. These are islands made from coral reefs. Barrier islands are made of sand. Shoals are sandbars under the ocean that can be hazardous to ships because they can be shallow. Estuaries are where freshwater meets seawater.

Above is a picture of a bright display of ever-changing light in the northern skies. It is caused by solar radiation interacting with the upper atmosphere in the region of the north pole. This is called the:

aurora Borealis. These are also known as the Northern lights. The same phenomenon in the Southern Hemisphere is called the aurora Australis. There are no aurora Coriolis or aurora Ionospheris.

These are islands composed mainly of sand that are elongated and are parallel to a shoreline. These low-profile islands are called:

barrier islands. These can change over time due to erosion. Jetties are man-made structures that are built perpendicular to the shoreline to help protect it from erosion. Tombolos are sand bars that may connect islands to the mainland. Atolls are islands formed by coral reefs.

A thermos bottle, as pictured above, is designed to prevent heat flow. For example, it prevents heat loss by conduction by:

being made with insulating materials inside, like plastic, rubber, glass, and so on. The insulators prevent heat flow because they won't conduct heat. Having a top that seals tightly, preventing heated molecules from escaping is preventing convection. Having mirrored surfaces, inside and out, to reflect heat back in and keep outside heat reflected away, prevents radiation. And keeping the thermos in a cool, dark place does little to help it to work well.

According to Newton's First Law of Motion, objects at rest tend to remain at rest. An example of this would be:

being pushed into your seat as a car speeds up from a stopped position. You're at rest - not moving at all, when the car suddenly starts moving. Your body tends to stay stopped; the car has to push you to get you to go. Getting pushed into the side door of a car as it turns a corner and leaning forward as a moving car suddenly stops are both inertia of motion examples. And someone rolling a basketball toward the back of a bus as the bus moves forward is a relativity of motion example.

Pictured above is a drawing of the liver. Attached to the liver, as shown, is the gall bladder. The gall bladder stores and releases a mixture of digestive "juices" called:

bile.

This creature, pictured above, is a spider. This spider, as with all spiders, gets nutrition by:

biting with their fangs and injecting poison into the prey, digesting the prey and sucking the nutrients into their mouths.

The picture above is of a clam with its shell opened up. Since a clam has a two-part shel, connected by a hinge, they are put into a group with others like them - oysters, mussels, scallops - called:

bivalves.

These are objects that are so dense and so compact that the gravity is strong enough to prevent anything, even a ray of light, from escaping. These objects are called:

black holes.

Ultraviolet light has frequencies higher than visible light, and wavelengths shorter than visible light. Ultraviolet light is also called:

black light. It's called black light because it is invisible to the human eye. However, some of it can be reflected in the visible range, causing certain colors and objects to glow that are called fluorescent. Heat light is far infrared. Night-vision light is near infrared. Visible light is below ultraviolet.

The spider pictured above is a dangerous spider that lives in the United States. Its sleek, shiny black body and red hourglass design is how it's identified, as well as by the fact that many female spider eat the male spider after mating. This is a:

black widow spider.

Birds and mammals have two important characteristics in common: they are:

both warm-blooded with a four-chambered heart.

Above is a picture of a dangerous spider found in the United States. This brown spider with the violin design fortunately tries to stay away from people, so bites are not as frequent as they could be. This is a:

brown recluse spider. This spider is very dangerous, so it's good that bites are not frequent. A black widow is rounder, shiny black, with a red hourglass shape. The brown jumping wolf spider looks somewhat different and is not as deadly. Tarantulas are hairy.

The caterpillar pictured above is demonstrating one way that insects protect themselves. The way it is doing it is:

by deceiving the predator with a line of makings down its side that look like eyes, that could scare it away.

All living things are made up of organic molecules. The element that makes up the backbone of all organic molecules is:

carbon. Carbon makes up the backbone of all organic molecules. The other elements are important to the structure of these molecules, but carbon is in the middle.

Tigers, bears, wolves, and wolverines, as well as common cats and dogs, are members of a large order of mammals that are meat-eaters, called:

carnivores.

Above is a model of a human heart. The artery that carries blood from the heart to the brain is the:

carotid artery. The carotid artery takes blood from the heart to the brain. The coronary artery takes blood to the heart itself. The pulmonary artery goes to the lungs; the brachial artery to the arm.

The human brain is amazingly complex. The part of the brain that is behind and below the main part of the brain, that is involved in coordination and other brain functions, is the:

cerebellum.

The human brain is one of the most complex and highly organized structures in existence. The largest part of the human brain, where consciousness, reasoning, and voluntary actions take place, is called the:

cerebrum.

Whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals that live in the sea. They are put into a group called:

cetaceans.

Some bacteria at the bottom of the ocean, where there is no sunlight, make food by putting together inorganic chemicals. These bacteria are doing:

chemosynthesis.

Which of the following statements best explains why roots don't contain chloroplasts?

chloroplasts contain chlorophyll molecules that trap light energy

Plants make food from sunlight in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in organelles inside of plant cells called:

chloroplasts.

Above is one type of sedimentary rock. This rock formed when particles were suspended and transported by water, then deposited, later becoming rock. This type of rock is called:

clastic sedimentary rock.

Another way of identifying minerals is to look at how they break - in sheets or in jagged edges. This is called the property of:

cleavage. Cleavage is how something breaks. Breakage is used to describe cleavage, but is not the word used. Crystallization is related to how rocks break; lamination is how rocks can be layered.

A type of organic sedimentary rock formed when huge amounts of plant materials were swept into layers and buried under heat and pressure is:

coal. Coal formed from plant materials. Limestone is organic, but formed from the shells of organisms in the oceans. Shale formed from mud and conglomerate from pebbles cemented together.

Once, ancient club mosses grew into huge trees up to 35 meters tall and some produced earth's first forests. The fossilized remains of these forests exist today as which of the following?

coal. Once, ancient club mosses grew into huge trees up to 35 meters tall and some produced earth's first forests. The fossilized remains of these forests exist today as huge beds of coal.

Above is a picture of a compound light microscope. The silver wheel at the top turns a lot to focus the image. It is called the:

coarse adjustment knob.

The picture above shows the wood of a campfire burning. Two of the products of burning wood are carbon dioxide and water vapor. These substances are made up of two elements chemically combined, so they are:

compounds.

After evaporating to water vapor, as temperatures decrease as you go higher, the water vapor will become a liquid again when it cools enough, in order to become rain. This change from a gas to a liquid is:

condensation.

Evaporation is the process of a liquid becoming a gas by absorbing energy. The opposite phase change, with gas particles becoming liquid, is:

condensation. Condensation is the process of gas particles becoming liquid particles by releasing heat. Sublimation is solid particles going directly to a gas, absorbing heat. Vaporization is any time a liquid (or even a solid) becomes a gas, but it also absorbs heat. Freezing releases energy as a liquid becomes a solid.

Heat can move in different ways. When heat moves from molecule to molecule in a solid, where the increase in kinetic energy to one molecule can be passed by collision to the next, while they vibrate in place, the heat flow is called:

conduction.

Which of the following is the most common gymnosperm?

conifers

The picture above is an immature form of the roundworm known as a hookworm. The adult typically lives:

connected inside the victim's intestinal wall.

The edges of continents are called continental margins. An area adjacent to the land where the continent itself is submerged beneath the ocean waves is the:

continental shelf.

Air masses are classified by temperature and humidity. A maritime polar air mass would be:

cooler and more humid.

Based on the image above, which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource?

copper

Downward movement of loose sediment and weathered rock that results from gravity is called mass movement. If this mass movement is slow, it is referred to as:

creep. Creep is slow movement of materials down a hillside. An avalanche is a fast movement of snow down a mountainside. A slip-slide flow is really a kind of boundary (not a flow but a fault) that can be associated with tectonic movement. A landslide is also rapid movement, but of a mud and water mixture.

Clouds are classified by shape and elevation. This kind of cloud, like the one pictured, starts low, but because they have strong updrafts of air, they can be very tall and column shaped. They typically lead to thunderstorms. They are called:

cumulonimbus clouds.

Clouds are classified by shape and elevation. These low, puffy clouds, as pictured above, are usually associated with fair weather. They are called:

cumulus clouds. These are low and puffy. Stratus clouds are low and layered. Cirrus clouds are high and wispy. Nimbus clouds are low and dark, bringing rain.

