Principles of Biology test 2

size of archaea and bacteria

0.5-5 micrometers

1 meter = _____ centimeters.

100

The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?

1000:1

about _____ cells in your body

50 trillion

What did Schleiden and Schwann do and when

Cell theory in 1839

Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability? A. The amount of cholesterol in the membrane B. Temperature C. The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids D. The polarity of membrane phospholipids

D

Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?

ER protein and insulin

organelles involved in endomembrane system

ER, lysosome, and golgi

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

Organelle that does cisternal maturation

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that modifies and sorts proteins

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What produces secretory proteins

Rough ER

A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions: Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch Solution B: 7.62% (m/v) starch Which solution will decrease in volume?

Solution A

A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions: Solution A: 9% (m/v) NaCl Solution B: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl Which solution will increase in volume?

Solution B

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.

your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

Difference between rough and smooth ER

The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.

all cells today represent...

a continuous line descent from the first living cells

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________.

a middle lamella

about how big are human eggs

about 100 micrometers

about how big are animal cells

about 50 micrometer

Cell Theory:

all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest living things, cells arise only from pre-existing cells

examples of prokaryotic cells

bacteria and archaea

most fundamental unit of life:

cell

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

cell membrane (plasma membrane)

What defines the cells shape

cell wall

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

cell wall

The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.

central vacuole

animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________

centrosomes; centrioles

basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

cilia

Solution A: 3.21% (m/v) NaCl is crenation or hemolysis?

crenation

Solution E: 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9%(m/v) NaCl is crentaion or hemolysis?

crenation

Solution D: 6.97% (m/v) glucose is crenation or hemolysis?

crentaion

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have:

cytosol, DNA, cell membrane, and ribosomes

first forms of life:

domain archaea and bacteria

The path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion:

endoplasmic reticulum, cis golgi apparatus, medial golgi apparatus, trans golgi apparatus, plasma membrane

which type of cell has a nucleolus

eukaryotes

which type of cell has lysosomes

eukaryotes

which type of cell has mitochondria

eukaryotes

which type of cell is bigger

eukaryotic

what does the mitochondria do

generates ATP

bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they __________.

have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

What did Robert Hooke do and when

he was the first to describe cells in 1665

Solution B: 1.65% (m/v) glucose is crenation or hemolysis?

hemolysis

Solution C: distilled H2O is crenation or hemolysis?

hemolysis

Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.

human skin cell

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by _________, which assembled from a diverse class of proteins

intermediate filaments

The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _______

intermediate filaments

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

into ... membranous vesicles

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.

is the cytoskeleton

Organelle that digests macromolecules

lysosome

Organelle that does autophagy (like recycling organelles)

lysosome

Components of the cytoskeleton often...

mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

eukaryotes have ________

membrane-bound organelles

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of _______

microfilaments

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of ______

microfilaments

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _____

microtubules

in eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are ______

microtubules

The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

motor proteins

Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.

muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants

The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.

nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.

nucleoid

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

Cells are small because __________.

of the geometric relationships between surface and volume

what is the endomembrane system

organelles connected to each other either physically or trough transport vesicles

__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.

peroxisomes

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

phagocytosis

the cell membrane is a...

phoshpholipid bilayer

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

plamodesmata

examples of eukaryotic cells are

plants, animals, and fungi

Cell junctions in plant cells are called __________, and communicating junctions in animal cells are called __________.

plasmodesmata; gap junctions

Which type of cell has a nucleoid

prokaryotes

which type of cell has ribosomes

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

which type of cells have flagella

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

which type of cells have plasma membrane

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

how are prokaryotes different than eukaryotes

prokaryotes dont have membrane-bound organelles and the DNA is not surrounded by a membrane

two types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

ribosomes

Organelle that synthesizes protens

rough ER

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.

secrete a lot of protein

Organelle that detoxifies proteins

smooth ER

Organelle that stores calcium

smooth ER

Organelle that synthesizes lipids

smooth ER

shapes of archaea and bacteria

spherical, rod, and spiral

DNA in prokaryotic cells are different because...

the DNA is not surrounded by a membrane

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.

the plasma membrane

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.

the the rough ER

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.

to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins

surface area to volume ratio says...

volume increases at a faster rate than surface area

what are some things that cannot pass directly through the pospholipids of the plasma membrane?

water, glucose, and hydrogen ions

what is crenation

when a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution shrinks

what is hemolysis

when a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution swells and bursts

Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.

with motor proteins