Pregnancy and Childbirth
The steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby
Prenatal Care
___________ should be used only with the approval of a doctor.
Prescriptions
Why does a woman need prenatal care?
to ensure her health and that of her growing baby.
What two things do identical twins have the same in common?
traits and gender
a ropelike structure that connects the fetus with the mother's placenta
umbilical cord
the union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell
fertilization
A group of alcohol-related birth defects that includes both physical and mental problems
fetal alcohol syndrome
Group of developing cells
fetus
Two eggs are released and are fertilized by two different sperm
fraternal twins
Fraternal twins can be different _______.
genders
The process of inserting normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders
gene therapy
The basic units of heredity
genes
Disorders caused partly or completely by a defect in genes
genetic disorder
Amniocentesis is used to test for ______________.
genetic disorders
Chorionic villi sampling is used to test for ___________.
genetic disorders
High blood pressure during pregnancy that may occur after the twentieth week of pregnancy
gestational hypertension
Smoking may also affect ____, _____ development, and _________ after a child is born.
growth; mental; behavior
Most human cells have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. However, egg and sperm cells have ________________.
half that number/ 23 chromosomes
What does calcium do?
helps build bones and teeth, nerves, muscles, and heart
What does protein do?
helps form muscle and other tissue
What does vitamin A do?
helps in the growth of cells and bones and in eye development
Failure of blood to clot
hemophilia
What are the 2 types of twins?
identical and fraternal
a thin, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing embryo
amniotic sac
Some genetic disorders are _________ at birth.
apparent
Gene therapy is an ____________ treatment for correcting ___________________.
experimental; genetic disorders
The spontaneous expulsion of a fetus before the twentieth week of pregnancy
miscarriage
First trimester: _____ weeks
0 to 14
first trimester
1-3 months
Most of the cells in the human body contain ____ chromosomes that are arranged in __________.
46; 23 pairs
What is the healthy weight gain during pregnancy?
25-35 pounds
How many layers of tissue does the embryo form?
3
second trimester
4-6 months
third trimester
7-9 months
A procedure in which a syringe is inserted through a pregnant female's abdominal wall to remove a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus
amniocentesis
The chemical unit that makes up chromosomes
DNA
Results when a zygote implants not in the uterus but in the fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary, or cervix
Ectopic Pregnancy
A zygote may float freely in the uterus for 48 hours before implanting. The spinal cord grows. The brain, ears, and arms begin to form. The heart begins to beat.
First trimester~0-2 weeks~
The embryo is about 1 inch long at 8 weeks. The mouth, nostrils, eyelids, hands, fingers, feet, and toes begin to form. The nervous system and cardiovascular system are functional.
First trimester~3-8 weeks~
The fetus develops a human profile. Sex organs, eyelids, fingernails, and toenails develop. By week 12 it can make crying motions and may suck its thumb.
First trimester~9-14 weeks~
__________________ can guide families of children with genetic disorders on treatment options.
Genetic counselors
Single zygote that splits into two separate embryos
Identical twins
_______________ can help maintain a healthy weight gain.
Physical activity
The fetus can blink its eyes and becomes more active. The body begins to grow, growth of the head slows and the limbs reach full proportion. Eyebrows and eyelashes develop.
Second trimester~15-20 weeks~
The fetus can hear conversations and has regular cycle of waking and sleeping. Weight increases rapidly. The fetus is about 12 inches long and weighs a little more than 1 pound. The fetus may survive if born after 24 weeks, but will require special medical care.
Second trimester~21-28 weeks~
Exposure to _______________ increases the risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.
Secondhand smoke
The fetus uses all five senses and begins to pass water from the bladder. Brain scans have shown that some fetuses dream during their periods of sleep in the eighth and ninth months of development. Approximately 266 days after conception, the baby weighs 6 to 9 pounds and is ready to be born.
Third trimester~29-40 weeks~
Because females have only ____ chromosomes, their egg cells contain only an ____ chromosome.
