prep class 1
What mass of reactant remains if 27 g of Al is allowed to react with 213 g of Cl2? A. 13.5 g of Al B. 107 g of Cl2 C. 6.3 g of Al D. 53.3 g of Cl2
107 g of Cl2 remains if 27 g of Al is allowed to react with 213 g of Cl2, according to the reaction: 2 Al + 3 Cl2 2 AlCl3 27 g of Al is equal to 1 mol Al based on its molar mass from the periodic table. 213 g of Cl2 is equal to: 3 moles According to the reaction2 Al + 3 Cl2 2 AlCl3, 2 moles of Al will react completely with 3 moles of Cl2. As only 1 mole of Al is mixed with 3 moles of Cl2, Al is the limiting reagent therefore it won't remain at the end of the reaction. 1 mole of Al will react with only 1.5 moles of Cl2 so: 1.5 moles of CL2*(71 g cl2/1 mol cl2_ =70+35=105g cl2 will be left over at the end of the reaction.
Which of the following aqueous mixtures will produce a Cl- concentration of 2 M at 25°C? A. 271 g of HgCl2 in 55 mol of H2O B. 53 g of NH4Cl in 22.5 mol of H2O C. 271 g of HgCl2 in 22.5 mol of H2O D. 53 g of NH4Cl in 55 mol of H2O
53 g of NH4Cl in 22.5 mol of H2O has a Cl- concentration of 2 M at 25°C. Pure water has a concentration of 55 M and density of 1 kg/L. 55 moles of water represent 1 L (1 kg) and 22.5 moles of water represent 0.5 L (0.5 kg). HgCl2 demonstrates poor water solubility and will dissociate little. Therefore, 1 mol of HgCl2 placed in either water 1 kg or 0.5 kg of water will not achieve a 2 M Cl- solution, eliminating choices with "HgCl2." NH4Cl is water soluble and has a molecular weight of 53 g/mol. "53 g of NH4Cl in 55 mol of H2O" is a 1 M NH4Cl (1 M Cl-) solution and "53 g of NH4Cl in 22.5 mol of H2O" is a 2 MNH4Cl (2 M Cl-) solution.
auxotroph
A bacterium that cannon survive on minimal medium (glucose alone) because it lacks the ability to syntheize a molecule it needs to live (typically an amino acid).
social constructionism
A micro-level theory of society that is interested in how individuals and groups participate in the construction of society and social reality.
colligative property
A property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of the solute particles. Freezing-point depression Boiling-point elevation Vapor pressure
A sample of excited hydrogen atoms emits a light spectrum of specific, characteristic wavelengths. The light spectrum is a result of:
A sample of excited hydrogen atoms emits a light spectrum of specific, characteristic wavelengths. The light spectrum is a result of excited electrons dropping to lower energy levels. The line spectra of atoms are the result of the photons emitted when excited electrons drop to lower energy levels.
The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is 'dependent' on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variableis observed and recorded.
Extraneous variables - confounding of variables
Any variable, apart from the independent variable, that can cause change in the development variable and therefore affect the results of an experiment in an unwanted way.
At what juncture point is mitosis most heavily regulated?
Between G1 and S phases
Marx vs. Weber
Both Marx and Weber are remembered as traditional conflict theorists; Karl Marx is most identified with the conflict perspective, and he is considered the father of the paradigm; he studied the economic conflicted that resulted from social stratification in capitalist societies, which continues to be a main focus of this approach Max Weber was also an important conflict theorist. Marx's only looks at working vs upper class only
Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiment vs. Solomon Asch's famous conformity experiment
Both experimenters used confederates to create deception in their studies and both experimenters were testing how the presence of others has an impact on individual behavior. Milgram was interested in examining the impact of obedience on behavior, while Asch was interested in examining the influence of conformity on behavior
Both functionalists and conflict theorists use a -----level approach to understanding societies while interactionists use a -----level approach. Macrosociologists are interested in the effects of large-scale social structures, such as the role of social institutions in socialization and thus the process of defining and re-defining normative expectations. This has lead to some criticism, such as the fact that the focus on the more broad features of social structure neglects the fact that individuals can have an active role in shaping their realities as agents of social change. Therefore, it is not expected that macrosociologists focus on the role of social interactions in creating important meanings in societies; this is the focus of microsociologists not macrosociologists.