The insect above is a grasshopper. All insects have mouth parts designed for what they eat, so grasshoppers have them designed for:

cutting and chewing plants.

The intensity of a sound wave is its loudness. Loudness is measured in units called:

decibels.

In a cloud, water vapor will condense to liquid water if the dew point is above 0o Celsius, the freezing point of water. However, if the dew point is below freezing, the water vapor comes out as snow crystals in a gas to solid process called:

deposition. Deposition (sometimes called desublimation) is gas to solid. Condensation is gas to liquid. Freezing is liquid to solid. Sublimation is solid to gas.

The Kinetic Theory states that all particles of matter have kinetic energy and are, therefore, moving. This causes the spontaneous mixing of two different substances without extra energy being added, a phenomenon known as:

diffusion.

The electric current is the rate at which charges move through a wire. If a battery moves the charge through the wire in only one direction, it is called:

direct current.

The picture above is that of an earthworm. To get nutrition, earthworms eat:

dirt - they absorb nutrients from the soil they ingest.

Mechanical advantage is how much easier it is to do the work using a simple machine. The distance principle states that when mechanical advantage is gained,:

distance must be sacrificed. It's easier to move the machine, but it doesn't go as far. Distance isn't gained when MA is gained, nor does it stay the same. It is mathematically predictable.

The picture above shows an earthworm. To describe how an earthworm reproduces, you would say:

earthworms are hermaphroditic, meaning every one is both male and female, so any earthworm can mate with any other.

Each charged object has an area of influence around it. This area of influence is called its:

electric field.

Magnetic fields can be used to make many devices useful. Machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy are called:

electric motors.

Above is an electron microscope. It uses a beam of electrons to see the image. And instead of lenses, it uses:

electromagnets to magnify the image. It must be a vacuum inside for the electrons to pass into and through the specimen. It doesn't use fiber-optics, X-rays, or radio waves.

The smallest unit of an element has which of the following particles that carry a negative charge?

electron

Above is a drawing of a water molecule. The kind of bond between the atoms is a covalent bond, which means:

electrons are being shared by the atoms.

Some substances, like oxygen and carbon, can't be broken down into simpler substance. They are called:

elements.

The picture above of the inside of a stomach was taken using a fiber-optic camera to actually see internal structures. This technique is called:

endoscopy.

The process by which the surrounding watershed enriches bodies of water with nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth is called:

eutrophication. This ultimately causes the water to be extremely low in oxygen content. Gentrification is the phenomenon of a population getting older on the average. Infiltration is water trickling from above ground to under ground. Extrusion is removing a material from another source.

Rock salt was formed from

evaporation Rock salt is made through intense evaporation of saltwater. Evaporation is the change of a liquid to a gas. As a liquid reaches it boiling point, the liquid vaporizes into a gas. After the water of saltwater evaporates, halite (rock salt) remains.

The first step to produce precipitation is for water to go from a liquid phase into a gas phase. This process is called:

evaporation. This is where liquid water becomes water vapor. Condensation is the opposite, gas to liquid. Sublimation is a gas to a solid, like in forming snow. And melting is a solid becoming liquid.

Transform plate boundaries occur when tectonic plates move past each other in opposite directions. These can cause:

fault lines and earthquakes.

The principle of cross cutting relationships applies to which of the following?

faults. Cross cutting relationships applies to rocks as well as faults. A fault is a fracture that exists in the Earth and movement occurs along these fault lines. With faults, the layer that is younger than the fault's strata layer and surrounds other geological features of the fault cuts across other geological features of the fault, which makes this a cross cutting relationship.

Above is a picture of a snail. Snails are a member of a class of mollusks, along with slugs and nudibranchs, called:

gastropods. Gastropods ("stomach-footed") have a single shell (or no shell), with their foot directly below their stomach. Bivalves and pelycepods ("hatchet-footed") are the same group, including clams and oysters. Cephalopods ("head-footed") includes octopuses and squids.

Time units that record the Earth's history spanning back to 4.6 billion years are a part of which of the following?

geological time scale

Trophisms are reaction of plants to their surroundings. The response of a plant to grow in the opposite direction from the way gravity pulls it is:

geotropism.

In the fossil record, there was a major extinction event during the Ordovician Period. This may have been caused by the sea levels lowering. There was another such event at end of a later Period, the Devonian, a warm, tropical time all over the Earth. Both of these events most likely, then, were caused by:

global cooling, which would have caused the sea levels to lower and would have caused many species adapted to warm climates to die from exposure to cold. There is some evidence that the continents had glaciers at this time, but it is also logical. Global cooling locks up liquid water into ice, which would lower sea levels and expose more sensitive marine species to colder temperature. There certainly was no evidence of a world-wide drought at this time - quite the contrary: most models say the Earth's climate during this time was more like a tropical rainforest. Cooling temperatures would probably have increased the precipitation rate, anyway. And increased volcanic activity would increase the atmospheric water vapor level, increasing precipitation. Mountain-building wouldn't have a very large effect on climate overall. Volcanic activity, however, could also cause a cooling of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface by the ash released blocking the sunlight. Volcanic eruptions in more recent times have been known to have a cooling effect on the climate.

During photosynthesis, chemical energy is stored in which of the following molecules?

glucose molecule Plants are energy converters and during photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy which is stored in the glucose molecule. In cellular respiration, the energy stored in glucose is released, and the cell produces the energy molecule known as ATP.

Felsic rocks tend to be light in color and are composed of minerals high in silicon and aluminum. The prime example of a felsic rock is (like the one pictured above):

granite. Granite is a light-colored felsic rock. Basalt and gabbro are dark in color. Obsidian is also usually dark, volcanic glass.

The equatorial ocean currents all over the Earth are part of a larger, circular current pattern known as:

gyre.

Any kind of water falling to Earth from a cloud is precipitation. One kind of precipitation is associated with thunderstorms. As water droplets get pushed up higher into a cloud by updrafts of air, they may freeze at the top. As this happens several times, the pellets get larger and larger, as pictured above. This is called:

hail.

Plants have many ways that they respond to their environment. Vines are one kind of plant that responds to touch or contact. Another example would be mimosa tree leaves, that fold up when touched. This is called:

haptotropism.

A thermos bottle, as pictured above, is designed to prevent heat flow. It prevents heat flow by convection by:

having a top that seals tightly, preventing heated molecules from escaping and carrying heat away. This prevents the heated molecules from carrying their heat out of the thermos. Being made of insulating materials, like rubber, glass, and plastic prevents conduction. Having mirrored surfaces inside and out, reflecting heat back in from the inside, and reflecting outside heat from getting in prevents radiation. And where the thermos is has no effect on what's happening inside.

Above is a very important human organ. It's function is to collect blood from the rest of the body and pump it back through the body. It is the:

heart.

The drawing above shows a very important property of water. Because water molecules, as shown, have positive sides and negative sides, they are attracted to each other, even though no electrons move. This attraction is called:

hydrogen bonding.

The Sun that we orbit is an average star. It is made up of mostly:

hydrogen. The Sun is 73% hydrogen and 25% helium. It contains much smaller amounts of oxygen and nitrogen.

Plants are able to respond to their environment. One of these responses is to water. This attraction is called:

hydrotropism

Saturn, the planet pictured above, is most well-known because of its rings. It is the only planet with rings visible from the Earth. The rings are now know to be made of:

ice chunks and small ice-covered rocks. The rings are not continuous, and they can extend as far out as a width of 300,000 km. They are not iron and nickel, the pieces are relatively small, and made of water ice, not those other compounds.

Speed cannot be negative, but velocity can be positive or negative. Velocity can be negative:

if one direction is defined as positive, moving in the opposite direction is negative.

Craters, like we see on the Moon, are classified into three divisions based on size. The largest, which can be up to 100 km in diameter, are called:

impact craters.

Above is a picture of maple seeds. Maple seeds look like this because:

this shape helps them fall with the air currents, more slowly so they don't get damaged.

The process by which precipitation that has fallen on land trickles into the ground and becomes groundwater is:

infiltration. This is water on top finding its way underground. Saturation is what the soil can become when it gets infiltrated. Evaporation is one of the ways water leaves the ground. Porosity is the property of how well water infiltrates.

