Principles of Biology test 2
size of archaea and bacteria
0.5-5 micrometers
1 meter = _____ centimeters.
100
The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?
1000:1
about _____ cells in your body
50 trillion
What did Schleiden and Schwann do and when
Cell theory in 1839
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability? A. The amount of cholesterol in the membrane B. Temperature C. The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids D. The polarity of membrane phospholipids
D
Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?
ER protein and insulin
organelles involved in endomembrane system
ER, lysosome, and golgi
In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
Organelle that does cisternal maturation
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that modifies and sorts proteins
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?
Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What produces secretory proteins
Rough ER
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions: Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch Solution B: 7.62% (m/v) starch Which solution will decrease in volume?
Solution A
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions: Solution A: 9% (m/v) NaCl Solution B: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl Which solution will increase in volume?
Solution B
What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?
Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.
your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?
The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
Difference between rough and smooth ER
The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
all cells today represent...
a continuous line descent from the first living cells
The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________.
a middle lamella
about how big are human eggs
about 100 micrometers
about how big are animal cells
about 50 micrometer
Cell Theory:
all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest living things, cells arise only from pre-existing cells
examples of prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
most fundamental unit of life:
cell
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
cell membrane (plasma membrane)
What defines the cells shape
cell wall
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.
central vacuole
animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________
centrosomes; centrioles
basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?
cilia
Solution A: 3.21% (m/v) NaCl is crenation or hemolysis?
crenation
Solution E: 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9%(m/v) NaCl is crentaion or hemolysis?
crenation
Solution D: 6.97% (m/v) glucose is crenation or hemolysis?
crentaion
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have:
cytosol, DNA, cell membrane, and ribosomes
first forms of life:
domain archaea and bacteria
The path a secretory protein follows from synthesis to secretion:
endoplasmic reticulum, cis golgi apparatus, medial golgi apparatus, trans golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
which type of cell has a nucleolus
eukaryotes
which type of cell has lysosomes
eukaryotes
which type of cell has mitochondria
eukaryotes
which type of cell is bigger
eukaryotic
what does the mitochondria do
generates ATP
bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they __________.
have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm
What did Robert Hooke do and when
he was the first to describe cells in 1665
Solution B: 1.65% (m/v) glucose is crenation or hemolysis?
hemolysis
Solution C: distilled H2O is crenation or hemolysis?
hemolysis
Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.
human skin cell
The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus
Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by _________, which assembled from a diverse class of proteins
intermediate filaments
The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _______
intermediate filaments
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
into ... membranous vesicles
The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.
is the cytoskeleton
Organelle that digests macromolecules
lysosome
Organelle that does autophagy (like recycling organelles)
lysosome
Components of the cytoskeleton often...
mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
eukaryotes have ________
membrane-bound organelles
During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of _______
microfilaments
The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of ______
microfilaments
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
microtubules
centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _____
microtubules
in eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are ______
microtubules
The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?
motor proteins
Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.
muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants
The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.
nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles
The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.
nucleoid
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
Cells are small because __________.
of the geometric relationships between surface and volume
what is the endomembrane system
organelles connected to each other either physically or trough transport vesicles
__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.
peroxisomes
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.
phagocytosis
the cell membrane is a...
phoshpholipid bilayer
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
plamodesmata
examples of eukaryotic cells are
plants, animals, and fungi
Cell junctions in plant cells are called __________, and communicating junctions in animal cells are called __________.
plasmodesmata; gap junctions
Which type of cell has a nucleoid
prokaryotes
which type of cell has ribosomes
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
which type of cells have flagella
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
which type of cells have plasma membrane
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
how are prokaryotes different than eukaryotes
prokaryotes dont have membrane-bound organelles and the DNA is not surrounded by a membrane
two types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosomes
Organelle that synthesizes protens
rough ER
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.
secrete a lot of protein
Organelle that detoxifies proteins
smooth ER
Organelle that stores calcium
smooth ER
Organelle that synthesizes lipids
smooth ER
shapes of archaea and bacteria
spherical, rod, and spiral
DNA in prokaryotic cells are different because...
the DNA is not surrounded by a membrane
A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.
the plasma membrane
A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.
the the rough ER
The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.
to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins
surface area to volume ratio says...
volume increases at a faster rate than surface area
what are some things that cannot pass directly through the pospholipids of the plasma membrane?
water, glucose, and hydrogen ions
what is crenation
when a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution shrinks
what is hemolysis
when a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution swells and bursts
Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.
with motor proteins