Both functionalists and conflict theorists use a macro-level approach to understanding societies while interactionists use a micro-level approach
when a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid undergoes beta oxidation, how many total NADH and FADH2 are produced, assuming all the acetyl CoA generated enters the TCA cycle.
C/2-1= number of rounds of beta oxidation. 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 are produced directly by beta oxidation=per round of beta oxidation. for each aceyl CoA entering the TCA cycle , 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are generated.
McDonaldization
Chains are predicable, uniform, efficient and automated; however, homogeny of the organization leads to loss of originality/creativity
Cooling the piston cylinder would
Cooling the piston cylinder would slow the movements of the gas, causing the volume to decrease and bringing molecules closer together. This definitely decreases entropy and could perhaps even increase intermolecular forces to the point that the gas might condense, decreasing entropy even more.
Which of the following electron transitions (between energy levels, labeled by n) could account for the emission of photons of red, yellow, and blue light from a pure noble gas? A. n = 4 to n = 1, n = 4 to n = 2, and n = 4 to n = 3, respectively B. n = 1 to n = 0, n = 2 to n = 1, and n = 3 to n = 2, respectively C. n = 2 to n = 1, n = 3 to n = 2, and n = 4 to n = 3, respectively D. n = 4 to n = 3, n = 3 to n = 2, and n = 2 to n = 1, respectively
D. The electron transition (between energy levels, labeled by n) that could account for the emission of photons of red, yellow, and blue light from a pure noble gas is n = 4 to n = 3, n = 3 to n = 2, and n = 2 to n = 1, respectively. The energy of the photons satisfy red < yellow < blue. Therefore, the energy difference between the energy levels that produce these photons must follow the same order. Since the spacing between energy levels decreases with increasing n, then n = 4 to n = 3, n= 3 to n = 2, and n = 2 to n = 1 is best.
An intern in a laboratory is asked to clean up after a new graduate student in the lab who was making a HEPES buffered solution. The intern finds a white solid powder left on the counter from the buffer preparation and is uncertain how to dispose of it. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this white powder? A. Na B. H2SO4 C. C3H6O D. NaC3H5O3
D. NaC3H5O3 Correct Answer The intern was disposing of a white powder (solid), thus we are looking for the compound that will have the strongest intermolecular forces (and therefore is most likely to be solid). H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) is capable of hydrogen bonding, C3H6O (acetone) is capable of dipole-dipole interaction, and NaC3H5O3 (sodium lactate) is an ionic compound. Ionic interactions are stronger than any other form of IMF, making NaC3H5O3 the answer (choices B and C are incorrect, D is the correct answer). While sodium is a metal, pure sodium would not appear as a white powder, nor would it be added to any traditional solution given its volatile reactivity when added to water (choice A is incorrect).
Epigenetics is the heritable increases or decreases in gene expression due to environmental (among other) causes. One of the mechanisms involved this differential expression is DNA methylation. What is the most likely mechanism for this process? A. Addition of a methyl group to ribose, decreasing the interaction with histones B. Addition of a methyl group to cytosine, resulting in methyl-cytosine base-pairing with guanine Correct Answer C. Addition of a methyl group to diphosphate, increasing the interaction with histones D. Addition of a methyl group to cytosine, resulting in methyl-cytosine mismatch base-pairing with thymine
DNA methylation occurs via addition of a methyl group to cytosine, resulting in methyl-cytosine base-pairing with guanine. Given that epigenetics involves change in gene expression, and is not the expression of mutant products, it is unlikely that cytosine will mismatch with thymine after methylation. In DNA, the nucleosides are separated by individual phosphates (which together are called nucleotides) and the sugar moiety is deoxyribose. Therefore the methyl group could not be added to diphosphate or ribose. This leaves methylation of cytosine and its association with guanine as the only viable answer choice.