The Sun's heat travels by radiation to the Earth through empty space. This type of electromagnetic radiation that we feel as the Sun's heat is:

infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is heat radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is higher energy than infrared or visible light, it doesn't show up as heat to us. Microwave radiation is high energy radio waves; this is not what we would feel as heat from the Sun. Gamma radiation is the highest energy electromagnetic radiation; they would be very destructive to living things, but it's not heat radiation.

The human ear can hear sound waves that vibrate at as low a frequency as 20 Hz. Any sound below that frequency is referred to as:

infrasound. Below normal sound frequencies is infrasound. Ultrasound is above what humans can hear. Microsound and megasound are terms that are not used in this context.

Above is a picture of a grasshopper. A grasshopper is in the Class of arthropods called:

insects.

Igneous rock comes from molten rock under the Earth called magma. If the magma should cool and solidify before coming to the surface, it is called:

intrusive or plutonic igneous rock.

Animals can be divided up into two major groups: those with a backbone and those without. Those organisms without a backbone are called:

invertebrates.

A plane, flat mirror will obey the law of reflection. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence (the light rays coming in):

is equal to the angle of reflection. The law of reflection says that the angle of the light coming in is equal to the angle of the light coming out. It is not greater than or less than.

The octopus, pictured above, has a very unusual ability. This is called a mimic octopus, which means:

it can mimic or actually try to look and act like many sea creatures with a dazzling assortment of color changes, textures changes, and behaviors.

The picture above shows an adult deer tick. This particular tick is dangerous because.

it can spread Lyme disease.

Above is the seventh planet from the Sun in the Solar System, Uranus. This planet has one characteristic that is unique to it:

it has a unique rotational axis, tipped so much that one half of the planet is in darkness and the other half is in constant light.

Above is the picture of a sea turtle. It's a true turtle because:

it has flippers with a flattened shell, allowing them to spend almost all their time in the water.

Above is a picture of a red-eyed tree frog. Sometimes tree frogs are brightly colored because:

it's warning coloration, telling a predator not to eat them.

Above is a picture of a coral reef. Corals are living creatures that are in the same group as:

jellyfish, because they have stinging cells. Corals can sting with their cells, like jellyfish. They can have hard outer shells of the same material as clams, but are not in the same group. They don't have water-vascular systems. They don't move as adults, but are not sponges.

To prevent sand erosion on beaches, people have built structures that attempt to do that. These are pairs of structures that extend into the ocean at the entrance to a harbor or river, that also protect against damage from storm waves and sediment deposition.

jetties. Jetties extend out, at a right angle to the beach. Seawalls are parallel to the beach. Sea arches are natural structures, and lagoons are bodies of water.

Arthropods are the largest group of species and the largest group of individuals compared to any other group. The name "arthropod" comes from their important characteristic of having:

jointed legs or appendages. The word "arthro" means "joint"; "poda" meaning legs or other appendages. They have an exoskeleton, but the name doesn't mean that. They also have excellent sense organs and a lightweight body made of Chitin, but the name doesn't mean that.

Which of the following is the standard SI unit for measuring density?

kilograms per cubic meter

Which of the following are small openings in the stem that allow oxygen in and carbon dioxide out?

lenticels. Lenticels are small openings in the stem that allow oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. Stomates are openings in the lower epidermis that allow carbon dioxide into the leaf and water and oxygen out of the leaf. Guard cells are responsible for forming stomates and the cuticle is a thin, waxy layer that covers the upper epidermis of the leaf, preventing the loss of water.

Thunderstorms are violent storms that most frequently occur in the summertime. Thunder is caused by:

lightning heating the air, causing it to expand rapidly and create a sound wave.

Some sedimentary rock, like the one pictured above, come when chemicals from small living things dissolve in the water and later form rock when the water evaporates. This is a common rock called:

limestone. Limestone comes from calcium carbonate shells, dissolved in water and later formed into rock. Shale forms from mud, sandstone from sand (quartz), and schist is a metamorphic rock.

Which of the following enzymes found in pancreatic juice breaks apart fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipase. While pancreatic juice contains all of the enzymes listed above, lipase is the enzyme that breaks apart fat molecules. Pancreatic amylase breaks long carbohydrates, and trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes that break apart peptide fragments.

The surface of the Earth, including the crust, is made up of rigid plates. This rigid part of the surface of the Earth is called the:

lithosphere. The rocky outer part is the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is a molten layer below the lithosphere. The mantle is just below the crust; the hydrosphere is the water on the Earth.

This organ shown above from a human is common in the living world. It is the largest organ in the human body and has many functions, several of which have to do with digestion. This is the:

liver.

There are many applications today of GPS - Global Positioning System. It is most commonly used to navigate cars as they drive. GPS is a satellite navigation system that allows users to:

locate their approximate position on Earth.

The organism pictured above is a grasshopper. Grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis, which means the immature form;

looks just like the adult, only smaller and without wings.

The amplitude of a sound wave determines its intensity. The intensity of a sound wave is called:

loudness.

There are many bones that make up the human skull. The bone that makes up the lower jaw, the only bone of the head that is independently mobile, is the:

mandible.

Our Moon's surface is divided up into two major regions: highly-cratered highlands and darker, relatively smooth:

maria. These wide areas, Latin for "seas", are composed of darker basaltic lava flows. Rilles are collapsed tubes that once carried lava. A graben is a linear depression believed to have been caused by faulting. Impact craters are the largest of craters on the Moon's surface.

Kangaroos, koala bears, and wombats are an unusual kind of mammal. They have no placenta; they raise their young in a pouch. They are called:

marsupials.

How much easier it is to do the work using a machine is called:

mechanical advantage.

Atmospheric chemistry is a subspecialty of science closely related to which of the following?

meteorology

Mammals are an important Class of vertebrates. What gives them their name is the fact that they have mammary glands, also known as:

milk glands.

A benefit of using solar energy is

minimal environmental impact

Based on the image above of a fossil shell, which of the following develops when sediment covers the hard section of an organism?

mold. Fossil remains give scientists information about historical events of the Earth. When fossils do not have their original material from the original organism, then these fossils are classified as mold. Mold develops when sediments cover the original hard surface of an organism, such as a hard shell. Then the hard portion is removed through erosion or weathering.

The organism pictured above is a clam. it belongs to a group called:

mollusks. They are in Phylum Mollusca, soft-bodied creatures, often with shells. Annelids are segmented worms. Echinoderms have a spiny skin, like starfish or sea urchins. Arthropods have an exoskeleton, like spiders and insects.

A moving baseball has mass and velocity. Mass times velocity is a quantity called:

momentum.

Spiny anteaters are one type of this unusual kind of mammal. They are a unique group because they lay eggs. They are called:

monotremes.

Fungi use which of the following structures to absorb food?

mycelium

Which of the following produce fairy rings?

mycelium

Above is a model of a hydrogen atom. The electron, orbiting the nucleus, has a:

negative charge.

Which of the following is not an exception to the cell theory?

new cells arise only from previously existing cells. New cells arise only from previously existing cells is part of the cell theory and is not an exception. Exceptions to the cell theory: the first cell is an exceptions because it could not have come from a previously existing cell, chloroplasts and mitochondria are parts of cells that have their own DNA and reproduce independently of the cell, making them more basic than a cell in structure and function, and viruses are exceptions because they do not have the cell structures common to most cells.

The atmosphere is composed of primarily two gases which make up about 99% of it. The most common gas in the atmosphere is:

nitrogen.

Above is a picture of a snake. Because it's a snake, it has:

no external ears and no eyelids. Lizards have external ears and eyelids; snakes have neither.

The center of an atom is called the _____. It is composed of _____.

nucleus; protons and neutrons.

A key characteristic of mammals is that they have hair. Because mammals have hair, they also have:

oil, or sebaceous, glands, to keep their hair moist. The oil keeps the hair strands supple. The other three things have nothing to do with hair.

Ocean waves are affected by how long the wind blows and the distance over which it blows. Large waves are created:

only when the wind blows across a given area for a long period of time.

Above is a drawing of the bottom layer of a leaf. There are holes called stomata, on each side of which there are bean-shaped cells called guard cells. These guard cells:

open and close the holes (stomata).

Marsupials are mammals that raise their young in pouches because they have no placenta. While most marsupials live in Australia, the animal pictured above is the only North American marsupial, the:

opossum.

Above is a picture of the receptacle of a flower called Alstromeria. Inside the bulb, there are visible individual rounded objects inside the ovary, called:

ova.

