Pregnancy and Childbirth

The steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby

Prenatal Care

___________ should be used only with the approval of a doctor.

Prescriptions

Why does a woman need prenatal care?

to ensure her health and that of her growing baby.

What two things do identical twins have the same in common?

traits and gender

a ropelike structure that connects the fetus with the mother's placenta

umbilical cord

the union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell

fertilization

A group of alcohol-related birth defects that includes both physical and mental problems

fetal alcohol syndrome

Group of developing cells

fetus

Two eggs are released and are fertilized by two different sperm

fraternal twins

Fraternal twins can be different _______.

genders

The process of inserting normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders

gene therapy

The basic units of heredity

genes

Disorders caused partly or completely by a defect in genes

genetic disorder

Amniocentesis is used to test for ______________.

genetic disorders

Chorionic villi sampling is used to test for ___________.

genetic disorders

High blood pressure during pregnancy that may occur after the twentieth week of pregnancy

gestational hypertension

Smoking may also affect ____, _____ development, and _________ after a child is born.

growth; mental; behavior

Most human cells have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. However, egg and sperm cells have ________________.

half that number/ 23 chromosomes

What does calcium do?

helps build bones and teeth, nerves, muscles, and heart

What does protein do?

helps form muscle and other tissue

What does vitamin A do?

helps in the growth of cells and bones and in eye development

Failure of blood to clot

hemophilia

What are the 2 types of twins?

identical and fraternal

a thin, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing embryo

amniotic sac

Some genetic disorders are _________ at birth.

apparent

Gene therapy is an ____________ treatment for correcting ___________________.

experimental; genetic disorders

The spontaneous expulsion of a fetus before the twentieth week of pregnancy

miscarriage

First trimester: _____ weeks

0 to 14

first trimester

1-3 months

Most of the cells in the human body contain ____ chromosomes that are arranged in __________.

46; 23 pairs

What is the healthy weight gain during pregnancy?

25-35 pounds

How many layers of tissue does the embryo form?

3

second trimester

4-6 months

third trimester

7-9 months

A procedure in which a syringe is inserted through a pregnant female's abdominal wall to remove a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus

amniocentesis

The chemical unit that makes up chromosomes

DNA

Results when a zygote implants not in the uterus but in the fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary, or cervix

Ectopic Pregnancy

A zygote may float freely in the uterus for 48 hours before implanting. The spinal cord grows. The brain, ears, and arms begin to form. The heart begins to beat.

First trimester~0-2 weeks~

The embryo is about 1 inch long at 8 weeks. The mouth, nostrils, eyelids, hands, fingers, feet, and toes begin to form. The nervous system and cardiovascular system are functional.

First trimester~3-8 weeks~

The fetus develops a human profile. Sex organs, eyelids, fingernails, and toenails develop. By week 12 it can make crying motions and may suck its thumb.

First trimester~9-14 weeks~

__________________ can guide families of children with genetic disorders on treatment options.

Genetic counselors

Single zygote that splits into two separate embryos

Identical twins

_______________ can help maintain a healthy weight gain.

Physical activity

The fetus can blink its eyes and becomes more active. The body begins to grow, growth of the head slows and the limbs reach full proportion. Eyebrows and eyelashes develop.

Second trimester~15-20 weeks~

The fetus can hear conversations and has regular cycle of waking and sleeping. Weight increases rapidly. The fetus is about 12 inches long and weighs a little more than 1 pound. The fetus may survive if born after 24 weeks, but will require special medical care.

Second trimester~21-28 weeks~

Exposure to _______________ increases the risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.

Secondhand smoke

The fetus uses all five senses and begins to pass water from the bladder. Brain scans have shown that some fetuses dream during their periods of sleep in the eighth and ninth months of development. Approximately 266 days after conception, the baby weighs 6 to 9 pounds and is ready to be born.

Third trimester~29-40 weeks~

Because females have only ____ chromosomes, their egg cells contain only an ____ chromosome.