Combining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide is an example of ____________________.
Dehydration reaction
George Herbert Mead
George Herbert Mead is thought to be the pioneer of interactionism. micro-level approach to research because it focuses on small-scale interactions. 3 stages : preparatory 0-2 play 2-6 game stage 7+-generalized other- if you know how others would feel about your actions
Starvation conditions relating to Glycogen
Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the first step in glycogen breakdown, and is stimulated in conditions of starvation. Glucagon is released when blood sugar is low; it stimulates glycogen phosphorylase to activate glycogen breakdown and increase blood glucose levels. Glycogen synthase is the enzyme that produces glycogen. It would be stimulated by insulin but inactivated by epinephrine; epinephrine would stimulate glycogen breakdown, to increase blood sugar during fight-or-flight conditions. Further, insulin would not be released during starvation . Lastly, while fatty acid oxidation would be increased during starvation, acetyl-CoA does not feed into gluconeogenesis. It either enters the Krebs cycle or is converted to ketone bodies.
Insufficient control of extraneous variables is a threat to:
Internal Validity
Induced dipole-dipole interaction is the same thing as
London dispersion forces The three types of van der Waals forces include: 1) London/dispersion (weak), 2) dipole-dipole (medium), and 3) hydrogen (strong). Ion-dipole bonds (ionic species to covalent molecules) are formed between ions and polar molecules.
Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are
Low and drives pathways toward gluconeogenesis to keep blood glucose levels stable
Methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphates (MAFPs) covalently link to the active sites of serine proteases. What best characterizes the activity of a serine protease following MAFP binding?
Negligible protease activity Binding of an MAFP to the serine protease active site results in negligible protease activity. Here, a serine protease is treated with an MAFP that covalently binds to the active site. This would result in an irreversible loss of protease activity and no amount of substrate could displace the covalently linked MAFP (competition is not possible when the inhibitor binds covalently). Irreversible inhibitors are those that act on a specific enzyme and prevent its further activity, often by covalently binding to it. As MAFP is not a peptide, it is very unlikely that a serine protease would cause its cleavage.
Intersectionality
Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage part of feminism theory micro or macro
The absolute stereochemistry of a meso compound with two chiral centers is ALWAYS:
R,S.
In organic solution, F- deprotonates dissolved HCl.
Since F- has a smaller radius than does Cl-, it is less stable with excess charge, and therefore a better Bronsted base. It outcompetes Cl- for the proton. F- is more reactive
What is the concentration of I- ions in a 0.20 M solution of magnesium iodide?
Since the empirical formula for magnesium iodide is MgI2, two moles of dissolved I- result from each mole of dissolved MgI2. Therefore, if [MgI2] = 0.20 M, then [I-] = 2(0.20 M) = 0.40 M.
Which of the following is the most stable ionization state for Sn? A. Sn+1 B. Sn+3 C. Sn+4 D. Sn+2
Sn+2 is the most stable ionization state for Sn. When Sn loses two electrons, the resulting configuration has a full and stable 4d10 subshell, making Sn2+ the most stable ionization state. Although losing two more electrons (from the 5s subshell) would also leave a full 4d10, the resulting Sn4+ has a greater reduction potential than Sn2+ due to its higher charge. Therefore, Sn4+ is less stable than Sn2+.
element is said to be in an excited state
So any electron configuration in which the last electron (again, the valence electron) is in a higher energy orbital, this element is said to be in an excited state. For example, if we look at the ground state (electrons in the energetically lowest available orbital) of oxygen, the electron configuration is 1s22s22p4. If the element were to become excited, the electron could occupy an infinite number of orbitals. However, in most texts the example will be the next available one. So for oxygen, it might look like this: 1s22s22p33s1 - where the valence electron now occupies the 3s orbital in an excited (i.e. not ground) state.