The picture above shows the base of a flower called Alstromeria. The flower part directly in the center, which is inside the receptacle, the bottom part of the pistil, is the:

ovary.

This is a graph showing the relative abundance of elements in the Earth's crust. Which element, according to the graph, is the most abundant by percent?

oxygen

Agriculture is growing crops for the benefit of humans or animals. To increase yield, chemicals are applied to farm fields to control weeds, insects, and fungi called:

pesticides.

Plants make their own food from sunlight. This is done by a process called:

photosynthesis.

What two layer silicon structure converts solar energy into electrical energy?

photovoltaic cell. A photovoltaic cell, or solar energy cell, is a thin piece of easy to see through wafer that transforms sunlight into electrical energy. Further, photovoltaic cells are made of layers of silicon.

Above is a picture of a leaf. This leaf has a vein structure called:

pinnate - like a feather.

Above is a flower known as Alstromeria. The whole central structure, the female part of the flower, is called the:

pistil. The pistil has stigmas, a style, and an ovary at its base. A stigma is part of a pistil, but it is not the whole thing. The stamen and the anther are part of the male structures.

Some new plants can be grown without using seeds. For example, potatoes are grown by:

planting pieces of potato in the ground, each piece containing an eye.

Monkeys, apes, and humans are usually put into the same order of mammal called:

primates.

According to the examination of the fossil record based on the evolutionary model, unicellular organisms that do not have nuclei dominated the Earth until the end of the Precambrian. These organisms are called:

prokaryotes.

The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer is important because it:

protects us from exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun.

The drawing about is of human lungs. The name given to the veins and arteries, blood vessels that go to and from the lungs, is:

pulmonary.

On a beach of sand, the individual grains are usually produced by the erosion of continental rocks. Sand is most often made up of the mineral:

quartz. Quartz is silicon dioxide, a common mineral. Feldspar is related to clay, hematite is iron ore, and calcite is limestone.

Heat can flow from a warmer object to a colder object. That heat may not be carried by matter, but by electromagnetic waves. For example, the Sun's heat energy gets from the Sun to the Earth through empty space. This kind of heat flow is called:

radiation.

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of waves at all possible energies, frequencies, and wavelengths. The longest waves on the electromagnetic spectrum would be:

radio waves. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths of all e-m waves. Microwaves are radio waves that are the shortest of them. Visible light waves are much shorter, and gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths of all.

Precipitation is any kind of water that falls to the Earth. If smaller water vapor droplets join into larger groups, above the freezing point, the result is;

rain. Rain occurs when water droplets fall because of gravity. Snow form ice crystals directly in a cloud. Sleet is rain that freezes to pellets on the way down. Hail happens during thunderstorms when water droplets get pushed up high enough to freeze, the come down.

Above is the base of a flower called Alstromeria. The base of a flower, that every part of the flower is attached to, is called the:

receptacle. The base of a flower is a receptacle. The pistil is attached to it in the center. The stamens, the male parts, are also attached to it. The calyx is the crown of sepals, the leaf-like remains of the bud.

A rainbow, like the one pictured above, is formed by the effect of water droplets on the white light of the Sun. The droplets are bending light waves different amounts because of their different wave lengths. This bending of light rays is called:

refraction. This is the bending of light rays that separate into colors. Reflection is the bouncing of light rays. Resolution is the sharpness of an image. Reverberation is vibration, usually associated with sound.

This is one way to measure how much water vapor is in the air. It is a ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor that could be in the air at that temperature. It is called:

relative humidity.

Condensation is the process by which gas particles become liquid particles. In order to do that, the gas particles must:

release energy.

There are several characteristics to look for to see if an organism is alive or not. One of these is the making of another organism that has characteristics and limitations similar to the original. This is called:

reproduction.

The picture above is of a sea turtle. Turtles belong to the Class of vertebrates called:

reptiles.

Above is a picture of a member of the string family, a violin. When a string of a violin is vibrating at the same frequency as the body of the violin, the sound amplified. This effect is known as:

resonance.

Mice, rats, squirrels, and beavers are mammals that have front teeth (incisors) that are continually growing, so they must constantly gnaw to keep them from getting too big. This group are called:

rodents.

These structures of a plant, as shown in the picture above, help anchor it to the ground. These are:

roots.

Static electricity is a build-up or loss of electrons contained in objects. The most common way to produce a static charge between two objects is by:

rubbing them together.

Above is a picture of a snake. A snake is different from a lizard in the kind of scales it has on its belly. A snake has:

scutes, which are elongated scales across its belly.

Above is a picture of an electron microscope, one of the most important tools in studying life today. A great advantage of a scanning electron microscope is that it can:

see surfaces.

The picture above is an earthworm. Earthworms belong to the group of:

segmented worms.

When tectonic plates move, they cause earthquakes. The energy created by the force of an earthquake is called:

seismic energy.

An important property used to identify minerals is how well the surface reflects light. This is called its:

sheen. Sheen is how well a surface reflects light. Luster is how shiny the appearance is. Brightness is how something gives off light. Iridescence is how sparkling something is.

Above is the picture of an earthworm. Earthworms are able to hold on to the sides of their holes because, along the sides of their bodies, they have:

short bristles called setae which they dig in to hold on.

Which of the following systems is responsible for the storage of certain minerals?

skeletal system. The bones of the skeletal system store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Precipitation is any kind of water falling from the sky. If rain droplets start falling from a cloud with a temperature above freezing, if the air below is colder and the droplets freeze, you will get:

sleet. These frozen water droplets come down as frozen pellets. Snow forms crystals in the cloud. Hail are ice pellets formed in a thunderstorm.

Precipitation occurs when water in any form falls from the sky. If the temperature in a cloud is cold enough, the water vapor gas will come out directly as ice crystals. As pictured above, this is called:

snow.

Above is a flower called Alstromeria. These flower parts are in the center, leading the the base of the flower. The sticky three-part top are called:

stigmas. Stigmas are sticky, holding on to pollen grains for reproduction. Styles are the long necks. Ovaries are at the base. Anthers are male parts, making pollen.

Above is a picture of a grasshopper. A grasshopper is an insect, therefore it has:

three pairs of walking legs.

The scientific method is a series of steps to _____.

solve a problem. The scientific method is a series of steps to solve a problem. Gather information, ask a scientific question, and formulate a hypothesis are all parts of the scientific method.

Radar uses microwaves to detect objects in the air. Under water, this is used to measure depth and other distances. This system is known as:

sonar.

A type of technology that is used to map the ocean's floor is called

sonar. Sonar is used to map the seafloor of the ocean. The side-scan solar uses the technique that sends sound waves at an angle to the sea floor.

Sound waves travel much more slowly than light waves. This is because:

sound waves must be carried by a medium, like air or water.

A moving object changes its position over time. The change in position over time of an object is its:

speed. The change in position over time is speed. Force is a push or a pull. Acceleration is change in speed over time. Momentum is mass times velocity.

The organism pictured above is a spider. Spiders do several unique things, but the most unique thing spiders can do is:

spin a web.

These pore-bearing creatures are animals, even though they don't move as adults. They filter water through these pores and digest the small nutrients they collect. They are:

sponges.

Which of the following describes the idea that life could come from nonliving matter?

spontaneous generation

In ancient times, and even into the modern world, people have mistakenly believed that life can come from non-living chemicals. For example, they thought a dead mouse became living maggots over time. This false concept is called:

spontaneous generation.

Molds are a kind of fungi. They like to grow in warm, dark, damp places where food is available. They reproduce most commonly by:

spore production, produced by asexual reproduction.

The diploid phase of plants is known as which of the following?

sporophyte

In the oceans, the area along the equator is an area of unpredictable weather events called the doldrums. Sometimes, sudden , brief, violent windstorms can occur, known as:

squalls. These sudden storms aren't nearly as large as hurricanes. Siroccos are strong winds that come from land to the oceans. Gyres are circular wind patterns.

Above is a flower called Alstromeria. These brown structures are called anthers. Together, with the white stalks, they make up the male parts of the flower called:

stamens. These are the male parts that make pollen. Pistils are made of carpels, the female parts of the flower. Sporangia make spores for asexual reproduction, like with ferns.

