Principles of Biology BSC1010 Pensacola State College Julie Smith Final Review Quiz 1- Quiz 8

To understand how a complex process works we must understand how the all parts of the system work together as a whole. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology?

emergent properties

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance (quantitative variation)?

skin pigmentation in humans

If you make a mixture of sugar and water; the sugar is considered the

solute

Carbon fixation occurs during which stage of photosynthesis?

the Calvin cycle

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Communication

An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many valence electrons does it need to have a full shell?

2

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the end products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

3' UCA 5'

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

3' to 5' along the template strand

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele. Complete a Punnett square for a mother who is homozygous recessive and a father who is heterozygous. Use the letters D and d to represent dominant and recessive alleles. What percentage of the offspring will be born with Achondroplasia?

50%

What is a cleavage furrow?

A groove between the membrane daughter nuclei

The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A hydrogen bond

Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?

A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end.

Which of the following is true for this reaction? 3 H2 + N2 ↔ 2 NH3

Ammonia (NH3) is being formed and broken down

During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes?

Anaphase

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

Cytoskeletal structures

Which of the following disorders is due to a structural alteration of a chromosome?

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Which of the following is NOT a type of intercellular junction?

Cleavage furrow

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele. Complete a Punnett square for a mother who is homozygous recessive and a father who is heterozygous. Use the letters D and d to represent dominant and recessive alleles. Which letter represents the dominant allele (gene)?

D

All of the following are directly used in the translation process of protein

DNA

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele. Complete a Punnett square for a mother who is homozygous recessive and a father who is heterozygous. Use the letters D and d to represent dominant and recessive alleles. What is the heterozygous genotype?

Dd

Which of the following is NOT a function of the extracellular matrix?

Defense

What is a major function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Detoxify drugs and poisons

A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) already in the ribosome. Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide?

E site

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals

Enables the membrane to stay fluid more esily when cell temperature drops

Which organelle in the cell is mostly responsible for packaging and shipping products within the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? (Gas to a Liquid)

Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

Individuals with the sickle cell trait are less susceptible to Malaria are said to be _________.

Heterozygous for the sickle cell gene

Why does ice float in liquid water?

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?

Lysosome

Part of an mRNA sequence is 5'-AUGCGUGAAAAGUGA -3'. Assuming that this part of the sequence encodes three amino acids, the sequence of amino acids could be

Methionine-arginine-glutamine-lysine-STOP

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Mitchondria

Which of the following cell structures is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

Mitochondria

What is occurring to elongate the cell during Mitosis?

Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other

Which cellular structure maintains the shape of the nucleus?

Nuclear lamina

Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has

One more neutron

Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea crosses always look like one of the two parental varieties? (All were purple after the true-breeding experiment)

One phenotype was completely dominant over another

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

Outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to fill the outer electron shells of both atoms

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

Phospholiipids and proteins

Which of the following statements is correct?

Plant cells do not have an extracellular matrix because they have a cell wall

Which of the following is false?

Plant cells lack mitochondria since they have chloroplasts

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?

RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.

Which organelle is primarily responsible for making most of the cell's membranes?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Genetic material is duplicated in this phase of the cell cycle

S phase

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Small and hydrophobic

Hypertonic

Solution concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

Hypotonic

Solution concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to human cells?

Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes (diploid) and gametes have one set of chromosomes (haploid)

What is a ribozyme?

an RNA with enzymatic activity

Which of the following is NOT true concerning enzymes

They function by increasing the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions?

They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

When you run any experiment, you want to have a control group. What is the purpose of the control group?

To make sure there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?

Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending"

What type of microscope would be used to view the smaller organelles of a cell?

Transmission electron microscope

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

UUU

Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life?

Universality of the genetic code

Klinefelter's Syndrome occurs due to a non-disjunction of sex chromosomes. Which of the following represents Klinefelter's Syndrome?

XXY

In mammalian females, one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated during embryonic development. The inactive X condenses into

a Barr body

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide

Which small-scale mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein?

a deletion near the start of a gene

SRY is best described in which of the following ways?

a gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a covalent bond?

a polar covalent bond

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?

about 32

Alternate versions of a gene are called

alleles

What statement is true regarding the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?

builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of elecrons carried by NADPH

Which of the following transport processes requires ATP?

bulk transport

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site

Alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from one mRNA

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Which of these is mismatched?

catabolic reaction: requires ATP

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

catabolism

Photosynthesis occurs within the

chloroplast

Each duplicated chromosome has 2 sister ______; or joined copies of the original chromosome - which separate during cell division.

chromatids

In regards to mitosis and the centromere -

chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n)

cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytoplasm

Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?

environmental factors such as soil pH

When one gene alters the phenotypic expression of another gene at a second locus this is called?

epistasis

The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as

feedback inhibition

The production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent is called

genetic recombination

What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?

genotype

In the "light" phase of photosynthesis which of the following products is not formed

glucose

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?

glycolysis

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of 2 chromatids

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

homologous chromosomes are separated

What term best describes the phenotype of F1 hybrids when breeding a red with a white snapdragon that results in all pink offspring?

incomplete dominance

If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?

it has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis

Water passes quickly through cell membranes because

it moves through aquaporins in the membrane

Beta-oxidation is which macromolecule being broken down in glycolysis and used to generate acetyl-CoA?

lipids

What is the term used to describe the location of a gene on a chromosome?

locus

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

loses electrons and loses potential energy

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because

males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

Aneuploidy can result from

one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy. pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis. the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred. All of the above are correct

A couple has a child with Down syndrome. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition?

one member of the couple underwent nondisjuction in gamete production

Calico cats are female because

only females can have Barr bodies

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) is

oxygen

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is not true?

photosynthesis is an exergonic process and the energy is provided by light

Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this?

pleiotropy

Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?

pleiotropy

Mitosis is used for all of the following except

production of gametes

Collecting data based on observation is an example of ________; analyzing this data to reach a conclusion is an example of ________ reasoning.

qualitative date; inductive

Fermentation consists of:

reactions to regenerate NAD+, glycolysis, and generate alcohol or lactic acid by-products

What are the 3 stages or process of cell signaling?

reception, transduction, response

Isotonic

same same inside and out the cell

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until

several transcription factors hve bound to the promoter

Which of the following statements is true of linkage?

the closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them

When Thomas Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. All the white-eyed flies were male. How do you explain this result?

the gene involved is on the X chromosome

The centrosome is considered as the

the microtubule organizing center

The centromere is

the narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

the random and independent way in whicch each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs:

the statement is true for meiosis I only

What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?

the two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes

What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together?

they are located close together on the same chromosome

Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?

they consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called?

translocation

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their 20s. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition?

very rarely; it is rare that an affected male would mate with a carrier female