Solomon Asch's famous conformity experiment
Solomon Asch's famous conformity experiment tested the effects of peer pressure on behavior with a study where subjects were asked to select a specific line out of a set in the presence of others who all picked the wrong answer
Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiment
Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiment tested the effects of an authority figure on an individual's behavior with a cleverly devised study that duped the subject into believing that he was administering real electric shocks to another individual while an authority figure urged him to continue on, even when he expressed concern.
what is the The approximate percentage composition by mass of NaNO3 ?
The approximate percentage composition by mass of NaNO3 is 27% sodium, 16% nitrogen, and 57% oxygen. Since the atomic weights of Na and N are 23 g/mol and 14 g/mol, respectively, the ratio of Na to N in NaNO3 must be 23:14.
A compound is found to contain 64% silver, 8% nitrogen, and 28% oxygen by mass.
The empirical formula of this compound is AgNO3. For purposes of calculation, assume that we have 100 g of the compound. This would mean that we have 64 g of Ag, 8 g of N, and 28 g of O. Therefore, the number of moles of each of these elements is: Ag: (64 g) / (108 g/mol) = 0.6 mol N: (8 g) / (14 g/mol) = 0.6 mol O: (28 g) / (16 g/mol) = 1.8 mol divide by the smallest number Since the ratio of Ag:N:O is 1:1:3, the empirical formula must be AgNO3.
greatest yield of products at equilibrium following the addition of an enzyme?
The greatest yield of products at equilibrium following the addition of an enzyme would occur for a reaction with less stable reactants and a large activation energy. Enzymes serve to increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing activation energy but have no impact upon the reaction equilibrium. Therefore the activation energy is irrelevant and we must focus on the Keq or relative stabilities of the reactants and products. The greater the stability of the reactants, the more they are favored at equilibrium and the greater the stability of products, the more they are favored at equilibrium. Therefore the reaction with less stable reactants would favor products at equilibrium and generate a greater yield.
What is the molar concentration of Ca2+(aq) in a solution that is prepared by mixing 15 mL of a 0.02 M CaCl2(aq) solution with 10 mL of a 0.04 M CaSO4(aq) solution?
The molar concentration of Ca2+(aq) in a solution that is prepared by mixing 15 mL of a 0.02 M CaCl2(aq) solution with 10 mL of a 0.04 M CaSO4(aq) solution is 0.028 M. For dilution problems, like this one, the concentration (C) times the volume (V) of all the solutions before mixing must equal the concentration times the volume of the final solution: (CV)Soln 1 + (CV)Soln 2 = (CV)Final soln (0.02 M)(15 mL) + (0.04 M)(10 mL) = C(25 mL) 0.028 M = C
Social stratification describes the categorization of people based on different characteristics. How does this contribute to social inequalities?
This can contribute to social inequalities because those in top tiers of the stratification have the most resources while those in the bottom tiers have the least resources. It is social stratification that defines differences and therefore reinforces inequalities
Vmax is the maximum rate of product formation for a given enzyme. Decreasing the substrate concentration would NOT affect Vmax, why?
Vmax depends only on the enzyme and the concentration of the enzyme. decreasing the substrate concentration would decrease V (the rate of product formation), but would not affect Vmax, which is a theoretical maximum rate of product formation, assuming you have enough substrate to get there
Steps for determine the limiting reactant ex. CH4 + 2 O2 ? CO2 + 2 H2O
When initial amounts of the two reactants are given, this usually indicates a limiting reactant problem. The first step is determining which of the two reactants is the limiting reactant. Here, let's choose one (e.g. methane). If we have 20 moles of methane, we will need twice as much (or 40 moles) of oxygen to obtain a stoichiometric amount because the ratio of oxygen to methane is 2:1. However, the problem statement says that we only have 20 moles of oxygen present, indicating that we do not have enough present. This means that oxygen is the limiting reactant. Conversely, had we chosen to start with oxygen, the reasoning is slightly different. If we have 20 moles of oxygen, we will need half as much (or 10 moles) of methane to obtain a stoichiometric amount, because the ratio of methane to oxygen is 1:2. Since the problem statement says that we have 20 moles of methane present, that reactant is in excess, thus making oxygen limiting. Now that we have concluded that oxygen is limiting, we still have to solve the problem. All yield questions should be performed using the limiting reactant. If we have 20 moles of oxygen, we generate half as much (2:1 ratio) of carbon dioxide. Thus, we will generate only 10 moles of carbon dioxide.