All of the following are characteristics of a monocot EXCEPT:

stem vascular bundles in a ring. Monocots are an angiosperm kind of plant, meaning they produce flowers and nectar. They have parallel leaf veins, their stem vascular bundles are scattered, they have fibrous roots, and they have pollen with a single furrow or pore.

The plant pictured above is celery Most of what we eat of a celery plant comes from its:

stem.

Above is a picture of a box jellyfish. A unique trait that all true jellyfish have is:

stinging cells.

Clouds are usually classified according to shape and altitude. Clouds at the lowest elevation, that cover the sky in layers or sheets, as shown above, are called:

stratus clouds. These clouds often bring rain or cloudy weather. Cumulus clouds are low, puffy, fair-weather clouds. Cirrus clouds are high and wispy, as are cirrocumulus clouds.

The image above shows cyanobacterium similar to the cyanobacteria that were around during the early formation of the earth. Which of the following organisms evolved from cyanobacteria?

stromatolites

Above is a picture of the Sun. The reddish-maroon markings that can be seen across its face are:

sunspots. These were first discovered by Galileo. Solar flares are brighter and flare out. Solar winds are material from the Sun, but are generally not visible. Nuclear fusion sites are in the core.

Some metals and compounds have zero resistance when their temperatures fall below a critical temperature. These types of materials are called:

superconductors. These are excellent conductors. Their ability is close to being infinite because there is no energy lost when the electrical charge flows. Conductors have some resistance, insulators and semi-conductors have much higher resistance.

At a shoreline, an area of turbulent water where waves rush onto the shore is called the:

surf zone. The surf zone is where the ocean water constants comes in and out. Beach drift is what the sand might do because of the motion of the water. A longshore current runs parallel to the beach. The backshore zone is where the sand dunes are, far back from the surf zone.

Newton's First Law of Motion is sometimes called the Law of Inertia. The first part of it states that objects at rest:

tend to remain at rest, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. They always would move with an unbalanced force applied. They will remain at rest indefinitely, but not if an unbalanced force is applied. And, yes, they are affected by gravity, but that's not Newton's First Law of Motion.

There are really two parts to the Law of Inertia. The second part of Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects in motion:

tend to stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Igneous rocks come from molten rock. Molten rock is not as dense as solid rock, so it;

tends to rise to the surface. Magma tends to rise to the surface because less dense things rise in more dense things. It does not tend to sink deeper and deeper, nor is it unpredictable.

A penny dropped from the top of the Empire State Building should be falling as fast as a bullet when it hits the ground if it weren't for air resistance. When the upward force of air resistance equals the downward force of the penny, it stops accelerating and has reached:

terminal velocity. The speed at which a falling object stops accelerating. It's not called final speed or gravitational stasis. And absolute zero is the coldest possible temperature.

Above is a picture of a grasshopper. A grasshopper is an insect, which means it breathes:

through tubes in their abdomen called tracheae.

Most places in the United States experience four seasons. The reason the seasons occur is because of:

the 23.50 tilt of the Earth on its axis, tilting away from the sun in the winter, and toward the sun in the summer.

The drawing above shows the path of a warm water current that passes up the East Coast of the United States and across the North Atlantic to Europe. This is known as:

the Gulf Stream. This was first charted by Benjamin Franklin. It is not known as the South Atlantic Flow or the Bahaman Current. The Labrador Current is cold water moving the opposite direction.

Scattered across the floors of ocean basins are isolated mountains and chains of mountains called seamounts. The best-known example of seamounts is:

the Hawaiian Islands. These are volcanic islands that rise up off of the sea floor in the middle of the Pacific. The Aleutian Islands are part of a chain of volcanoes around the Pacific that are at the edge of tectonic plates. The Seychelles and the Bahamas are not volcanic islands.

Above is an artist's drawing of the "planet", Pluto. It was recently discovered that there are many icy asteroids in the same orbit around the sun as Pluto. These icy asteroids make up:

the Kuiper belt. This belt is why Pluto is not considered a planet. It's also because it's smaller than Earth's Moon. The Oort cloud is a supposed origin of comets. The Ceres belt is what the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars could have been called, since Ceres is the largest asteroid. It isn't called the Pluto belt.

The Sun, the Earth, and the rest of the Solar System are part of a very large spiral group of celestial objects called:

the Milky Way Galaxy.

The North Atlantic gyre, a circulating mass of water, spins clockwise. In the center there are virtually no currents. This produces a large calm area with an abundance of sea weed called:

the Sargasso Sea.

Energy is an important concept in Physical Science. Energy can be most simply defined as:

the ability to do work (or to cause change).

As air rises, it cools until it eventually causes the water vapor to condense. This is because the air cools as you get farther away from the ground, but also because:

the air cools as it expands. It' known as adiabatic cooling because the particles use energy to separate. The volume of the air increases as it rises because pressure gets less. It would warm as it got closer to the sun, and the clouds have nothing to do with it.

When a helium-filled balloon is taken from a refrigerated room at 100 C to an outside environment at 350 C, it gets bigger. Why does it expand?

the atoms inside start to move faster because of more kinetic energy at a higher temperature.

A region of the oceans near the equator between the two belts of trade winds, where the air tends to rise up, is known as:

the doldrums. This area does not have prevailing winds or currents. The horse latitudes are between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies, far to the north of the equator. There is no Coriolis belt.

The picture above is of a clam with its shell opened up. Right in the lower center, there is a structure that the clam uses for movement. It is called:

the foot. They use their foot to burrow into the sand quickly and to get away from a predator. The umbo is the oldest part of the shell. It's not called a swimming fin. A siphon is a tube through which they take water in or out.

Above is the receptacle of a flower of an Alstromeria plant. What will the ovary, the structure in the center of the receptacle, become when the ova are fertilized?

the fruit.

Krypton has full outer energy levels. By having this type of energy level, what does this mean?

the gas is highly un-reactive. Elements with a full outermost energy level are highly un-reactive. Gases that have full outer energy levels, besides Krypton are helium, neon, argon, xenon and radon. Further, the outermost energy levels of these gases contain valence elections, which determines the element's chemical behavior.

Atoms or molecules are moving constantly because of their kinetic energy. The relationship between motion and temperature is:

the higher the temperature, the more the kinetic energy of the particles. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance. It is a genuine relationship, and it is completely predictable.

Discuss the hypothetico deductive process and its criticisms.

the hypothetico deductive process states that to have an idea and then formulate a hypothesis are essentially creative processes driven by eons of human experience. Statements about reality are the logical conclusions of observed experience. Such creative propositions are the basis for scientific inquiry. Empirical evidence must then validate these hypotheses. Creative inspiration and scientific validation are interdependent aspects of scientific inquiry. New observations often are the catalyst for creative new theories. Science thus proceeds through creative thinking and scientific validation. There are criticisms of the hypothetico deductive process The problem of deduction points out that the original hypothesis may be proved wrong in the future thus invalidating all subsequent conclusions. The problem of induction building a theory from generalizations is that any generalization may be proved wrong by future objective observations. This hypothetico deductive process and its problems is a fascinating subject to philosophers of science.

Because the Earth is round, it is difficult to draw a flat map of the Earth that is not distorted. One kind of map is called a Mercator projection. Because the latitude and longitude lines are parallel, the distortion of this map is:

the landmasses near the poles are larger than they should be. Because, in reality, latitude and longitude are not parallel, so the northern and southern extremes of the Mercator projection become distorted. The landmasses near the equator are actually smaller than they should be. The edges of the continents are not significantly distorted. All landmasses are not the perfect size and shape.

A hurricane is an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that can cause a massive amount of destruction and many deaths. The energy that drive a hurricane comes from:

the latent heat, or condensation energy, of the water vapor as it becomes liquid. This heat is released every time water condenses from vapor to liquid. This is the energy that drives a hurricane. Evaporation energy is absorbed, not released. The Coriolois effect causes it to spin in the same direction, but doesn't add energy to the spin. Atmospheric pressure changes as a result, not a cause.

On a periodic table, the elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers. An atomic number is:

the number of protons in the nucleus.

What occurs to the pH of soil when acid rain falls on a forest?

the pH of the soil falls

When pollen grains are placed into a drop of water, the grains appear to be moving when observed under the microscope. This is known as Brownian movement, and it is caused by>

the pollen grains are being bombarded by the water molecules constantly moving around them due to kinetic energy. This is the cause of all Brownian movement - the "background" particles are moving. The pollen grains aren't moving themselves - and even if they did, Brownian movement happens with non-living particles, too. It is real movement. And it happens, whether the water is flowing or not.