X;X

When is the embryo called a fetus?

after about eight weeks

When does the zygote become an embryo?

after about two weeks

The placenta is still attached to the baby by the umbilical cord

afterbirth

What does vitamin B complex do?

aids in forming the nervous system

During delivery, the baby takes its first ____ and ____ to clear its lungs of amniotic fluid.

breath; cries

Which of the following nutrients help form the nervous system of an embryo? a. Calcium b. Vitamin A c. Folic acid d. Iron

c. Folic acid

What are the 6 main nutrients a mother needs during pregnancy?

calcium, protein, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, and folic acid

Made through an incision in the mother's abdomen

cesarean delivery

What are 3 complications that can happen during a pregnancy/birth?

cesarean delivery, premature birth, miscarriage

A procedure in which a small piece of membrane is removed from the chorion, a layer of tissue that develops into the placenta

chorionic villi sampling

Thread-like structures found within the nucleus of a cell that carry the codes for inherited traits

chromosomes

Genes are sections of ___________ that occur in ______. One gene from each ______ is inherited from each _______.

chromosomes; pairs; pair ; parent

What does folic acid do?

critical in development of central nervous system

Mucus clogs many organs, including lungs, liver, and pancreas; nutritional problems; serious respiratory infections and congestion

cystic fybrosis

Exposure to which of the following may cause birth defects in the seconds month of pregnancy? a. Lead b. Mercury c. Radiation d. Smog

d. Smog

The cervix is fully dilated and the baby passes through the birth canal and emerges from the mother's body

delivery

All living things are made of DNA, or ______________.

deoxyribonucleic acid

Labor causes the cervix to _______ or widen.

dilate

The zygote begins to _______ and _______ through the ________________.

divide; travel; fallopian tube

Some genes are ________, while others are ________.

dominant; recessive

Varying degrees of mental retardation, short stature, round face with upper eyelids that cover inner corners of the eyes

down syndrome

Sperm contain ______________ chromosome. Thus, the sperm from the male determines ______________.

either an X or a Y; the gender of a child

A cluster of cells that develops between the third and eighth week of pregnancy.

embryo

Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. A(n) FETUS is a cluster of cells that develops between the third and eighth week of pregnancy.

embryo

Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. The process by which a zygote attaches to the uterine wall is called FERTILIZATION.

implantation

The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

implantation

What is the purpose of the first tissue layer?

it becomes the respiratory and digestive systems

What is the purpose of the second tissue layer?

it develops into muscles, bones blood vessels, and skin

What is the purpose of the third tissue layer?

it forms the nervous system, sense organs, and mouth

Muscle contractions of the uterus become regular, stronger, and closer together

labor

What are the 3 steps to birth?

labor, delivery, afterbirth

What are 4 things pregnant females should avoid?

lead (in paint), mercury (in fish), smog (smoke/fog), radiation (from x-rays)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can cause ________, _______, and ________ problems, as well as ________ and ______ impairments.

learning; memory; attention; visual; hearing

A mutation passed down may have ___________ effect. It also may result in a ______________ or may __________________________________.

little or no; birth defect; increase the person's likelihood of developing a disease

What does iron do?

makes red blood cells and supplies oxygen to cells

The human body begins as one ______________ that formed by fertilization, also known as ________.

microscopic cell; conception

Drug use may lead to the premature birth of the infant or even a ________.

miscarriage

Twins, triplets, and quadruplets, known as _____________, can result when _______________ are formed

multiple births; multiple embryos

A person can inherit genes that contain a ________________.

mutation, or abnormality

Fetal development occurs over ______ months. The ____ months are divided into _____________, lasting ____ months each.

nine; nine; three trimesters; three

An ectopic pregnancy makes it impossible for the fetus to receive __________ and ______.

nourishment; grow

In most cases, fertilization results in ____________.

one embryo

Contractions will continue until the ________ is pushed from the mother's body.

placenta

a thick, blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo

placenta

A severe form of gestational hypertension

preeclampsia

At least three weeks before the due date

premature birth

Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME refers to the steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby.

prenatal care

Red blood cells have a sickle shape and clump together; may result in severe joint and abdominal pain, weakness, kidney disease, restricted blood flow

sickle-cell anemia

Destruction of nervous system; blindness; paralysis; death during early childhood

tay-sachs disease

The traits of recessive genes usually appear only when ____________________________.

the dominant genes are not present

When does implantation occur?

within a few days

The cell that results from fertilization is called a _______.

zygote