When reactions are coupled, their ∆Gs are additive , what about their equilibrium constants?
When reactions are coupled, their ∆Gs are additive but their equilibrium constants are not. To find the new equilibrium constant, you must multiply the Keq of each step.
only through experimental design can we infer
a causal relationship
analogs
a compound with a molecular structure closely similar to that of another.
Compression and doing work on the gas
are synonymous
Three theorists are considered to be the founders of the modern sociological tradition
as a separate scientific field: Durkheim, whose ideas are the foundation of functionalism; Marx, whose ideas are the foundation of the conflict theory; and Weber, whose ideas are the foundation of symbolic interactionism
why are these examples of of ascribed statuses include a person's gender, race, and ethnic background, as well as their geographic origins,
because people tend to be assigned these statuses at birth
Social construct-child hood
child age to go to war girls before 1980 didn't play with pink more then blue racial difference are a social construct macro and micro
Constitutional isomers are
compounds that have the same molecular formula, but their atoms are connected in a different order
A bond has a dipole moment when the two atoms involved in the bond differ in electronegativity. However an entire molecule can only have a dipole if it
contains bond dipoles and is asymmetrical , so different substituents
Varied activity of transcription factors affecting enzymatic expression is not a mechanism of direct enzymatic regulation. While varying activity of transcription factors will affect enzymatic expression, it is an indirect method of regulation.
direct methods but not limited to protein hydrolysis, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation (covalent modification), allosteric regulation (including interaction with a downstream product), or association with another protein. While varying activity of transcription factors will affect enzymatic expression, it is an indirect method of regulation.
Carbonyls are
electrophiles due to their partial positive charge on the carbon.
Vmax is impacted by
enzyme concentration; more enzyme means an increased rate of product formation
class consciousness vs false consciousness
false continuousness thinks about inequality about themselves and not as a group. class consciousness think of inequality about their group. class consciousness is needed to rise against
Durkheim, however, was a proponent of
functionalism
Citrate stimulating
gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glycolysis which is the opposite of fru-2,6-bisP
high in internal validity
if the way it was conducted supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable. Thus experiments are high in internal validity because the way they are conducted—with the manipulation of the independent variable and the control of extraneous variables—provides strong support for causal conclusions.
anhydrous means
in the absence of water
β-oxidation is likely to occur during starvation, it occurs
in the mitochondrial matrix
Bond angles greater than 109 increase or decrease bond angles strain?
increase strain
Anomie is most likely to occur in societies in which:
individualism and autonomous decision-making predominate.
flaw in Durkheim theory
inequality society changes things don't always go all that smoothly
Medicalization
is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by: new evidence or hypotheses about conditions, changing social attitudes or economic considerations, the development of new medications or treatments. label attach stigma BEFORE energetic child and now ADHD child stigma
The hidden curriculum
is the unintentional lessons taught in school about norms, values, and beliefs, an example of which would be the boys are better at math and science than girls. Hidden curriculum best explains why female students are called on less frequently in math and science classes than are male students, even by female teachers.
high in external validity
it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times.
Anomie
lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.
Compounds A and B react very slowly to form Compound C. Addition of a very small quantity of Enzyme X doubles the reaction rate. Addition of twice as much Enzyme X would most likely increase the reaction rate by the same amount as the first addition of enzyme. Doubling the amount of enzyme doubles the number of available active sites, and so doubles the rate of the reaction. The addition of more active sites (without the addition of more substrate) will not lead to s
lead to saturation, in fact it is the opposite.