The difference between two areas in how much is there of a substance is called the concentration gradient. If the difference in concentration between two areas is high - there is a large difference in concentration - then:

the rate of diffusion is high (it goes fast).

If you put an ordinary rock into a cup of water, it will sink to the bottom. The reason is because:

the rock is more dense than the water. More dense things sink in less dense things. The rock does not have equal density, and there is a way to tell in this experiment.

The loudness scale is marked in decibels. The value of "0" decibels is defined as:

the softest sound it is possible for a human to hear. It's not absolutely no sound. The softest sound is some sound. Infinite sound is not a relevant concept here. The threshold of pain is about 120 decibels.

Hurricanes can cause damage in many different ways. One of the most damaging aspects of a hurricane is a rise in sea level know as:

the storm surge. The rise in sea level can cause massive flooding. A hurricane starts as a tropical depression; the Doppler effect occurs with wave energy, not hurricanes. And a sea-slide occurs in a computer game.

During the early formation of the Earth, what broke apart the concentration of ammonia and methane in the Earth's atmosphere?

the sun's ultraviolet radiation

As water boils, it changes from a liquid to a gas. At the boiling point, what happens to the temperature of the water as it's continually heated (until it's all a gas)?

the temperature stays the same. During a phase change, the temperature stays the same. The other changes (or not a change) don't occur.

You have a cup of hot tea, sitting at a table next to an unheated swimming pool. Which liquid has the most heat energy (or the greater amount of thermal energy)?

the unheated swimming pool, because it has many more molecules in it than the tea. Even though the individual molecules in the hot tea have a higher average heat content, the pool is so much larger that the total kinetic energy would be much greater than cup.

Evaporative cooling is a result of the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy. As water evaporates off of a person's skin, for example,:

the water absorbs energy from the skin, removing the heat energy from the person's body. Water releasing heat wouldn't help cool the person down. The water doesn't absorb heat from the hot air; in order to cool the person, it needs to absorb heat from the person.

Fish, frogs, toads, and snakes are all said to be "cold-blooded." This term means:

their body temperature is controlled by their external environment. They control it by basking in the sun, or by staying in or near water. They do not have internal control of their body temperature - that's warm blooded. They don't keep their internal body temperature exactly the same. It can be warm in the sun, or colder under water.

A bird's skeleton is somewhat different from the skeleton of other vertebrates because:

their bones are hollow to make them more lightweight for flying. Everything about birds has to do with flying. Their bones are the opposite of compact. They are not bigger overall (although some bones, like their sternum, might be relatively large. They do not use different calcium salts.

Once a hypothesis has been verified and accepted, it becomes a

theory. Once a hypothesis has been verified and accepted, it becomes a theory. A theory is a generally accepted explanation that has been highly developed and tested. A theory can explain data and be expected to predict outcomes of tests. A fact is considered to be an objective and verifiable observation; whereas, a scientific theory is a greater body of accepted knowledge, principles, or relationships that might explain a fact. A law is an explanation of events by which the outcome is always the same. A conclusion is more of an opinion and could be based on observation, evidence, fact, laws, or even beliefs.

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action:

there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Above is a picture of a sea slug. They are unusual because:

they "borrow" sting cells from the sea anemones and corals they eat, and can actually sting something that tries to eat them.

Above is a picture of an earthworm. Their bodies are slimy - covered with mucous - because:

they breathe through their skin, so it has to stay moist. This is also why they can drown if they end up under water. The mucous can help them escape from some enemies, but that doesn't happen most of the time. The predators don't seem to mind the mucous - ask a robin. And they don't absorb nutrients from the soil.

Above is a picture of the bottom cell layer of a leaf. Surrounding the holes, called stomata, are guard cells which open and close them. Inside the guard cells are chloroplasts, because:

they can detect light when the light is strong enough; when they make sugars, water enters the cells to cause them to open.

What describes the purpose of performing experiments?

to make observations and to test a hypothesis. An experiment is a procedure that has organized steps. These steps allows the scientist to observe and record measurements in order to test a hypothesis. Although the collection of qualitative data is a part of an experiment, collect qualitative data is not the main purpose of scientist to perform an experiment.

If a rock is placed into a cup of water, it will usually sink. The most accurate way to measure the volume of the rock is:

to measure the difference in volume, or displacement, of water by the rock.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy in a body of matter. Heat, or thermal energy, is a measure of the:

total amount of kinetic energy in a body of matter. Heat, or thermal energy, is the total; temperature is the average. So temperature is the same as the kinetic energy of an individual molecule in a body of matter. The speed of molecules is related to kinetic energy, but that's not how it's measured. And it's related to temperature change, but that would be measuring the difference in heat content.

Above is a stalk of celery. If this celery were put, leaves facing out, into a cup of water with red food coloring, it would gradually turn red. The process that is being demonstrated is called:

transpiration. Transpiration involves water being drawn up from the roots (or bottom of the stalk) as it evaporates out the leaves. Photosynthesis goes on in every chloroplast in every call; water is needed, but that's not why the water moves up. Respiration is burning glucose with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water. Diffusion would not pull the water molecules up.

The drawing above is of a bony fish, the common carp. Like all fish, in its circulatory system, it has a:

two-chambered heart, an atrium and a ventricle.

Newton's Third Law deals with action-reaction pairs. An example of the Third Law of Motion is:

when a bird flies off of a branch, the branch moves backwards. The action is the bird flying; the reaction is the branch moving backwards. The other three examples are for inertia, the first law of motion.

The organs pictured above are the kidneys. The tubes leading away from the kidneys, to the urinary bladder, are called:

ureters.

Above is a picture of a clam with its shell opened up. Clams get food by:

using their gills to filter food particles out of the water, which they then put into their mouth to digest. Clams are filter-feeders. They don't bite chunks off of sea creatures, nor do they eat fish and shrimp whole. They also don't absorb nutrients directly through their skin.

The picture above is of a convex mirror. They are used as this one is - as a rear-view mirror, because the image they produce is:

virtual, smaller, and right-side up. These mirrors warn that the images are smaller than what they appear to be. Convex mirrors always produce virtual, smaller, and upright images. Concave mirrors produce both real and virtual images (depending on how close to the mirror you are), but they would produce a virtual image unless the object is very close. Also, concave mirrors could focus sunlight - not good on the highway.

Diseases are caused by organisms referred to as pathogens. Pathogens that infect a person that cause colds, the flu, the chicken pox, and measles are:

viruses.

A difference in electrical charge can occur between two areas. This difference in charge, or potential difference, is called:

voltage.

All of the following are true when comparing water molds and fungi EXCEPT:

water mold hyphae are not multinucleate and fungi hyphae are multinucleate. Water molds produce thin filaments known as hyphae and these hyphae do not have walls between their cells; as a result, water mold hyphae are multinucleate. Also, water molds have cell walls made of cellulose and produce motile spores, two traits fungi do not have.

The rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy is electric power. Electric power, calculated by taking the voltage times the amps in a circuit, is measured in units called:

watts.

Ocean waves have parts like energy waves. The distance from the highest point of one wave to the highest point on the next wave is that wave's:

wavelength.

Above are the roots of a plant that was grown in an experiment. These roots belong to a plant that was grown "hydroponically", which means:

without being grown in the soil.

Energy is an important part of Physical Science. For example, when a cart is pushed, energy is added to it to make it move. The force used to push it, times the distance it is pushed, is:

work. Work is what happens when energy is added to matter. Mechanical Advantage is how much easier a machine makes the work using a machine. Power involves time - how fast the work is done. And resistance is the force being moved by a machine.

The region below Earth's surface that has material with its pores completely filled with water is the:

zone of saturation.

Meteoroids

Are fragments of asteroids of various sizes. If they come through earth's atmosphere they are called meteors or shooting stars. If they land on earth they are called meteorites and create craters on impact (the Barringer Crater in Arizona).

Asteroids

Are irregularly shaped boulders usually less than 60 miles in diameter that orbit the sun. Most are made of graphite about 25% are silicates or iron and nickel. Collisions or gravitational forces can cause them to fly off and possibly hit a planet.

Describe the biosphere.

