Principles of Biology- Macromolecules: carbohydrates and lipids

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What are the functions of fats in living organisms?

1) Energy Storage 2) Support cushion for organs 3) Insulation

How do fatty acids found in fats and other lipids differ from one another?

1) Fatty acids differ in length of the hydrocarbon chain. 2) Fatty acids differ in the presence or amount of double bonds.

Which monosaccharides are commonly found in nature?

1) Galactose 2) Glucose 3) Fructose

What three polysaccharides play a structural role in organisms?

1) Glycosaminoglycans 2) Chitin 3) Cellulose

What are the parts that make up the polar hydrophilic region of a phospholipid molecule.

1) Phosphate group 2) Charged Nitrogen-containing region 3) Glycerol backbone

Which polysaccharides are used for energy storage in cells?

1) Starch 2) Glycogen

Why do phospholipids arrange into bilayers?

1) The bilayer is the most energetically favorable arrangement in aqueous solution. 2) The hydrophilic ends attract water while the hydrophobic ends exclude water.

What is a fatty acid?

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.

During the synthesis of a triglyceride, what is attached to glycerol in each dehydration reaction?

A fatty acid

A phospholipid molecule consists of

A head that is polar and hydrophilic, and two tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

The most common hexose is

Glucose

A phospholipid consits of a

Glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of:

Glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

Glycosidic Bond

Polysaccharide

Many Monomers

What are the sources of variation in lipid molecules?

The length of the fatty acids and presence of double bonds

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water?

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior

Pentose sugars have ________ carbon atoms, and hexose sugars have ________ carbon atoms.

a) 5 b)6

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between __________ atoms and _________ atoms.

a) Hydrogen b) Carbon

In a phospholipid bilayer, the ___________ regions of the phospholipids face water and the ____________ regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

a) Hydrophilic b) Hydrophobic

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms is called a ___________ sugar, and a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms is called a _________ sugar.

a) Pentoses b) Hexoses

Fats consist of three fatty _______ covalently bonded to a three-carbon molecule called _________

a) acids b) glycerol

Fats consist of three fatty ________ covalently bonded to a three-carbon molecule called _______

a) acids b) glycerol

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end is called a:

fatty acid

Carbohydrate polymers are called

polysaccharides

Three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are ...

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

How are fats synthesized?

Dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to glycerol.

How does the presence of a double bond influence the shape of a fatty acid?

Double bonds between carbon molecules introduce kinks in the otherwise linear structure of fatty acids.

Cells extract _________ from glucose by breaking its bonds.

Energy

How can fats provide protection for mammals in cold weather?

Fats under the skin can provide insulation to protect against cold.

What feature of fats allows them to store high levels of energy?

Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds.

which of the following describes the chemical structure of steroids?

Four fused rings of carbon with one or more attached hydroxyl groups

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide

Glucose

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n) __________ linkage

Glycosidic

Glycogen

Highly Branched

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

Hydrogen and Carbon

What type of chemical reaction can break down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides?

Hydrolysis

The C=C double bonds in fatty acids introduce a(n) _________ into the linear shape of the fatty acid chain.

Kink

Starch

Moderate Branching

What type of organic molecule can assume both a linear or ring form?

Monosaccharide

Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed in the presence of water. what is the product of this reaction?

Monosaccharides

The chemical structure of all ________ consists of four fused rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Steroids

In an aqueous environment, phospholipids form lipid _________ with hydrophobic ends facing the interior because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules.

bilayer

Carbohydrate monomers are known as

monosaccharides

Glucose and galactose are examples of:

monosaccharides

A long hydrocarbon chain resembling a fatty acid attached by its carboxyl group to another long hydrocarbon chain is best described as a(n)

wax

How do cells obtain energy from glucose?

By breaking its bonds and using the energy they store to build ATP

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

C6H12O6

A fatty acid that is polyunsaturated contains two or more

C=C bonds.

Monosaccharide

One monomer

What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose?

Pentose

What type of lipid consists of a molecule of glycerol attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acids?

Phospholipid

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long polymers called

Polysaccharides

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon bonds are called

Saturated fatty acids

In what organisms are starch and glycogen found?

Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.

Disaccharide

Two Monomers

Cellulose

Unbranched

Which type of fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds?

Unsaturated fatty acids

What type of lipid consists of ling structures resembling fatty acids attached to each other by their carboxyl groups?

Wax


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