X;X
When is the embryo called a fetus?
after about eight weeks
When does the zygote become an embryo?
after about two weeks
The placenta is still attached to the baby by the umbilical cord
afterbirth
What does vitamin B complex do?
aids in forming the nervous system
During delivery, the baby takes its first ____ and ____ to clear its lungs of amniotic fluid.
breath; cries
Which of the following nutrients help form the nervous system of an embryo? a. Calcium b. Vitamin A c. Folic acid d. Iron
c. Folic acid
What are the 6 main nutrients a mother needs during pregnancy?
calcium, protein, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B complex, and folic acid
Made through an incision in the mother's abdomen
cesarean delivery
What are 3 complications that can happen during a pregnancy/birth?
cesarean delivery, premature birth, miscarriage
A procedure in which a small piece of membrane is removed from the chorion, a layer of tissue that develops into the placenta
chorionic villi sampling
Thread-like structures found within the nucleus of a cell that carry the codes for inherited traits
chromosomes
Genes are sections of ___________ that occur in ______. One gene from each ______ is inherited from each _______.
chromosomes; pairs; pair ; parent
What does folic acid do?
critical in development of central nervous system
Mucus clogs many organs, including lungs, liver, and pancreas; nutritional problems; serious respiratory infections and congestion
cystic fybrosis
Exposure to which of the following may cause birth defects in the seconds month of pregnancy? a. Lead b. Mercury c. Radiation d. Smog
d. Smog
The cervix is fully dilated and the baby passes through the birth canal and emerges from the mother's body
delivery
All living things are made of DNA, or ______________.
deoxyribonucleic acid
Labor causes the cervix to _______ or widen.
dilate
The zygote begins to _______ and _______ through the ________________.
divide; travel; fallopian tube
Some genes are ________, while others are ________.
dominant; recessive
Varying degrees of mental retardation, short stature, round face with upper eyelids that cover inner corners of the eyes
down syndrome
Sperm contain ______________ chromosome. Thus, the sperm from the male determines ______________.
either an X or a Y; the gender of a child
A cluster of cells that develops between the third and eighth week of pregnancy.
embryo
Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. A(n) FETUS is a cluster of cells that develops between the third and eighth week of pregnancy.
embryo
Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. The process by which a zygote attaches to the uterine wall is called FERTILIZATION.
implantation
The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall
implantation
What is the purpose of the first tissue layer?
it becomes the respiratory and digestive systems
What is the purpose of the second tissue layer?
it develops into muscles, bones blood vessels, and skin
What is the purpose of the third tissue layer?
it forms the nervous system, sense organs, and mouth
Muscle contractions of the uterus become regular, stronger, and closer together
labor
What are the 3 steps to birth?
labor, delivery, afterbirth
What are 4 things pregnant females should avoid?
lead (in paint), mercury (in fish), smog (smoke/fog), radiation (from x-rays)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can cause ________, _______, and ________ problems, as well as ________ and ______ impairments.
learning; memory; attention; visual; hearing
A mutation passed down may have ___________ effect. It also may result in a ______________ or may __________________________________.
little or no; birth defect; increase the person's likelihood of developing a disease
What does iron do?
makes red blood cells and supplies oxygen to cells
The human body begins as one ______________ that formed by fertilization, also known as ________.
microscopic cell; conception
Drug use may lead to the premature birth of the infant or even a ________.
miscarriage
Twins, triplets, and quadruplets, known as _____________, can result when _______________ are formed
multiple births; multiple embryos
A person can inherit genes that contain a ________________.
mutation, or abnormality
Fetal development occurs over ______ months. The ____ months are divided into _____________, lasting ____ months each.
nine; nine; three trimesters; three
An ectopic pregnancy makes it impossible for the fetus to receive __________ and ______.
nourishment; grow
In most cases, fertilization results in ____________.
one embryo
Contractions will continue until the ________ is pushed from the mother's body.
placenta
a thick, blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo
placenta
A severe form of gestational hypertension
preeclampsia
At least three weeks before the due date
premature birth
Correct the sentences below by replacing the BOLD term with the correct vocabulary term. FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME refers to the steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby.
prenatal care
Red blood cells have a sickle shape and clump together; may result in severe joint and abdominal pain, weakness, kidney disease, restricted blood flow
sickle-cell anemia
Destruction of nervous system; blindness; paralysis; death during early childhood
tay-sachs disease
The traits of recessive genes usually appear only when ____________________________.
the dominant genes are not present
When does implantation occur?
within a few days
The cell that results from fertilization is called a _______.
zygote