Biosphere is the term used by physical geographers to describe the living world of trees bugs and animals. It refers to any place where life exists on earth and is the intersection of the hydrosphere the atmosphere the land and the energy that comes from space. The biosphere includes the upper areas of the atmosphere where birds and insects can travel areas deep inside caves and hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean. Factors that affect the biosphere include: -The distance and tilt between the earth and the sun. This produces temperatures that are conducive to life and causes the seasons. -Climate daily weather and erosion These change the land and the organisms on and in it. -Earthquakes tornadoes volcanoes tsunamis and other natural phenomena These all change the land. -Chemical erosion This changes the composition of rocks and organic materials as well as how bacteria and single celled organisms break down organic and inorganic materials.

Identify the characteristics of earth's moon.

Earth's moon is the closest celestial body to earth. Its proximity has allowed it to be studied since the invention of the telescope. As a result its landform have been named after astronomers philosophers and other scholars. Its surface has many craters created by asteroids since it has no protective atmosphere. These dark lowlands looked like seas to early astronomers but there is virtually no water on the moon except possibly in its polar regions. These impact craters and depressions actually contain solidified lava flows. The bright highlands were thought to be continents and were named terrae. The rocks of the moon have been pounded by asteroids so often that there is a layer of rubble and dust called the regolith. Also because there is no protective atmosphere temperatures on the moon vary widely from 265 degrees F- -255 degrees F.

Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

Fossils have been used to identify basic eras the age of primitive life the age of fishes the age of dinosaurs and the age of mammals. Most ancient forms of life have disappeared and there are reference tables that list when this occurred. Fossil records also show the evolution of certain life forms such as the horse from the eohippus. However the majority of changes do not involve evolution form simple to complex forms but rather an increase in the variety of forms.

Mass wasting

Is the movement of masses of dirt and rock from one place to another.

Relative humidity

Is the ratio of water vapor in the air compared to the amount the air is capable of holding at its current temperature. As temperature decreases absolute stays the same and increases. A hygrometer is a device used to measure.

Define the traditional earth science disciplines.

Modern science is approaching the study of the earth in an integrated fashion that sees the earth as an interconnected system that is impacted by humankind and therefore must include social dimensions. Traditionally though the following were the earth science disciplines: -Geology This is the study of the origin and structure of the earth and of the changes it has undergone and is in the process of undergoing. Geologists work from the crust inward. -Meteorology This is the study of the atmosphere including atmospheric pressure temperature clouds winds precipitation etc. It is also concerned with describing and explaining weather. -Oceanography This is the study of the oceans which includes studying their extend and depth the physics and chemistry of ocean waters and the exploitation of their resources. -Ecology This is the study of living organisms in relation to their environment and to other living things. It is the study of the interrelations between the different components of the ecosystem.

Discuss high middle and low cloud types.

Most clouds can be classified according to the altitude of their base above Earth's surface.

Low clouds

Occur from the Earth's surface to altitudes of 2000 meters. Types of high include cirrus (Ci) thin wispy mare's tails that consist of ice cirrocumulus (Cc) small pillow like puffs that often appear in rows and cirrostratus (Cs) thin sheet like that often cover the entire sky. Types of middle include altocumulus (Ac) gray white that consists of liquid water and altostratus (As) grayish or blue gray that span the sky. Types of include stratus (St) gray and fog like consisting of water droplets that take up the whole sky stratocumulus (Sc) lying lumpy gray and nimbostratus (Ns) dark gray with uneven bases that indicate rain or snow. Two types of cumulus (Cu) and cumulonimbus (Cb) are capable of great vertical growth. They can start at a wide range of altitudes from the Earth's surface to altitudes of 13000 meters.

Describe the field of paleontology.

Paleontology is the study of prehistoric plant and animal life through the analysis of fossil remains. These fossils reveal the ecologies of the past and the path of evolution for both extinct and living organisms. A historical science paleontology seeks information about the identity origin environment and evolution of past organisms and what they can reveal about the past of the earth as a whole. Paleontology explains causes as opposed to conducting experiments to observe effects. It is related to the fields of biology geology and archaeology and is divided into several sub disciplines concerned with the types of fossils studied the process of fossilization and the ecology and climate of the past. Paleontologists also help identify the composition of the earth's rock layers by the fossils that are found thus identifying potential sites for oil mineral and water extraction.

List ways that the earth's geologic history can be sequenced from the fossil and rock record.

Reference tables are used to match specimens and time periods. For example the fossil record has been divided into time units of the earth's history. Rocks can therefore be dated by the fossils found with them. There are also reference tables for dating plate motions and mountain building events in geologic history.

Climate

Refers to the average weather for a particular area over time typically at least 30 years. Latitude is an indicator of. Changes in occur over long time periods.

Name the different types of climates and identify the factors that affect climates.

Scientists have determined the following different types of climates: -Polar (ice caps) -Polar (tundra) -Subtropical (dry summer) -Subtropical (dry winter) -Subtropical (humid) -Subtropical (marine west coast) -Subtropical (Mediterranean) -Subtropical (wet) -Tropical (monsoon) -Tropical (savannah/grasslands) -Tropical (wet) Several factors make up and affect climates. These include -Temperature -Atmospheric pressure -The number of clouds and the amount of dust or smog -Humidity -Winds The moistest and warmest of all the climates is that of the tropical rainforest. It has daily convection thunderstorms caused by the surface daytime heat and the high humidity which combine to form thunderclouds.

Types and patterns

Similar rock or of rock layers that are similar in terms of thickness color composition and fossil remains tell geologists that two locations have a similar geologic history.

Meteor impact

Similarly the at the intersection of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods left a time marker. Where the meteor's iridium content is found geologists are able to date rock layers.

Define the Terrestrial Planets and the Jovian Planets and describe the mass of the planets in the solar system.

The Terrestrial Planets are Mercury Venus Earth and Mars. These are the planets closest to the sun. They are called terrestrial because they all have a compact rocky surface similar to the Earth's. Venus Earth and Mars have significant atmospheres but Mercury has almost no atmosphere.

Describe the components of earth system science.

The complex and interconnected dynamics of the continents atmosphere oceans ice and life forms are the subject of earth system science. These interconnected dynamics require an interdisciplinary approach that includes chemistry physics biology math and applied sciences in order to study the Earth as an integrated system and determine (while considering human impact and interaction) the past present and future states of the earth. Scientific inquiry in this field includes exploration of: -Extreme weather events as they pertain to a changing climate -Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as they pertain to tectonic shifts -Losses in biodiversity in relation to the changes in the earth's ecosystems -Causes and effects in the environment -The sun's solar variability in relation to the earth's climate -The atmosphere's increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and aerosols -Trends in the earth's systems in terms of changes and their consequences.

Solar system

The developed about 4.6 billion years ago out of an enormous cloud of dust and gas circling around the sun. Rock planets orbit relatively close to the sun. Their inside orbit is separated from the outside orbit of the four larger gaseous planets by an asteroid belt. Pluto some comets and several small objects circle in the Kuiper belt outside Neptune's orbit. The Oort cloud composed of icy space objects encloses the planetary like a shell.

Describe the layers of the earth.

The earth has several distinct layers each with its own properties: -Crust This is the outermost layer of the earth that is comprised of the continents and the ocean basins. It has a variable thickness (35-70km in the continents and 5-10km in the ocean basins) and is composed mostly of alumino silicates. -Mantle This is about 2900km thick and is made up mostly of ferro magnesium silicates. It is divided into an upper and lower mantle. Most of the internal heat of the earth is located in the mantle. Large convective cells circulate heat and may cause plate tectonic movement. -Core This is separated into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The outer core is 2300km thick (composed mostly of nickel iron alloy) and the inner core (almost entirely iron) is 12km thick. The earth's magnetic field is thought to be controlled by the liquid outer core.

Describe the composition of earth's atmosphere.

The earth's atmosphere is 79% nitrogen 20% oxygen and 1% other gases. The oxygen was originally produced almost entirely by algae type plants. The atmosphere has four layers: -Troposphere This is the layer closest to the earth where all weather takes place. It is the region that contains rising and falling packets of air. Air pressure at sea level is 0.1 atmospheres but the top of the troposphere is about 10% of that amount. -Stratosphere In this layer air flow is mainly horizontal. The upper portion has a thin layer of concentrated ozone (a reactive form of oxygen) that is largely responsible for absorbing the sun's ultraviolet rays. -Mesosphere This is the coldest layer. Temperatures drop to -100 degrees Celsius at the top. -Thermosphere This is divided into the lower ionosphere and the higher exosphere. This layer is very thin and has many ionized atoms with a net electrical change. The aurora and Van Allen Belts are here. This layer also absorbs the most energetic photons from the sun and reflects radio waves enabling long distance radio communication.