Functionalism looks at society as a
living organism
We are most likely to attribute an individual's behavior to external or situational causes when:
many other people are behaving the same way as the individual. When attributing behavior to internal or external causes, we tend to look at distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus. If there is high consensus (meaning that lots of other people, not just the individual, are demonstrating the same behavior), we tend to assume that some situational or external factor is influencing everyone's behavior ; on the other hand, if the individual is the only one behaving in such a manner (low consensus), then we are more likely to attribute that behavior to internal or dispositional causes . If an individual displays this behavior all the time (consistency) and in many different types of situations (distinctiveness), then we are more likely to attribute the behavior to individual disposition than external causes.
negative correlation vs. positive correlation
negative-as one variable increases, the other decreases positive -as one variable increases, the other increases
osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
hydrogenation
reduction, addition of Hydrogen,
latent functions can be thought of as
side effects, can be positive and negative
alkanes ae composed of only
sp3 centers
Symbolic Interactionism is heavily associated with
stigmatism
In the translation of a fifty-amino acid peptide, which of the following steps requires the greatest overall amount of energy? A. tRNA loading B. Initiation C. Translocation D. Termination
tRNA loading Correct Answer The most energy-intensive process in translation involves the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs, also known as tRNA loading (or tRNA charging, or amino acid activation). This requires two high-energy phosphate bonds per aa-tRNA pair (choice A is correct). Initiation requires only 1 GTP (choice B is wrong). Elongation includes A-site binding and translocation (for amino acid number two and onwards); one GTP is hydrolyzed to bring an aa-tRNA into the A site, and one GTP is required for translocation (choice C is wrong). Termination involves the binding of a release factor to a stop codon and does not directly require any energy (choice D is wrong). In this example, it would require 100 ATP to charge a sufficient number of tRNAs to generate the peptide, 1 GTP for initiation, 49 GTP for A-site binding, and 49 GTP for translocation, but note that the answer to this question does not depend upon the number of amino acids in the peptide.
demographic transition theory
technology is the limiting factor and doesn't account for other factors in post industrial society tend to stabilize
The sick role theorizes
that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society; if an ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can, society allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior. Sick role theory includes two rights and two obligations of a sick person: the sick person is exempt from normal social roles (right), the sick person is not responsible for their condition (right), the sick person should try to get well (obligation), the sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional (obligation).
When determining an stereoisomer possibilities what happens when its a bicyclic molecule?
the bridge carbon stereoisomers can not be inverted. So you wouldn't use the formula 2^n
Beta decay involves the conversion of a ____ to a ______(with release of an electron) and an ______ in effective nuclear charge.
the conversion of a neutron to a proton (with release of an electron) and an increase in effective nuclear charge. An increase in effective nuclear charge is accompanied by a decrease in atomic radius. The loss of the electron in beta decay is from the nucleus.
what does a smaller or bigger y intercept mean in theLineweaver-Burk plot mean?
the y-intercept represents Vmax, so on an inverse plot this would appear as a bigger y-intercept if Vmax is decreasing. There are no inhibitors that make the y-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot smaller, as this would represent an increase in Vmax, which is not characteristic of enzyme inhibition.
increased nuclear charge causes electrons
to be held more tightly.
Dietary fat is broken into
two fatty acids and one monoglyceride prior to absorption. Due to the activity of lipase, triglycerides are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride before absorption and ultimate reassembly into a triglyceride in the enterocyte. Note that triglycerides are dietary fat, which are also known as triacylglycerol
who are the pioneers of Modern conflict theorists? are interested in the structured inequalities inherent in capitalist societies
two main contributors - Karl Marx, and Max Weber
blood-brain barrier what passes though.....
while charged and larger molecules have difficulty doing so. An aromatic ring is highly hydrophobic and thus would have no difficulty passing through the barrier. polar groups which would hinder passing through the hydrophobic barrier, ex the quaternary ammonium cation is actually charged