Average star

The earth's sun is an in terms of mass light production and size.

Circum Pacific

The encircles the entire Ocean from New Guinea up across Japan and the Aleutians and down to southern South America.

Denudation

The erosion of land by weather or breaking waves is called.

Briefly outline the development of life on earth according to time periods.

The evolution of life on earth is believed to have occurred as follows: -Igneous rocks formed (Hadean) -The continents formed (Archaean Eon) -The first multi cellular creatures such as hydras jellyfish and sponges appeared about 600Ma -Flatworms roundworms and segmented worms appeared about 550Ma -Moss arthropods octopus and eels appeared (Cambrian Period) -Mushrooms fungi and other primitive plants appeared sea animals began to use calcium to build bones and shells (Ordovician Period) -Fish with jaws appeared (Silurian Period) -Fish developed lungs and legs (frogs) and went on land ferns appeared (Devonian period) -Reptiles developed the ability to law eggs on land and pine trees appeared (Carboniferous Period) -Dinosaurs dominated the land during the Triassic and Jurassic Periods -Flying insects birds and the first flowering plants appeared dinosaurs died out (Cretaceous Period) -Mammals evolved and dominated grasses became widespread (50Ma) -Hominids appeared more than 2Ma

Describe the hydrosphere and the hydrologic cycle.

The hydrosphere is anything on earth that is related to water whether it is air on land or in a plant or animal system. A water molecule consists of only two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen yet it is what makes life possible. Unlike the other planets earth is able to sustain life because its temperature allows water to be in its liquid state most of the time. Water vapor and ice are of no use to living organisms.

Hydrologic cycle

The is the journey water takes as it assumes different forms. Liquid surface water evaporates to form the gaseous state of a cloud and then becomes liquid again in the form of rain. This process takes about 10 days if water becomes a cloud. Water at the bottom of the ocean or in a glacier is not likely to change form even over periods of thousands of years.

Describe the major subdivisions of rock igneous metamorphic and sedimentary.

The major subdivisions of rock are: -Igneous (magmatites) This type is formed from the cooling of liquid magma. In the process minerals crystallize and amalgamate. If solidification occurs deep in the earth (plutonic rock) the cooling process is slow. This allows for the formation of large crystals giving rock a coarse grained texture (granite). Quickly cooled magma has a glassy texture (obsidian). -Metamorphic Under conditions of high temperature and pressure within the earth's crust rock material melts and changes structure transitioning or metamorphosing into a new type of rock with different minerals. If the minerals appear in bands the rock is foliated. Examples include marble (unfoliated) and slate (foliated). -Sedimentary This is the most common type of rock on earth. It is formed by sedimentation compaction and then cementation of many small particles of mineral animal or plant material. There are types of sedimentary rocks clastic clay and sand that came from disintegrated rocks chemical (rock salt and gypsum) formed by evaporation of aqueous solutions and biogenic (coal) formed from animal or plant remnants.

Define and discuss the layers above the surface of the Earth other than the main layers.

The ozone layer although contained within the stratosphere is determined by ozone (O3) concentrations. It absorbs the majority of ultraviolet light from the Sun. The ionosphere is part of both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It is characterized by the fact that it is a plasma a partially ionized gas in which free electrons and positive ions are attracted to each other but are too energetic to remain fixed as a molecule. It starts at above 50km above Earth's surface and goes to 1000km. It affects radio wave transmission and auroras. The ionosphere pushes against the inner edge of the Earth's magnetosphere which is the highly magnetized non spherical region around the Earth. The homosphere encompasses the troposphere stratosphere and mesosphere. Gases in the homosphere are considered well mixed. In the heterosphere the distance that particles can move without colliding is large. As a result gases are stratified according to their molecular weights. Heavier gases such as oxygen and nitrogen occur near the bottom of the hemisphere while hydrogen the lightest element is found at the top.

Unconfined

The second types of aquifer is called because it has room to expand and contract and the water has to be pumped out. The highest level of the aquifer is called the water table. If water is pumped out of the aquifer such that the water table dips in a specific area that area is called a cone of depression.

Explain the origin of the universe.

The universe can be said to consist of everything and nothing. The universe is the source of everything we know about space matter energy and time. There are likely still phenomena that have yet to be discovered. The universe can also be thought of as nothing since vast portion of the known universe is empty space. It is believed that the universe is expanding. The Big Band theory which is widely accepted among astronomers was developed to explain the origin of the universe such as the Steady State theory and the Creationist theory. The Big Bang theory states that all the matter in the universe was once in one place. This matter underwent a huge explosion that spread the matter into space. Galaxies formed from this material and the universe is still expanding.

Define the following subfields of biology zoology botany biophysics biochemistry cytology histology organology physiology genetics ethology and ecology.

There are a number of subfields of biology: -Zoology The study of animals -Botany The study of plants -Biophysics The application of the laws of physics to the processes or organisms and the application of the facts about living things to human processes and inventions. -Biochemistry The study of the chemistry of living organisms including diseases and the pharmaceutical drugs used to cure them -Cytology The study of cells -Histology The study of the tissues of plants and animals -Organology The study of tissues organized into organs -Physiology The study of the way organisms function including metabolism the exchange of matter and energy in nutrition the senses reproduction and development and the work of the nervous system and brain. -Genetics The study of heredity as it relates to the transmission of genes -Ethology The study of animal behavior -Ecology The study of the relationship of living organisms to their environments

Confined

There are two types of aquifers. In one the water is under pressure as the supply builds up between layers of impermeable rocks and has to move back towards the surface resulting in a spring or artesian well.

Valley and continental

There were types of glaciers which produced U shaped erosion and sharp peaked mountains and which moved over and rounded mountain tops and ridges. These glaciers existed during the ice ages the last of which occurred from 2.5 million years ago to 12000 years ago.

Condensation nuclei

These are called. Clouds are created by surface heating mountains and terrain rising air masses and weather fronts. Clouds precipitate returning the water they contain to Earth. Clouds can also create atmospheric optics. They can scatter light creating colorful phenomena such as rainbows colorful sunsets and the green flash phenomenon.

Weather stations

These conditions are often measured at permanently fixed so data can be collected and compared over time and by region. Measurements may also be taken by ships buoys and underwater instruments. Measurements may also be taken under special circumstances. The measurements taken include temperature barometric pressure humidity wind speed wind direction and precipitation. Usually the following instruments are used A thermometer is used for measuring temperature a barometer is used for measuring barometric air pressure a hygrometer is used for measuring humidity an anemometer is used for measuring wind speed a vane is used for measuring wind direction and a rain gauge is used for measuring precipitation.

Discuss the structure of the universe.

What can be seen of the universe is believed to be at least 93 billion light years across. To put this into perspective the Milky Way galaxy is about 100000 light years across. Our view of matter in the universe is that it forms into clumps. Matter is organized into stars galaxies clusters of galaxies superclusters and the Great Wall of galaxies. Galaxies consist of stars some with planetary systems. Some estimates state that the universe is about 13 billion years old. It is not considered dense and is believed to consist of 73% dark energy 23% cold dark matter and 4% regular matter. Cosmology is the study of the universe. Interstellar medium (ISM) is the gas and dust in the interstellar space between a galaxy's stars.

Identify the causes of winds and global wind belts.

Winds are the result of air moving by convection. Masses of warm air rise and cold air sweeps into their place. The warm air also moves cooks and sinks. The term prevailing wind refers to the wind that usually blows in an area in a single direction. Dominant winds are the winds with the highest speeds. Belts or bands that run latitudinally and blow in a specific direction are associated with convection cells. Hadley cells are formed directly north and south of the equator. The Farrell cells occur at about 30-60 degrees. The jet stream runs between the Farrell cells and the polar cells. At the higher and lower latitudes the direction is easterly. At mid latitudes the direction is westerly. From the North Pole to the south the surface winds are Polar High Easterlies Subpolar Low Westerlies Subtropical High or Horse Latitudes North East Trade winds Equatorial Low or Doldrums South East Trades Subtropical High or Horse Latitudes Subpolar Low Easterlies and Polar High.